1716
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1716(MDCCXVI) was aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Sundayof theJulian calendar,the 1716th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 716th year of the2nd millennium,the 16th year of the18th century,and the 7th year of the1710sdecade. As of the start of 1716, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 16– The application of theNueva Planta decreestoCataloniamake it subject to the laws of theCrown of Castile,and abolishes thePrincipality of Cataloniaas a political entity, concluding theunification of SpainunderPhilip V.[1]
- January 27– TheTugaloomassacre changes the course of theYamasee War,allying theCherokeenation with the Britishprovince of South Carolinaagainst theCreekIndian nation.[2]
- January 28– The town ofCrieff,Scotland, is burned to the ground byJacobitesreturning from theBattle of Sheriffmuir.[3][4]
- February 3– The1716 Algiers earthquakesequence began with an Mw 7.0 mainshock that caused severe damage and killed 20,000 in Algeria.[5]
- February 10–James Edward Stuartflees from Scotland to France with a handful of supporters, following the failure of theJacobite rising of 1715.
- February 24– Jacobite leadersJames Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of DerwentwaterandWilliam Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmureare executed in London.[6]
- March 6– At night, anaurora borealiswas seen throughout Europe, from Ireland to Italy.[7][8]
- March 8– KingCharles XII of Swedenleads an invasion ofNorway,crossing the border atBasmo,near the modern-day town ofMarker.
- March 10–Simon Fraser,a former Scottish rebel who had helped end theSiege of Invernessduring thefirst Jacobite rising,is given a pardon by King George I of Great Britain.[9]
- March 18– Italian Jesuit missionaryIppolito Desideriarrives inLhasato become one of the first Europeans to attempt to bring Christianity to BuddhistTibet.[10]
- March 23–Jeremias IIIbecomes the newEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople,leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church.
April–June[edit]
- April 13–Austria,ruled by King Charles VI, renews its alliance with theRepublic of Venice,leading theOttoman Empire,ruled byAhmed III,to declare war.
- May 20–John Lawfounds theBanque Générale PrivéeinParis.[11]
- May 26– Two regular companies of field artillery, each 100 men strong, are raised atWoolwich,by Royal Warrant of KingGeorge I of Great Britain.
- May 28–John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough,suffers aparalytic stroke.
- June 9– InIndia,600 imprisoned members of the failedSikhKhalsarebellion against theMughal Empireare executed on orders of the EmperorFarrukhsiyar.[12]Banda Singh Bahadur,leader of the rebellion, is brutally tortured and mutilated before being killed.[13]
- June 19– The newTokugawa Shogun of Japan,Tokugawa Yoshimune,assumes control of the monarchy's military after the illness and death of the six-year-oldIetsugu,last of the male descendants ofTokugawa Ieyasu.[14]Yoshimune's ascendancy begins Year 1 of theKyōhōEra, which continues until Year 21 in1736.
- June 25– With the Holy Roman Empire having been ceded the "Southern Netherlands" (nowBelgium) from Spain,Prince Eugene of Savoyarrives inBrusselsas the first Governor-General of theAustrian Netherlands.Eugene soon returns home and leaves administration of the area to a dictatorialHercule-Louis Turinetti.[15]
July–September[edit]
- July 5– PrinceErnest Augustusis createdDuke of York and Albany,in thepeerage of Great Britain.
- July 8– TheBattle of Dynekilen:TheSwedishfleet is defeated by aDanish–Norwegianfleet.
- July 8–August 21–Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War:TheOttoman Empireunsuccessfully lays siegetoCorfu,the last bastion of theRepublic of Venicein the Greek islands.[16]
- August 3–Natchez,one of the oldest towns on theMississippi River,is founded by French civilians at the site of Fort Rosalie.[17]
- August 4–George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton,under sentence of death for his part in theJacobite rising of 1715,escapes from theTower of Londonand flees into exile on the continent.
- August 5–Battle of Petrovaradin:83,300 Austrian troops ofPrince Eugene of Savoydefeat 150,000Ottoman TurksunderSilahdar Damat Ali Pasha(who is killed).
- August 24–Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor,returns from Italy.
- September 15–"Maria",an African slave of theDutch West India Companyon the Caribbean island ofCuraçao,murders the plantation overseer, Christiaan Muller, then leads a rebellion, killing Muller's family and much of the white staff on the company's plantation. The uprising is suppressed after 10 days, and Maria is later executed by burning at the stake on November 9.[18]
- September 26–Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia,eldest son of the TsarPeter the Greatand heir to the throne, flees fromSaint Petersburgwith his mistress,Efrosinya Fedorova,along with her brother and three servants. After spending more than a year in Austria, he returns to Russia where he is arrested and dies in prison in 1718.[19][20]
October–December[edit]
- October 12– During thewarbetween the Habsburg Empire ruling Austria and the Ottoman Empire ruling Turkey, thesix week siegeof the fortified city ofTemeşvaris surrendered by the Turks to the Austrians. Under a flag of truce, the Turks are permitted to depart but have to leave behind their artillery as they give up their claim toHungary.Austro-Hungarian rule lasts until World War One, and in 1919, the city ofTimișoarabecomes part of the Kingdom ofRomania.
- November 1– Two new laws go into effect in theHighlandsofScotlandto prevent a threat to Britain's rulingHouse of Hanoverby theJacobiteswho supported the restoration of theHouse of Stuart.TheDisarming Actrequires government authorization to carry swords and firearms, and the amendments to theTreason Act 1714permit trials for treason to take place in any court in England, regardless of where the crime was committed.
- December 4– Fifty people are killed, and 150 houses burned, when a fire breaks out inWapping,London.The blaze comes two days after a fire at theSpring GardensatSt. James's,London, which destroyed the French Chapel there and which was put out by several rescuers, including the future King George II.[21]
- December 12–Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend,is demoted from his office asSecretary of State for the Northern Departmentin the British government, and replaced byJames Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope.This is a move towards theWhig Splitof 1717.
Date unknown[edit]
- English pirateEdward Teach(Blackbeard)is given command of asloopinthe Bahamas.[22]
- TsarPeter the GreatofRussiastudies with the physicianHerman Boerhaave,atLeiden University.
- TheKangxi Dictionaryis published, laying the foundation of most references toHan charactersstudied today.
Births[edit]
January[edit]
- January 1–Joshua Loring,colonial American captain in British service (d.1781), Gaspar de Portola, Spanish California Expedition (d.1786)
- January 4–Aaron Burr Sr.,President of Princeton University (d.1757)
- January 11–Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby,English nobleman (d.1735)
- January 12–Antonio de Ulloa,Spanish general and scientist (d.1795)
- January 15
- Philip Livingston,American politician (d.1778)
- Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet,French scientist (d.1796)
- January 20
- KingCharles III of Spain(d.1788)
- Jean-Jacques Barthélemy,French writer and numismatist (d.1795)
- Franz Wilhelm Rabaliatti,German architect (d.1782)
- January 26–George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville,British Army general (d.1785)
- January 30–Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz,Swedish architect and civil servant (d.1796)
February[edit]
- February 2–David Graeme,British Army general (d.1797)
- February 4–José Solís Folch de Cardona,Spanish colonial governor (d.1770)
- February 8–Pasquale Cafaro,Italian composer (d.1787)
- February 9–Mary Palmer,English writer (d.1794)
- February 23–Antoine-Joseph Pernety,French writer (d.1796)
March[edit]
- March 6–Pehr Kalm,Finnish scientist (d.1779)
- March 13–Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia(d.1801)
- March 18–Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf von Wylich und Lottum,Prussian army officer (d.1774)
- March 19–Guillaume Coustou the Younger,French artist (d.1777)
- March 21–Josef Seger,Czech composer and organist (d.1782)
April[edit]
- April 1–Morgan Rhys,Welsh hymn-writer (d.1779)
- April 5–Jeremiah Theus,American artist (d.1774)
- April 12–Felice Giardini,Italian composer, violinist (d.1796)
- April 24–Johann Georg Weishaupt,German lawyer (d.1753)
May[edit]
- May 2–Infante Carlos of Portugal,Portugueseinfante(prince) (d.1736)
- May 8–James Wright,Governor of Georgia (d.1785)
- May 20–Friedrich Samuel Bock,German philosopher and theologian (d.1785)
- May 24–Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg(d.1778)
- May 28–Sir Robert Burdett, 4th Baronet,British politician and member of the English gentry (d.1797)
- May 29–Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton,French scientist (d.1799)
June[edit]
- June 10–Carl Gustaf Ekeberg,Swedish explorer (d.1784)
- June 18
- Charles Edzard, Prince of East Frisia(d.1744)
- Joseph-Marie Vien,French painter (d.1809)
- June 23–Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley(d.1789)
- June 25–Johann Baptist Babel,Swiss sculptor (d.1799)
- June 26–Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont,Roman Catholic bishop (d.1771)
- June 27–Louise Diane d'Orléans,last child ofPhilippe II, Duke of Orleans(d.1736)
July[edit]
- July 3–Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch,German Prince-Bishop (d.1795)
- July 14–Michael Schlatter,American clergyman (d.1790)
- July 17–William Errington,English priest (d.1768)
- July 22–Jan Jakub Zamoyski,Polish noble (d.1790)
August[edit]
- August 2–Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Baron Edgcumbe,British baron, politician (d.1761)
- August 4–Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet,English country gentleman (d.1793)
- August 8
- Andrea Spagni,Italian theologian (d.1788)
- Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley,British politician (d.1777)
- August 15–Karl Joseph von Firmian,Austrian diplomat (d.1782)
- August 18–Johan Maurits Mohr,Dutch-German pastor and astronomer (d.1775)
- August 30–Capability Brown,English landscape architect (d.1783)
September[edit]
- September 2–Jacques-Nicolas Tardieu,French engraver (d.1791)
- September 6–Charles Bennet, 3rd Earl of Tankerville,British Earl (d.1767)
- September 16–Angelo Maria Amorevoli,Italian musician (d.1798)
- September 19–Jan Jacob Schultens,Dutch linguist (d.1788)
- October 1–Benjamin Waller,American politician (d.1786)
- October 3–Giovanni Battista Beccaria,Italian physicist (d.1781)
- October 4–James Lind,Scottish physician (d.1794)
- October 5–Alexei Senyavin,Russian admiral (d.1797)
- October 6–George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax,British statesman (d.1771)
- October 8–Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga,Portuguese clergyman (d.1780)
- October 16–Lord Augustus FitzRoy,Royal Navy officer during the War of the Austrian Succession (d.1741)
- October 26–Charles Christian Erdmann, Duke of Württemberg-Oels(d.1792)
November[edit]
- November 1
- William Foye,Canadian politician (d.1771)
- Joseph Dinouart,French preacher (d.1786)
- November 4–Wilhelm von Knyphausen,Prussian soldier (d.1800)
- November 16–John Monro,British physician of Bethlem Hospital (d.1791)
- November 26–Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland,British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (d.1776)
December[edit]
- December 1–Étienne Maurice Falconet,French artist (d.1791)
- December 7–Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode,German politician, canon, provost and author of numerous hymns (d.1778)
- December 12–Leopoldine Marie of Anhalt-Dessau,Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d.1782)
- December 16
- Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli,Swiss agronomist (d.1780)
- Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini,French diplomat and writer (d.1798)
- December 23–Johann Heinrich Rolle,German baroque composer (d.1785)
- December 25–Johann Jakob Reiske,German scholar (d.1774)
- December 26
- Thomas Gray,English poet, historian (d.1771)
- Jean François de Saint-Lambert,French poet, philosopher and military officer (d.1803)
- December 27–Leonardo Ximenes,Italian mathematician (d.1786)
Approximate date[edit]
- Arnarsaq,Inuit translator, interpreter and missionary (d. after1771)
- Catherine Théot,French visionary (d.1794)
- Anna Margareta Salmelin,Finnish prisoner of war (d.1789)
Date unknown[edit]
- Josip Kazimir Drašković,Croatian General in theSeven Years' War(1756–1763) (d.1765)
Deaths[edit]
January[edit]
- January 1–William Wycherley,English playwright (b.1641)[23]
- January 18–Sir Robert Burdett, 3rd Baronet,English politician (b.1640)
- January 30–Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien,French-born Polish consort to KingJohn III Sobieski(b.1641)
February[edit]
- February 2–Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca,Spanish Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (b.1640)
- February 19–Dorothe Engelbretsdotter,Norway's first professional female author (b.1634)
March[edit]
- March 26–Johann Friedrich Gleditsch,German book publisher (b.1653)
- March 28–John Vesey,Irish archbishop (b.1638)
April[edit]
- April 14–Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington,British admiral (b. c.1648)
- April 26–John Somers, 1st Baron Somers,Lord Chancellor of England (b.1651)
- April 28– SaintLouis de Montfort,author,True Devotion to Mary(b.1673)
- April 29–Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet,English politician (b.1655)
May[edit]
- May 11–Francis de Geronimo,Italian priest (b.1642)
- May 14–Henry Oxburgh,executed IrishJacobiteleader
June[edit]
- June 2–Ogata Kōrin,Japanese painter (b. c.1657)
- June 5–Roger Cotes,English mathematician and philosopher (b.1682)
- June 8–Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine(b.1658)
- June 9–Banda Bahadur,Sikh military commander (executed) (b.1670)
- June 19–Tokugawa Ietsugu,7thTokugawa shogunateof Japan (b.1709)
- June 28–George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland,English general (b.1665)
July[edit]
- July 8–Robert South,English churchman (b.1634)
- July 9–Joseph Sauveur,French mathematician (b.1653)
- July 14–Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield,English peer (b.1663)
- July 26–Paolo Alessandro Maffei,Italian antiquarian, humanist (b.1653)
August[edit]
- August 5–Silahtar Ali Pasha,Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b. 1667)
- August 6–Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt(b.1654)
September[edit]
- September 25–Johann Christoph Pez,German composer (b.1664)
October[edit]
- October 17–Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton,Scottish peeress (b.1631)
- October 28–Stephen Fox,English politician (b.1627)
- October 10–Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg,Governor of the Electorate of Saxony (b.1656)
November[edit]
- November 2–Engelbert Kaempfer,German traveler, physician (b.1651)
- November 9–Maria,Curaçaoan slave rebel leader
- November 14–Gottfried Leibniz,German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (b.1646)
- November 22–Inaba Masamichi,Japanese daimyō (b.1640)
- November 26–Nils Bielke,member of the High Council of Sweden (b.1644)
- November 29–Ofspring Blackall,Bishop of Exeter (b.1655)
December[edit]
- December 5–William Ettrick,English politician (b.1651)
- December 13–Charles de La Fosse,French painter (b.1640)
- December 14–William Trumbull,English diplomat and politician (b.1639)
Date unknown[edit]
- Stefano Erardi,Maltese painter (b.1630)[24]
- Lalla Aisha Mubarka,Empress of Morocco
- Samuel Weston,English politician
References[edit]
- ^Payne, Stanley G (1973)."Chapter 16: The Eighteenth-Century Bourbon Regime in Spain".A History of Spain and Portugal.Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN0-299-06270-8.RetrievedApril 17,2008.
- ^William L. Ramsey,The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South(University of Nebraska Press, 2008)
- ^Crieff, Its Traditions and Characters, with Anecdotes of Strathearn(D. McCara, 1881) pp. 302-303
- ^"The Burning of The Strathearn Towns & Villages: Part Two".PertshireCrieffStrathearn Local History.July 15, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 25,2013.
- ^"Significant Earthquake Information".ngdc.noaa.gov.NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.RetrievedOctober 13,2021.
- ^Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006)."1716".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale.RetrievedMay 26,2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^Winterhalter, Elizabeth (October 29, 2020)."When the English Witnessed Battles in the Sky".JSTOR Daily.RetrievedAugust 6,2023.
- ^Briggs, J. Morton (1967)."Aurora and Enlightenment Eighteenth-Century Explanations of the Aurora Borealis".Isis.58(4): 491–503.doi:10.1086/350301.ISSN0021-1753.JSTOR228424.S2CID145608173.
- ^Sarah Fraser,The Last Highlander: Scotland's Most Notorious Clan Chief, Rebel & Double Agent(HarperCollins, 2012) p. 174
- ^Flippo De Filippi,An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri(Routledge & Sons, 1931) pp. 50-52
- ^John Philip Wood,Memoirs of the life of John Law of Lauriston, including a detailed account of the rise, progress and termination of the Mississippi System(Adam Black Publishing, 1824) p.26
- ^Louis E. Fenech,The Cherished Five in Sikh History(Oxford University Press, 2021) p. 91
- ^Ganda Singh,Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records(Sikh History Research Department, 1935) p. 229
- ^Timon Screech,Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822(RoutledgeCurzon, 2006) p. 97
- ^"England and the Ostend Company", by Gerald B. Hertz,The English Historical Review(April 1907) pp. 256-257
- ^Chasiotis, Ioannis (1975). "Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως" [The decline of Ottoman power].Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ′: Ο ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία, 1669–1821[History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under foreign rule, 1669–1821] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51.
- ^"Revelry in Natchez as 300th anniversary approaches",by Kendra Ablaza,Mississippi Today,May 27, 2016
- ^"Maria (? -1716)",by Han Jordaan, inWomen's Lexicon of the Netherlands
- ^V. N. Balyazin,Unofficial History of Russia(Olma Media Group, 2007) p. 216
- ^Ian Grey,The Romanovs(New Word City, 2016)
- ^"Fires, Great", inThe Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance,Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p48-49
- ^Lee, Robert E. (1974).Blackbeard the Pirate(2002 ed.). North Carolina: John F. Blair.ISBN0-89587-032-0.
- ^Publishing, Britannica Educational (June 1, 2013).Authors of The Enlightenment: 1660 to 1800.Britanncia Educational Publishing. p. 67.ISBN978-1-62275-010-8.
- ^Schiavone, Michael J. (2009).Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F.Pietà:Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. p. 756.ISBN9789993291329.