1666
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1666(MDCLXVI) was acommon year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Mondayof theJulian calendar,the 1666th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 666th year of the2nd millennium,the 66th year of the17th century,and the 7th year of the1660sdecade. As of the start of 1666, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
This is the first year to be designated as anAnnus mirabilis,inJohn Dryden's 1667poem so titled,celebratingEngland's failure to be beaten either by the Dutch or by fire.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 17– TheChair of Saint Peter(Cathedra Petri,designed byBernini) is set above the altar inSt. Peter's BasilicainRome.[1]
- February 1– The joint English and Scottish royal court returns to London, as theGreat Plague of Londonsubsides.[2]
- March 11– The tower ofSt. Peter's ChurchinRiga,collapses, burying eight people in the rubble.
April–June
[edit]- April 20– In colonial British North America, "Articles of Peace and Amity"are signed between the governments of theProvince of Marylandand 12 Eastern Algonquian tribes — thePiscataways,Anacostancks,Doegs,Mattawomans,Portobackes,Chopticos,Mikikiwomans, Manasquesends, Chingwawateicks, Hangemaicks, Sacayos, and Panyayos.
- April 23– OnSaint Christopher Islandmore commonly calledSt Kitts,a Caribbean Sea island divided between colonies of England and France, a battle nearSandy Point Townover control of the territory ends with a victory by the French over a numerically-superior English force two days after English Deputy GovernorWilliam Wattsof Anguilla had sent an expedition to capture the neighbouring island ofSaint Martin.Governor Watts and the French Governor of Saint-Christophe,Charles de Sales,are both killed in the battle.[3]
- May 12– InIndia,GeneralShivaji Bhonsaleof theMaratha Empirearrives at theAgra Fortfor a meeting with EmperorAurangzebof theMughal Empire,as part of the terms of peace under the 1665Treaty of Purandar.After taking offence at the disrespect shown to him, he gets angry and attempts to leave; he and his son Sambhaji are immediately placed under arrest and imprisoned at the fort.[4]
- May 13– French theologianLouis-Isaac Lemaistre de Sacyis imprisoned in theBastilleafter his conviction forheresyin connection with theJansenist movement.Sacy uses his two and one-half years of incarceration (which lasts until November 14, 1668), to create theBible du Port-Royal,a firstFrench languagerendition of the Bible, finishing a translation of theOld Testamentfrom theVulgate,written inLatin,that had been started by his brother Antoine, and then beginning work on theNew Testament.
- May 21
- TheHoly Roman Empire,ruled byLeopold I,repurchases the territory of theDuchy of Opole and Racibórz(Oppeln und Ratibor), which it had ceded to Poland in 1645, for the sum of 120,000guldensand consolidates it with Upper Silesia. The territory will be ceded fromGermanytoPolandin 1945 at the end ofWorld War II.
- Iliaș Alexandrubecomes theruler of Moldavia,part of modern-dayRomania.
- June 4–Molière's comedy of mannersThe Misanthropeis premièred at theThéâtre du Palais-RoyalinParisby the King's Players with himself in the title role.[5]
- June 14(June 4Julian calendar) – TheFour Days' Battlebetween theDutch Republicfleet (84 ships under the command of AdmiralMichiel de Ruyter) and the English Royal Navy (79 ships led by theDuke of Albemarle) in theNorth Sea,one of the longest naval engagements in history, ends with a retreat by the English after having started on June 11.[6]A part of theSecond Anglo-Dutch War,the battle ends with a Dutch victory, but heavy losses are sustained on both sides: the English lose 1,000 men and 10 ships are sunk, while the Dutch lose four ships and 1,550 men. Damaged, but not destroyed, the English fleet sets about repairs and refitting, and meets the Dutch fleet again on July 25 in theSt. James's Day Battle.
July–September
[edit]- July 1– During thePortuguese Restoration Warbetween Portugal and Spain, theBattle of the Berlengasends after four days as a fleet of 15 Spanish warships obtains the surrender ofFort of São João Baptista.
- July 6– On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar,Sa'd ibn Zayd,a descendant ofHasan ibn Aliand ofMuhammad(founder ofIslam) becomes the newSharif of Mecca,in modern-daySaudi Arabia.His ascension to the post follows the death of his father,Zayd ibn Muhsin,who had been the Sharif since 1631.
- July 13– TheBattle of Matwy,the bloodiest engagement ofLubomirski's rebellion,takes place inPolandat the village ofMatwy.Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski,who has led the revolt against Poland'sKing Jan II Kazimierz,defeats a larger number of troops led byJohn III Sobieskiof the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland and Lithuania sustain 4,000 deaths compared to 200 rebel casualties.
- July 31– TheAgreement of Legoniceis signed, with Poland restoring the titles of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Lubomirski's officers, granting amnesty to all the rebels, and King Jan II Kazimierz abandoning further reform plans.
- August 2(July 23Julian calendar) – A hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea nearGuadeloupefive days after Barbados colonial GovernorFrancis Willoughbyled a force of two Royal Navy frigates, 12 commandeered vessels and over 1,000 men in a battle against French colonies during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Willoughby and most of his crew die in the sinking of his flagship, HMSHope
- August 4(July 25Julian calendar) – In theSt. James's Day Battleof theSecond Anglo-Dutch War,the English Royal Navy, under the command ofPrince Rupert of the RhineandGeorge Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle,defeats the Dutch Republic navy off theNorth Forelandof England. The victory comes 6 weeks after the British fleet had sustained a heavy loss in theFour Days' Battle.The Dutch shipsSneekandTholenare sunk, with the loss of 800 men, while 300 Englishmen die in the sinking ofHMSResolution.
- August 17– InIndia,GeneralShivaji Bhonsale,future ruler of theMaratha Empire,and his sonSambhajiescape from house arrest at theAgra Fort,where they have been held prisoner since May 12.
- August 19(August 9Julian calendar) – Rear AdmiralRobert Holmesleads an English Royal Navy raid on the Dutch island ofTerschelling,destroying 150 merchant ships in theVlieestuary over a period of two days, and pillaging the town ofWest-Terschelling.The action becomes known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
- September 2– TheGreat Fire of Londonbegins as a blaze in a bakery owned byThomas FarrineronPudding Lane,nearLondon Bridge.Over a period of four days, the fire destroys more than 13,000 buildings (includingOld St Paul's Cathedral), but only six people are known to have died,[7]while at least 80,000[8]are left destitute and homeless. The events are recorded bySamuel Pepysin his diary. The resurveying of property is credited with advancing both cartography and the practices of surveying, as well as resulting in the modern definition byJohn Ogilbyof thestatute mile,as 1,760 yards.[9]
- September 4– Mughal EmperorAurangzebgrants theFrench East India Companya royal mandate to trade at the port ofSurat.[10]
- September 6– TheCestui Que Vie Act 1666is passed by theParliament of England,to provide for the disposal of the property of missing persons.
- September 16– TheApostasyofSabbatai Zevibegins inIstanbul.
October–December
[edit]- October 10– A "day of humiliation and fasting" is held inLondonchurches a month after the Great Fire of London.
- October 11– The Sieur de Buat, CaptainHenri de Fleury de Coulanof the Army of the Dutch Republic, is beheaded in public atThe Hagueafter being convicted of attempting to overthrow Dutch leaderJohan de Witt.
- October 17– In North America,a French Army regimentled byAlexandre de Prouville de Tracyerects crosses in theMohawklands of the easternIroquois Confederacyterritory along theMohawk Riveras part of an invasion that started on September 29.[11]During the expedition, Prouville's forces find four abandoned Mohawk villages in the area, located in the modern U.S. state of New York near the village ofSchenectadybut never confront any Mohawk defenders, and the French never attempt to enforce their claim.
- October 23– The most intense tornado on record in English history, an F4 storm on theFujita scaleor T8 on theTORRO scale,strikes the county ofLincolnshirewith a path of destruction through the villages of Welbourn, Wellingore, Navenby and Boothby Graffoe, with winds of more than 213 miles per hour (343 km/h).[12]
- October 26–Abbas II,theShah of Iran,dies at the age of 34 after a reign of 24 years, without designating a successor.[13]His 18-year old son Sam Mirza is crowned as the new Safavid dynasty emperor six days later.[14]
- October 27–Robert Hubert,a Frenchman who has made a false confession to having started the Great Fire of London (despite not arriving in England until two days after the blaze started), is executed based on his statements.
- November 28– TheBattle of Rullion Greentakes place in thePentland HillsnearMidlothianinScotlandas the culmination of the brief 'Pentland Rising' which began on November 15 as a rebellion by theCovenanterswho oppose changes in theChurch of Scotland.At least 2,000 men of the Scottish Royal Army, led by GeneralThomas Dalyell,defeat more than 750 Covenanter rebels who have been under the command ofJames Wallace of Auchens.
- December 12– Asobor(church council) of theRussian Orthodox ChurchdeposesPatriarch Nikon of Moscow,but accepts his liturgical reforms. Dissenters from these, known asOld Believers,continue into the 21st century.
- December 22– TheFrench Academy of Sciences,founded byLouis XIV,first meets.[15]
Date unknown
[edit]- Mughalforces of EmperorAurangzeb,in alliance with the Portuguese, underShaista Khanand his sonBuzurgUmed Khan, expel theArakansfrom theBengalport city ofChittagong,renaming the city as Islamabad.
- Moulai al-RashidconquersFes,marking the beginning ofMorocco'sAlaouite dynasty,which will continue in power into the 21st century.
- Isaac Newtonuses a prism to split sunlight, as referenced in his alchemical works asLux Dei,into the component colours of theoptical spectrum,assisting the understanding of the scientific nature oflight.He also develops differentialcalculussimultaneously with Leibniz. His discoveries this year lead to it being referred to as hisAnnus mirabilisor Newton's "Year of the Morning Star".
- Lund Universityis founded inLund,Sweden.[16]
- Jean Taloncompletes acensus of New France,the firstcensusinNorth America.
- Dutch artistJohannes VermeerpaintsThe Art of Painting,his largest and most complex work.
- The first completed printedBible translation into Armenian,Astuacašunč hnoc' ew noroc' ktakaranac(Oskanean Bible), is published inAmsterdam,edited by BishopOskan Yerevantsi.[17]
Births
[edit]
- February 1–Marie Thérèse de Bourbon,Princess of Conti and titular queen of Poland (d.1732)
- February 9–George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney,British soldier (d.1737)
- March 15–George Bähr,German architect (d.1738)
- May 14–Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia(d.1732)
- July 10–John Ernest Grabe,German-born Anglican theologian (d.1711)
- July 23–Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield(d.1732)
- August 4–Maria Sophia of Neuburg,Queen consort of Portugal(d.1699)
- August 13–William Wotton,English scholar (d.1727)
- September 5–Gottfried Arnold,German church historian (d.1714)
- September 6– TsarIvan V of Russia(d.1696)[18]
- November 12–Mary Astell,English writer (d.1731)
- December 22–Guru Gobind Singh,10th Guru ofSikhism,social reformist, poet, and revolutionary (d.1708)
- date unknown–
- Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall(d.1706)
- Mary Pix,English author (d.1709)[19]
Deaths
[edit]
- January 2–John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare,English politician and Earl (b.1595)
- January 10–Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough,English Royalist army commander (b.1610)
- January 20–Anne of Austria,queen ofLouis XIII of Franceand regent (b.1601)[20]
- January 22–Shah Jahan,Mughal Emperorof India (b.1592)[21]
- January 24–Johann Andreas Herbst,German composer (b.1588)
- January 28–Tommaso Dingli,Maltese architect and sculptor (b.1591)
- February 12–Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland,English politician (b.1602)
- February 24–Nicholas Lanier,English composer (b.1588)
- February 26–Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti,Frondeur (b.1629)
- February 27
- Luisa de Guzmán,Duchess of BraganzaandQueen consort of Portugal(b.1613)
- Gustav Evertsson Horn,Finnish-Swedish politician, Field Marshal (b.1614)
- March 1–Ecaterina Cercheza,Princess consort ofMoldavia(b.1620)
- March 18–Jan van Vliet,Dutch linguist (b.1622)
- April 12–Johann Rudolf Wettstein,Swiss diplomat (b.1594)
- April 25–Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg,German aristocrat (b.1628)
- May 6–Paul Siefert,German composer and organist (b.1586)
- May 13–Pier Francesco Mola,Italian painter of the High Baroque (b.1612)
- May 22–Gaspar Schott,German Jesuit scholar (b.1608)
- June 11–Cornelis Evertsen the Elder,Dutch admiral (b.1610)
- June 12–Abraham van der Hulst,Dutch admiral (b.1619)
- June 16– SirRichard Fanshawe,British diplomat and translator (b.1608)
- June 17–Carlo de' Medici,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1595)
- June 28–Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1587)
- June 30–Alexander Brome,English poet (b.1620)
- July 5–Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria(b.1584)
- July 18–Sir John Bowyer, 1st Baronet,English soldier and politician (b.1623)
- July 25–Henri, Count of Harcourt(b.1601)
- July 26–Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1622)
- July 30–Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg,Germany (b.1629)
- August 5–Johan Evertsen,Dutch admiral (b.1600)
- August 6–Tjerk Hiddes de Vries,Frisian naval hero and commander (of wounds received in theSt. James's Day Battle) (b.1622)
- August 15–Johann Adam Schall von Bell,German Jesuit missionary (b.1591)
- August 19–Anton Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen(b.1620)
- August 23–Johannes Hoornbeek,Dutch theologian (b.1617)
- August 24–Francisco Manuel de Mello,Portuguese writer (b.1608)
- August 26–Frans Hals,Dutch painter (b.1580)[22]
- September 4–Girolamo Colonna,Catholic cardinal (b.1604)
- September 10–Christian Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt(b.1616)
- September 17–Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(b.1579)
- September 23–François Mansart,French architect (b.1598)
- September 27
- Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach(b.1619)
- János Szalárdi,Hungarian historian (b.1601)
- October 12–Dirk Graswinckel,Dutch jurist (b.1600)
- October 27–Manuel António of Portugal,Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (b.1600)
- October 29–Edmund Calamy the Elder,English Presbyterian leader (b.1600)
- October 29–James Shirley,English dramatist (b.1596)
- November 1–Jan Albertsz Rotius,Dutch painter (b.1624)
- December 1–James Ware,Irish genealogist (b.1594)
- December 8–Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois(b.1664)
- December 20–William Strode,English politician (b.1589)
- December 22–Guercino,Italian painter (b.1591)[23]
- December 26–Alexandrine von Taxis,German Imperial General Post Master (b.1589)
- December 30–John Strangways,English politician (b.1585)
- date unknown
- Philip Fruytiers,Flemish painter (b.1627)
- James Howell,British writer (b. c.1594)
- Song Ying xing,Chinese encyclopedist (b.1587)
References
[edit]- ^"Cathedra Petri – Altar of the Chair of St. Peter".St Peters Basilica.RetrievedMarch 1,2013.
- ^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 190–191.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^W. Earle Lockerby, "Le serment d'allégeance, le service militaire, les déportations et les Acadiens: opinions de France et de Québec aux 17e et 18e siècles",Acadiensis(March 2008)
- ^Stewart Gordon,The Marathas, 1600–1818(Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 78
- ^Frame, Donald M (1968).The Misanthrope and Other Plays by Molière.New American Library.ISBN9780451524157.
- ^Frank L. Fox,The Four Days' Battle of 1666: The Greatest Sea Fight of the Age of Sail(Seaforth Publishing, 2009)
- ^Penguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
- ^Tinniswood, Adrian(2003).By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London.London: Jonathan Cape. p. 4, 101.ISBN9780224062268.
- ^Burke, James.Connections(Pbk ed.). p. 265.
- ^Gregory Mole,Privileging Commerce: The Compagnie des Indes and the politics of trade in old Regime France(doctoral dissertation, Carolina Digital Repository, 2016) p. 35
- ^Jack Verney,The Good Regiment(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991)
- ^"British and European Extremes",The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)
- ^H. R. Roemer, "The Safavid period", inThe Cambridge History of Iran(Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 301
- ^The Muslim World: A Historical Survey, Part III: The Last Great Muslim Empires(E. J. Brill, 1969) p. 210
- ^Clericuzio, Antonio (2000).Elements, principles, and corpuscles: a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century.Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic. p. 179.ISBN9780792367826.
- ^Foss, Lene; Gibson, David v (2015).The Entrepreneurial University: Context and Institutional Change.Routledge. p. 133.ISBN978-1-317-56894-0.
- ^"Armenian Bible".RetrievedDecember 11,2016.
- ^"Ivan V | emperor of Russia".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJune 29,2020.
- ^Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 13 Western Europe (1700-1800).BRILL. 2019. p. 116.ISBN978-90-04-40283-6.
- ^"Anne of Austria | queen of France".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJune 29,2020.
- ^Gressor, Megan (2005).All for love: great love affairs, great stories.Millers Point, NSW: Pier 9. p. 31.ISBN9781740455961.
- ^Krämer, Gode (1991).Mythos und bürgerliche Welt: Gemälde und Zeichnungen der Haberstock-Stiftung(in German). München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. p. 82.ISBN9783781403161.
- ^Guercino, FirstName (1991).Drawings by Guercino from British collections: with an appendix describing the drawings by Guercino, his school and his followers in the British Museum.London, Rome: British Museum Press in association with Leonardo-De Luca Editori. p. 14.ISBN9788878133440.