1709
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1709 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Countries |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1709 MDCCIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2462 |
| Armenian calendar | 1158 ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6459 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1630–1631 |
| Bengali calendar | 1116 |
| Berber calendar | 2659 |
| British Regnal year | 7Ann. 1– 8Ann. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2253 |
| Burmese calendar | 1071 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7217–7218 |
| Chinese calendar | Mậu tửNăm (EarthRat) 4406 or 4199 — to — Mình xấu năm (EarthOx) 4407 or 4200 |
| Coptic calendar | 1425–1426 |
| Discordian calendar | 2875 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1701–1702 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5469–5470 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| -Vikram Samvat | 1765–1766 |
| -Shaka Samvat | 1630–1631 |
| -Kali Yuga | 4809–4810 |
| Holocene calendar | 11709 |
| Igbo calendar | 709–710 |
| Iranian calendar | 1087–1088 |
| Islamic calendar | 1120–1121 |
| Japanese calendar | Hōei6 ( bảo vĩnh ６ năm ) |
| Javanese calendar | 1632–1633 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4042 |
| Minguo calendar | 203 beforeROC Dân trước 203 năm |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 241 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2251–2252 |
| Tibetan calendar | Dương thổ chuột năm (male Earth-Rat) 1835 or 1454 or 682 — to — Âm trâu đất năm (female Earth-Ox) 1836 or 1455 or 683 |
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1709(MDCCIX) was acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1709th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 709th year of the2nd millennium,the 9th year of the18th century,and the 10th and last year of the1700sdecade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
In theSwedish calendarit was acommon year starting on Friday,one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 1–Battle of St. John's:TheFrenchcaptureSt. John's,the capital of theBritishcolony of Newfoundland.
- January 6– Western Europe'sGreat Frost of 1709,the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.[1]In France, the Atlantic coast andSeineRiver freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters theNorth Sea.
- January 10–Abraham Darby Isuccessfully producescast ironusingcoke fuelat hisCoalbrookdaleblast furnaceinShropshire,England.[2][3][4]
- February 1or2– During his first voyage, CaptainWoodes Rogersencounters marooned privateerAlexander Selkirk,and rescues him after four years living on one of theJuan Fernández Islands,inspiringDaniel Defoe's novelRobinson Crusoe.[5][6]After sackingGuayaquil,he and Selkirk will visit theGalápagos Islands.[7]
- February 19–Tokugawa Ienobubecomes the sixthshōgunof theTokugawa dynastyofJapan,after the death of the shōgunTsunayoshi,who had been head of government since 1680.
- February– In America,Mardi Grasis celebrated one more time withMasque de la Mobilein the capital ofFrench Louisiana,Mobile, Alabama,before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down theMobile RivertoMobile Bayin1711.
- March 28–Johann Friedrich Böttgerreports the first production ofhard-paste porcelainin Europe, atDresden.
April–June
[edit]- April 13– TheRaudot Ordinance of 1709becomes law in the French colony ofNew France,legalizing slavery.
- April 21–Mirwais Hotaktakes control ofKandahar(in Afghanistan) by murdering thePersiangovernor,Gurgin Khan,known also as George XI.
- May 6– The first influx into Britain of poorrefugeefamilies ofGerman Palatinesfrom theRhenish Palatinatearrives in England.[8]Most of them areProtestantsen routeto theNew Worldcolonies.[9]
- June 17–Trịnh Cươngbecomes the newking of northern Vietnam(Đàng Ngoài) upon the death of his grandfather,Trịnh Căn,and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20,1729
- June 26– TheBattle of Fort Albany,an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers andCreenatives on the BritishHudson's Bay Companyoutpost atFort AlbanyonHudson Bay.John Fullartine,commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of aCree First Nationreserve in the Canadian province ofOntario.
- June 28– Atreaty is signed in Dresdento re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms ofDenmark-Norwayand the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of KingFrederik IV of Denmark-Norwayand Saxony's KingAugustus II.
July–December
[edit]- July 8(June 27Old Style;June 28 in theSwedish calendar) –Great Northern War:Battle of Poltavain theCossack Hetmanate(Ukraine) –Peter the Greatleads forces of theTsardom of Russiato a decisive victory over Swedish forces underCharles XII,ending theSwedish invasion of Russiaand effectively endingSweden's role as a major power in Europe.
- July 9–Christopher SlaughterfordofLondonis executed inGuildfordfor the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modernEnglandexecuted for murder based exclusively oncircumstantial evidence,and he maintains his innocence to the last.
- July 13– Production ofEau de Cologneis begun by perfumierJohann Maria Farinain Germany, foundingJohann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz.
- July 26–Reinhard Keiser's operaDesiderius, König der Langobardenis premiered inHamburg.[10]
- July 27–Japan'sEmperor Higashiyamaabdicatesafter a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as theEmperor Nakamikado.
- July 30–War of the Spanish Succession:Tournaiis captured byJohn Churchill, 1st Duke of MarlboroughandPrince Eugene of Savoy.[4]
- August 8– Thehot air balloonofBartolomeu de Gusmãoflies in Portugal.
- August 28–Pamheibais crowned King ofManipur.
- September 11(August 31Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession:Battle of Malplaquet– Troops of theDutch Republic,Habsburg monarchy,theKingdom of Great Britainand theKingdom of Prussia,led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.[4]
- October 9–War of the Spanish Succession:The British army capturesMons.[11]
- October 12–Chihuahua Cityin Mexico is founded.
- October 14– The Chinese region ofNingxiais shaken by a7.5 earthquakekilling more than 2,000 people.
- December 25– From London, ten ships leave for theNew York Colonycarrying over 4,000 people.
- December 26– The first performance of the operaAgrippinabyGeorge Frideric Handeltakes place at theTeatro San Giovanni GrisostomoinVenice.[12]
Date unknown
[edit]- Herculaneum,an ancient town inErcolano,Campania,Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption ofMount Vesuviusin 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
- The first modern edition ofWilliam Shakespeare's plays is published inLondon,edited byNicholas Rowe.
- The firstpianois exhibited inFlorenceby its inventorBartolomeo Cristofori,who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
- A collapsibleumbrellais introduced inParis.[13]
- Trinity Schoolis founded as thecharity schoolofTrinity Church,in New York City.
- The secondEddystone Lighthouse,erected off the south west coast of England byJohn Rudyerd,is completed.[14]
- De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione(On the Study Methods of Our Times) is published byNeapolitanphilosopherGiambattista Vico.
- Priceless medievalaltarpieces,created by Tyrolese sculptorMichael Pacher,are destroyed.
- Basil Lazarus IIIbecomesSyriac OrthodoxMaphrian of the East.[15]
Births
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 2–Teresia Constantia Phillips,British autobiographer (d.1765)
- January 13–Mollie Sneden,operator of a ferry service atPalisades, New Yorkin the United States (d.1810)
- January 17
- Giovanni Ottavio Bufalini,Italian cardinal (d.1782)
- George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton(d.1773)
- Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton(d.1781)
- January 24–Dom Bédos de Celles,Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d.1779)
- February 7–Charles de BrossesFrench writer (d.1777)
- February 9–George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon,British politician (d.1780)
- February 11–William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay(d.1762)
- February 12–Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg,French physician (d.1779)
- February 16–Henrika Juliana von Liewen,Swedish political salonnière (d.1779)
- February 24–Jacques de Vaucanson,French inventor of mechanical automata (d.1782)
- February 27–Timothy WoodbridgeAmerican missionary,deacon,schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d.1774)
- March 1–William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland(d.1762)
- March 10
- James Bentham,English clergyman (d.1794)
- Georg Wilhelm Steller,German botanist (d.1746)
- March 14–Sten Carl Bielke,scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d.1753)
- March 17–Nicolò Arrighetti,Italian professor of natural philosophy (d.1767)
- March 18–Johannes Gessner,Swiss mathematician (d.1790)
- March 31–Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche,French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (d.1781)
April–June
[edit]- April 2–Josiah Taft,farmer, local official, and Massachusetts legislator (d.1756)
- April 6–Thomas Hopkinson,lawyer (d.1751)
- April 7–William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington(d.1769)
- April 14–Charles Collé,French dramatist and songwriter (d.1783)
- April 17–Giovanni Domenico Maraldi,Italian-born astronomer (d.1788)
- April 27–Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle(d.1780)
- April 30–Christian Gottlieb Ludwig,German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d.1773)
- May 1–Joachim Wasserschlebe,German-Danish diplomat (d.1787)
- May 9–Mihály Salbeck,doctor of philosophy, priest of the Society of Jesus, and teacher (d.1758)
- May 24–Théodore Tronchin,Genevan physician (d.1781)
- May 27–Margaret Lloyd,Welsh Moravian worker and activist (d.1762)
- June 4–Tomás Sánchez,veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d.1796)
- June 9
- Nathaniel Booth, 4th Baron Delamer,English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (d.1770)
- Francis Towneley,English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (d.1746)
- June 11–Joachim Martin Falbe,German portrait painter (d.1782)
- June 15–Louis, Count of Clermont(d.1771)
- June 28–Nathan Tupper,farmer (d.1784)
July–September
[edit]- July 4–Antonio Orgiazzi il Vecchio,Italian painter active mainly in the Valselsia (d.1788)
- July 5–Étienne de Silhouette,French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV (d.1767)
- July 10–William Berners,English property developer and slave owner (d.1783)
- July 11–Johan Gottschalk Wallerius,Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d.1785)
- July 15–Antoine Matthieu Le Carpentier,French architect (d.1773)
- July 17
- Giovanni Carlo Bandi,Italian Cardinal who served as Bishop of Imola (d.1784)
- Friedrich Christian Baumeister,German philosopher (d.1785)
- Giuseppe Antonio Luchi,Italian painter (d.1774)
- July 24–James Harris,grammarian (d.1780)
- August 8
- Hermann Anton Gelinek,German monk and musician (d.1779)
- Johann Georg Gmelin,German naturalist (d.1755)
- Tokugawa Ietsugu,seventhshōgunof the Tokugawa dynasty (d.1716)
- August 10–Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan,French man of letters and erudition (d.1784)
- August 13–William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper,British noble (d.1764)
- August 16
- Ludvig Harboe,Danish theologian and bishop (d.1783)
- John Eardley Wilmot,English judge, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1766–1771) (d.1792)
- August 18–John Storr,officer of the Royal Navy (d.1783)
- August 21–Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt(d.1788)
- August 26–Guillaume Repin,French priest and martyr (d.1794)
- August 29–Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset,French poet and dramatist (d.1777)
- August 30–Frobenius Forster,German Benedictine (d.1791)
- September 5–Rudolf Füssli,Swiss painter (d.1793)
- September 10–Hachisuka Munekazu,Japanesedaimyōof the Edo period (d.1735)
- September 12–Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort(d.1756)
- September 17–Jagat Singh II,MaharanaofMewar Kingdom(d.1751)
- September 18–Samuel Johnson,English poet, biographer, essayist, and lexicographer (d.1784)
- September 29–Joseph Gerrish,soldier (d.1774)
October–December
[edit]- October 5
- Peter Applebye,British-Danish industrialist (d.1774)
- Ludovico Stern,Italian painter of the Rococo or late-Baroque period (d.1777)
- October 6–Edward Kynaston,British landowner and Tory MP (d.1772)
- October 9
- Jean-Baptiste de Belloy,Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church (d.1808)
- John Clayton,English clergyman (d.1773)
- October 12–Lord Anne Hamilton,Scottish nobleman (d.1748)
- October 13–John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence,Irish peer and politician (d.1767)
- October 16–Johann Daniel Ritter,German historian (d.1775)
- October 17–Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau,French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (d.1792)
- October 19–Sewallis Shirley,British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (d.1765)
- October 25
- Georg Gebel,German musician and composer (d.1753)
- Jan Wagenaar,Dutch historian (d.1773)
- November 1–Ignatius von Weitenauer,German Jesuit writer (d.1783)
- November 2–Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange,Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d.1759)
- November 6–Christopher Marshall,leader in the American Revolution (d.1797)
- November 15–Dirk Klinkenberg,mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (d.1799)
- November 18–Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely(d.1783)
- November 22–Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem,German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d.1789)
- November 26– -Battle of Samana
- December 1–Franz Xaver Richter,Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d.1789)
- December 9–Pierre II Surette,art of the Acadian andWabanaki Confederacyresistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d.1789)
- December 14
- Caspar Friedrich Hachenberg,rector of the Latin school of Wageningen, The Netherlands, and writer of Greek and Latin grammars (d.1793)
- Charles Lawrence,British military officer who (d.1760)
- December 18–Elizabeth of Russia,empress regnant of Russia (d.1762)
- December 21
- December 24–Johann Evangelist Holzer,Austrian-German painter (d.1740)
Deaths
[edit]- January 20–François de la Chaise,French confessor ofLouis XIV of France(b.1624)
- January 22–Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury,English politician (b.1654)
- January 24–George Rooke,English admiral (b.1650)
- January 26–Eleonore Charlotte of Saxe-Lauenburg-Franzhagen,Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen (b.1646)
- February 8–Giuseppe Torelli,Italian composer (b.1658)
- February 9–François Louis, Prince of Conti,French general (b.1664)
- February 11–Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate,German artist (b.1622)
- February 17–Erik Benzelius the Elder,Swedish theologian (b.1632)
- February 19–Tokugawa Tsunayoshi,Japanese shōgun (b.1646)
- March 9–Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu,English diplomat (b.1638)
- March 21–Burchard de Volder,Dutch mathematician (b.1643)
- April 1–Henri Jules, Prince of Condé(b.1643)
- April 2–Giovanni Battista Gaulli,Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (b.1639)
- April 5–Roger de Piles,French painter (b.1635)
- April 8–Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen,German nobleman (b.1641)
- April 20–Johann Ernst von Thun,Tyrolean Catholic bishop (b.1643)
- April 21
- Gurgin Khan (George XI of Kartli),Persian Governor of Kandahar (b.1651)
- Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano,Prince of Savoy (b.1628)
- June 25–Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlachfrom 1677 until his death (b.1647)
- June 29–Antoine Thomas,Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b.1644)
- June 30–Edward Lhuyd,Welsh scientist (b.1660)
- July 17–Robert Bolling,English settler in Virginia (b.1646)
- August 24–Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg,German princess (b.1640)
- August 31–Andrea Pozzo,Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (b.1642)
- September 4–Jean-François Regnard,French comic poet (b.1655)
- September 7–Gunno Dahlstierna,Swedish poet (b.1661)
- September 14–Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero,Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (b.1635)
- October 2–Ivan Mazepa,Hetman of Ukraine (b.1639)
- October 5–Daniel Speer,German Baroque composer and writer (b.1636)
- October 9–Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland,English mistress ofCharles II of England(b.1640)
- October 31–Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon,English nobleman (b.1638)
- November 4–Barend Graat,Dutch painter (b.1628)
- November 23–William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland(b.1649)
- November 29–Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon,English noble (b.1632)
- December 1–Abraham a Sancta Clara,Austrian preacher (b.1644)
- December 7–Meindert Hobbema,Dutch painter (b.1638)
- December 8–Thomas Corneille,French dramatist (b.1625)[16]
- December 15–Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet,English politician (b.1637)
- December 31
- Pierre Cally,French philosopher and theologian (b.1630)
- Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet,English statesman (b.1647)
- date unknown–John Coode,Colonial governor of Maryland(b. c.1648)
- probable date–Eleanor Glanville,Englishentomologist(b.1654)
References
[edit]- ^Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze."New Scientist,7 February 2009.
- ^Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking".The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement.145:7–18.
- ^Raistrick, Arthur (1953).Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale.London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
- ^abcWilliams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p.292.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^Penguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
- ^Ober, Frederick A. (1912).Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea.New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
- ^Jackson, Michael H. (1993).Galapagos: a Natural History.University of Calgary Press.ISBN1-895176-07-7.
- ^John Tribbeko and George Ruperti,Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709(Clearfield, 1965) p.5
- ^Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.).The History Today Companion to British History.London: Collins & Brown. p.577.ISBN1-85585-178-4.
- ^Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018).Operas in German: A Dictionary.Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97.ISBN978-1-4422-4797-0.
- ^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^Dean, Winton; andJ. Merrill Knapp(1995),Handel's Operas, 1704–1726(Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford.ISBN0-19-816441-6.
- ^"The History of Umbrellas".Oakthrift Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-02.Retrieved2011-12-22.
- ^Majdalany, Fred (1959).The Red Rocks of Eddystone.London: Longmans. p. 86.
- ^Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.).The Syriac World.Routledge. p. 812.
- ^"Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved10 March2022.