1688
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1688(MDCLXXXVIII) was aleap year starting on Thursdayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Sundayof theJulian calendar,the 1688th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 688th year of the2nd millennium,the 88th year of the17th century,and the 9th year of the1680sdecade. As of the start of 1688, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 2– Fleeing from the Spanish Navy, French pirateRaveneau de Lussanand his 70 men arrive on the west coast of Nicaragua, sink their boats, and make a difficult 10 day march to the city ofOcotal.[1]
- January 5– PiratesCharles SwanandWilliam Dampierand the crew of the privateerCygnetbecome the first Englishmen to set foot on the continent ofAustralia.[2]
- January 11– ThePatta Fortand theAvandha Fort,located in what is nowIndia'sMaharashtrastate nearAhmednagar,are captured from theMaratha clanby Mughul Army commander Matabar Khan. The Mughal Empire rules the area 73 years.
- January 17–Ilona Zrínyi,who has defended thePalanok CastleinHungaryfrom Austrian Imperial forces since 1685, is forced to surrender to GeneralAntonio Caraffa.
- January 29– MadameJeanne Guyon,French mystic, is arrested in France and imprisoned for seven months.[3]
- January 30(January 20, 1687 old style) –King James IIof England and Scotland issuesa proclamation offering amnesty to piratesin the West Indies who surrender toSir Robert Holmes.[4]
- February 7– Six French Jesuit scientists,Joachim Bouvet,Jean-François Gerbillon,Louis-Daniel Lecomte,Guy Tachard,Claude de Visdelouand the leader,Jean de Fontaney,arrive inBeijingand are welcomed by theEmperor of China, Kangxi.[5]
- February 17–James Renwick,the last of theCovenantersin Scotland to be martyred for opposing the authority ofKing Charles II,is publicly hanged atGrassmarketsquare inEdinburgh.
- February 23–Abaza Siyavuş Pasha,theGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire,is assassinated by theJanissaries,the Turkish troops who had placed him in power in September, after the new Sultan fails to make payment of an expected bonus.
- February 28– The French operaDavid et Jonathas,composed byMarc-Antoine Charpentier,is performed for the first time.[6]
- March 1– A great fire devastatesBungay,England.[7]
- March–William Dampiermakes the first recorded visit toChristmas Island,now a territory of Australia, located south of the island of Java (now part of Indonesia).
April–June[edit]
- April 3–Francesco MorosinibecomesDoge of Venice.[8]: 346 [9]
- April 9–Morean War:The Venetian forces underFrancesco MorosinievacuateAthens[10]andPiraeus.
- April 18(Julian calendar) – The GermantownQuaker Protest Against Slaveryis drafted by fourGermantownQuakers.[11]
- May 4– KingJames II of Englandorders hisDeclaration of Indulgence,suspending penal laws againstCatholics,to be read from everyAnglicanpulpit in England.[12]TheChurch of Englandand its staunchest supporters, the peers and gentry, are outraged; onJune 8theArchbishop of Canterbury,William Sancroft,is imprisoned in theTower of Londonfor refusing to proclaim it.
- May 9(April 29OS) –Friedrich Wilhelm,theGreat ElectorofBrandenburg-Prussia,dies.[13]Friedrich IIIbecomesElectorof Brandenburg-Prussia until1701,when he becomes the first King ofPrussia,as Friedrich I.
- May 10– KingNaraiofAyutthayanominates PrincessSudawadias his successor, withConstantine Phaulkon,Mom Pi andPhetrachaacting as joint regents.[14]: 444 [15]
- May 17– The arrest of KingNaraiof Ayutthaya launches acoup d'état.
- June 5
- A7.0 magnitude earthquake[16]strikes southern Italy at 6:30 in the evening and kills at least 10,000 people in theKingdom of Naplesin what is now theprovince of Benevento.
- Constantine Phaulkonis beheaded after having been arrested in May.[17]
- June 10– The birth ofJames Francis Edward Stuart(later known as theOld Pretender), son and heir to James II of England and his Catholic wifeMary of Modena,atSt James's Palacein London, increases public disquiet about a Catholic dynasty, particularly when the baby is baptised into the Catholic faith. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.
- June 24– French forces underChevalier de Beauregardabandon their garrison atMergui,following repeated Siamese attacks; this ultimately leads to their withdrawal from the country.[18]
- June 30– A high-powered conspiracy of notables (theImmortal Seven) invite DutchstadtholderWilliam III of OrangeandPrincess Maryto "defend the liberties of England", and deposeKing James VII and II.[19]
July–September[edit]
- July 13– Thesiege of Negroponteby the Venetians begins.[20]
- August 1–Phetrachabecomes king ofAyutthaya,after acoup d'état.[21]
- August 27– The funding of thearmed invasionofWilliam IIIin England causes a financial crisis in the Dutch Republic.[22]
- September 6–Great Turkish War:The Habsburg armycaptures Belgrade.[23]
- September 24–Louis XIVpublishes his manifestoMemoire de raisons,which lists his grievances and demands. He cites three major things as grievances:Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg,who had been earlier elected to be the coadjutor-archbishop of Cologne with support of Louis being vetoed by thepope,the continued aggressions and forming of alliances against France and providing an alternative to Fürstenberg in the Cologne election by theHoly Roman Empire,andPhilip Williambecoming Elector Palatine and seizing the territory, which he believed belonged toElizabeth Charlotte.[24]
- September 27– TheNine Years' Warbegins inEuropeandAmericaafterLouis XIVattacks Philippsburgin theHoly Roman Empire.[25]
October–December[edit]
- October 21– The Venetians raise thesiege of Negroponte.[8]: 358
- October 26– KingJames II of Englanddismisses hisministerRobert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland.[26]
- November 11(November 1OS) –Glorious Revolution:William III of Orangesets sail a second time fromHellevoetsluis,the Netherlands, to take over England, Scotland and Ireland fromKing James II of England.[27][28]
- November 15(November 5OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins:William of Orangelands atTorbay,England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers.[29]He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to saveProtestantismand to maintain English liberty, and begins a march onLondon.
- November 19(November 9OS) – William of Orange capturesExeter,after the magistrates flee the city.[30]
- November 20(November 10OS) – TheWincanton Skirmishbetween forces loyal to James II led byPatrick Sarsfieldand a party of Dutch troops is one of the few armed clashes in England during the Glorious Revolution.[31]
- November 23– A group of 1,500Old Believersimmolatethemselves to avoid capture, when troops of thetsarlaysiegeto theirmonasteryonLake Onega.
- November 26– Hearing that William of Orange has landed inEngland,Louis XIVdeclares war on theNetherlands.[32]
- December 7–
December 7:The shutting of the gates inDerryin a stained glass window of theGuildhall[33] - December 9– The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire. It is the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.
- December 11– Having led his army toSalisburyand been deserted by his troops,James VII and IIattempts to flee to France.
- December 18–William of Orange,Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and the future King William III of the United Kingdom, enters London.[35]
Date unknown[edit]
- TheAustriansincite theChiprovtsi Uprisingagainst theOttomansinBulgariaafter thesiege of Belgrade.[36]
- Neuruppinbecomes aPrussiangarrison town.
- The earliest known mention of thebalalaikais made.[37]
- Oroonoko,one of the first English novels and the first by a professional female author (Aphra Behn) is published.
Births[edit]
- January 15–Maria van Lommen,Dutch gold- andsilversmith(d.1742)[38]
- January 18–Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset,Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d.1765)[39]
- January 23– QueenUlrika Eleonora of Sweden(d.1741)[40]
- January 29–Emanuel Swedenborg,Swedish scientist, philosopher and theologian (d.1772)[41]
- February 4–Pierre de Marivaux,French playwright (d.1763)[42]
- March –William Burnet,British colonial administrator (d.1729)[43]
- March 14–Anna Maria Garthwaite,British designer (d.1763)[44]
- April 4–Joseph-Nicolas Delisle,French astronomer (d.1768)[45]
- April 15–Johann Friedrich Fasch,German composer (d.1758)[46]
- May 21–Alexander Pope,English poet (d.1744)[47]
- June 10–James Francis Edward Stuart,The Old Pretender,claimant to the English and Scottish throne (d.1766)[48]
- July 19–Giuseppe Castiglione,Italian missionary to China (d.1766)[49]
- June 30–Abu l-Hasan Ali I,ruler of Tunisia (d.1756)
- August 14– KingFrederick William I of Prussia(d.1740)
- September 12–Ferdinand Brokoff,Czech sculptor (d.1731)[50]
- October 17–Domenico Zipoli,Italian-born composer (d.1726)[51]
- October 22–Nader ShahofPersia(d.1747)[52]
- November 15(bapt.)–Charles Rivington,English publisher (d.1742)[53]
Deaths[edit]
- January 7–James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk[54]
- January 27–Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang,concubine of Qing Dynasty ruler Hong Taiji (b.1613)[55]
- January 28–Ferdinand Verbiest,Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b.1623)[56]
- February 2–Abraham Duquesne,French naval officer (b.1610)[57]
- February 13–David Christiani,German mathematician and philosopher (b.1610)[58]
- February 17–James Renwick,Scottish minister and Covenanter martyr (b.1662)[59]
- February 28–Johann Sigismund Elsholtz,German naturalist and physician (b.1623)[60]
- March 1–Sir Thomas Slingsby, 2nd Baronetof England (b.1636)[61]
- March 3–Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise(b.1615)[62]
- March 8–Honoré Fabri,French mathematician (b.1608)[63]
- March 20–Maria of Orange-Nassau,Dutch princess (b.1642)[64]
- March 23–Marcantonio Giustinian,107th Doge of Venice (b.1619)[65]
- March 26–Winston Churchill,English noble, soldier (b.1620)[66]
- March 27–Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna,Dutch officer, and governor of Orange (b.1621)[67]
- April 28–Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow,German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (b.1638)[68]
- April 29–Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg(b.1620)[13]
- May 14–Antoine Furetière,French writer (b.1619)[69]
- May 22–Johannes Andreas Quenstedt,German theologian (b.1617)[70]
- June 1–Peder Hansen Resen,Danish historian (b.1625)[71]
- June 3–Maximilian Henry of Bavaria,Roman Catholic bishop (b.1621)[72]
- June 5–Constantine Phaulkon,Greek adventurer (b.1647)[17]
- June 26
- John Claypole,English politician (b.1625)[73]
- Ralph Cudworth,English philosopher (b.1617)[74]
- June 28–Richard Winwood,English politician (b.1609)[75]
- June 29–Ippolito Lante Montefeltro della Rovere,Italian nobleman and Duke of Bomarzo (b.1618)[76]
- July 11– KingNarai of Thailand(b.1639)[14]: 453
- July 21–James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde,Irish statesman (b.1610)[77]
- August 25–Henry Morgan,Welsh privateer and Governor of Jamaica (b. c.1635)[78]
- August 31–John Bunyan,English writer (b.1628)[79]
- September 2–Robert Viner,Lord Mayor of London (b.1631)[80]
- September 9–Claude Mellan,French painter and engraver (b.1598)[81]
- September 13–Sir John Bright, 1st Baronet,English politician (b.1619)[82]
- September 20–Queen Jangnyeol,Korean royal consort (b.1624)
- November 26–Jacques Goulet,early pioneer in New France (now Québec) (b.1615)[83]
- October 4
- Philips Koninck,Dutch painter (b.1619)[84][85]
- Roger Pepys,English lawyer and politician (b.1617)[86]
- October 6–Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle,English statesman (b.1653)[87]
- October 9–Claude Perrault,French architect (b.1613)[88]
- October 14–Joachim von Sandrart,German Baroque art-historian and painter (b.1606)[89]
- October 23–Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange,French philologist (b.1610)[90]
- November 26–Philippe Quinault,French dramatist (b.1635)[91]
- November 29–Bohuslav Balbín,Czech writer and Jesuit (b.1621)[92]
- December 4–Sir Edward Seymour, 3rd Baronet,Member of Parliament (b.1610)[93]
- December 8–Thomas Flatman,British artist (b.1635)[94]
- December 15–Gaspar Fagel,Dutch statesman (b.1634)[95]
- December 15–Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart,French military man, brother ofMadame de Montespan(b.1636)[96]
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