1765
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1765(MDCCLXV) was acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Saturdayof theJulian calendar,the 1765th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 765th year of the2nd millennium,the 65th year of the18th century,and the 6th year of the1760sdecade. As of the start of 1765, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 23–Prince Joseph of Austriamarries PrincessMaria Josepha of BavariainVienna.
- January 29– One week before his death,Mir Jafar,who had been enthroned as theNawab of Bengaland ruler of the Bengali people with the support and protection of theBritish East India Company,abdicates in favor of his 18-year-old son,Najmuddin Ali Khan.[1]
- February 8
- Frederick the Great,theKing of Prussia,issues a decree abolishing the historic punishments against unmarried women in Germany for "sex crimes", particularly theHurenstrafen(literally "whore shaming" ) practices of public humiliation.[2]
- Isaac Barré,a member of the British House of Commons forWycombeand a veteran of theFrench and Indian Warin the British American colonies, coins the term "Sons of Liberty"in a rebuttal toCharles Townshend's derisive description of the American colonists during the introduction of the proposed Stamp Act. Barré notes that "They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country... And yet, actuated by the principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suffered in their own country, from the hands of those who should have been their friends." American colonists adopt the term for their own organization after reading the accounts of Barré's speech.[3]
- February 14–Spain's five-member "special junta", appointed by Prime MinisterJerónimo Grimaldi,delivers its report regarding "ways to address the backwardness of Spain's commerce with its colonies and with foreign nations". The report provides detailed orders to be delivered toJosé de Gálvez,thevisitador generalin charge ofNew Spain.[4]
- March 9– After a public campaign by the writerVoltaire,judges inParisposthumously exonerateJean Calasof murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in1762on the charge, though his son may have committed suicide.
- March 22– Royal assent is given to theDuties in American Colonies Act 1765,historically referred to as theStamp Act,imposing the first direct tax levied fromGreat Britainon thethirteen American colonies,effective November 1.[5]The revenue measure (which requires the purchase of a stamp to be affixed for validation of all legal documents, but also to licensed newspapers and even playing cards and dice) is made to help defray the costs for British military operations inNorth America,including the French and Indian War.[6]
- March 24– Great Britain passes theQuartering Act,requiring private households in the thirteen American colonies to house British soldiers if necessary.
April–June[edit]
- April 4– AtFort Tombecbe,near what is now the town ofEpes, Alabama,representatives of the British Empire and of theChoctawIndian tribe inMississippisign a peace treaty in the wake of French cession of claims to the British. A boundary is fixed between land to be occupied by the Choctaws and for lands which British settlers can use; in addition, the British agree to provide a police official and a gunsmith at Fort Tombecbe for the Choctaws to use for trespassing complaints and for weapons repairs. By 1775, however, the Choctaws are outnumbered in Mississippi.[7]
- April 5– After completing the portion of theMason–Dixon linemarking the semi-circular boundary betweenPennsylvaniaandDelaware,English surveyorsCharles MasonandJeremiah Dixonbegin the two-and-a-half-year process of plotting out the 230-mile boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland along the latitude of 39°43′20″ N.[8]
- April 14– Three days after getting the news that the Stamp Act has passed, American colonists invade the British Army arsenal near the New York City Hall and sabotage guns inside by spiking them.[9]
- April 26– AtSaint Petersburg,German engineerChristian Kratzensteinpresents to theRussian Academy of Sciencesa perfected version of the arithmetical machine originally invented byGottfried Leibniz.Kratzenstein claims that his machine solves the problem with the Leibniz machine has with calculations above four digits, perfecting the flaw where the machine is "prone to err whenever it is necessary to make a number of 9999 move to 10000", but the machine is not developed further.[10]
- May 18– Not long after British rule has started over the formerly French colony ofQuebec,an accidental fire destroys one quarter of the town ofMontreal.[11]
- May 26– During a stroll in the park "on a fine Sabbath afternoon" atGlasgow Green,Scottish engineerJames Wattreceives the inspiration that provides the breakthrough in his development of thesteam engine;he recounts later that "The idea came into my mind, that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication was made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder... I had not walked further than the Golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind."[12]
- June 21– TheIsle of Manis brought under British control, theIsle of Man Purchase Act(coming into force 10 May) confirmingHM Treasury's purchase of the feudal rights of theDukes of Atholl,asLord of Mannover the island, andrevestingthem into theBritish Crown.[13]
July–December[edit]
- July 10– King George III dismissesGeorge Grenvillefrom the office ofPrime Minister of Great Britain,and replaces him with another Whig Party statesman,Charles Watson-Wentworth,Lord Rockingham.[14]
- July 12– On orders ofChief Pontiac,War Chief Wahpesah of theKickapoo peoplereleases British Indian Affairs negotiatorGeorge Croghanfrom 35 days of detention.[15]At the same time, Pontiac authorizes a Shawnee Chief, Nanicksah, to sign a treaty with the British on behalf of the Great Lakes tribes, settling the French and Indian War.[16]
- July 13–Qianlong,theEmperor of Chinaissues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle. In the interest of amity with the Chinese, KingGeorge III of Great Britaingives priority to the sale of British copper, and KingLouis XV of Franceassents to the use of French artisans.[17]
- July 21– Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership ofPersia,Karim Khan Zandreturns in triumph to his home inShirazand makes it his capital then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings.[18]
- July 23– Headed byOdawaChief Pontiac and George Croghan, a party of Great Lakes tribesmen and British soldiers travel along theWabash Riverand obtain the release of all whiteprisoners of warremaining in theMiami peopleand Odawa villages betweenOuiatenon(near modern-dayGranville, Indiana) andDetroit.[19]
- July 30– AtYale College,eight students attack the residence of Yale's PresidentThomas Clapbecause of his promotion of"New Light"Calvinistdoctrine; and "with Evil Intent" and "with Strong hand burst and take off the gates of the yard of the mansion house and Carry away and with Screaming and Shouting... throw into said House Numbers of large stones with Cattles Horns into the windows of said House."[20]The students plead guilty and pay nominal fines, and Clap resigns at the end of the 1765–66 school year.
- August 9–RussianEmpressCatherine IIissues a decree authorizing the new way to producevodka(by freezing).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/IGI1908India1765a.jpg/220px-IGI1908India1765a.jpg)
- August 14– In protest of theStamp Act,Bostoniansattack the home of officialAndrew Oliver.
- August 16– TheTreaty of Allahabadis signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning ofCompany rule in India.[21]
- August 18–Joseph IIbecomesHoly Roman Emperor.
- August 26– In protest of theStamp Act,Bostoniansdestroy the home of lieutenant governorThomas Hutchinson.
- September 6–Jean-Jacques Rousseau's house inSwitzerlandis stoned by a mob.
- September 21–François Antoineannounces he has killed theBeast of Gévaudan.
- October 17– ThePennsylvania Gazettereports that a Mr. McCullough, the Distributor of Stamps for theRoyal Colony of North Carolina,has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. A Dr. Huston is appointed to the position.
- November 1– TheStamp Actgoes into effect in thethirteen American colonies.
- December 12– ThePennsylvania Gazettereports that Dr. Huston, the recently instated Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act.
Date unknown[edit]
- The first chocolate factory in theThirteen Coloniesis established by Dr. James Baker atDorchester, Massachusetts.
- The first truerestaurantopens inParis,where atavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul.
- InLisbon,theauto-da-féparade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian'heretics') is abolished.
- DesaiAtash Behramis established inNavsari,India.
- Catherine the Greatestablishes the first secondary education school for non-noble females in Russia: theNovodevichii Institute,for the daughters of commoners.[22][dubious–discuss]
Births[edit]
- January 11–Antoine Alexandre Barbier,French librarian (d.1825)
- January 23–Thomas Todd,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1826)
- February 1–Charles Hatchett,English chemist (d.1847)
- February 8–Joseph Leopold Eybler,Austrian composer (d.1846)
- February 22–Meta Forkel-Liebeskind,German writer, scholar (d.1853)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/110px-Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg)
- March 7–Nicéphore Niépce,French inventor (d.1833)
- March 27–Franz Xaver von Baader,German philosopher, theologian (d.1841)
- April 1–Luigi Schiavonetti,Italian engraver (d.1810)
- April 6– DukeCharles Felix of Savoy(d.1831)
- April 11–Gertrudis Bocanegra,Mexican national heroine (d.1817)
- April 26–Emma, Lady Hamilton,English mistress ofHoratio Nelson(d.1815)
- June 15–Henry Thomas Colebrooke,English orientalist (d.1831)
- July 14–Abigail Adams Smith,firstborn daughter ofAbigail AdamsandJohn Adams(d.1813)
- July 26–Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon,French marshal (d.1844)
- August 4–Claire Lacombe,French actress, political activist
- August 6–Petrobey Mavromichalis,Prime Minister of Greece (d.1848)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_IV_crop.jpg/110px-William_IV_crop.jpg)
- August 21– KingWilliam IV of the United Kingdom(d.1837)
- August 24–Thomas Muir,Scottish advocate, revolutionary (d.1799)
- September 16–Harry Burrard-Neale,BritishRoyal Navyofficer and politician (d.1840)
- September 18–Pope Gregory XVI(d.1846)
- September 25–Michał Kleofas Ogiński,Polish-Lithuanian,and laterRussianimperial statesman and composer
- September 29–Karl Ludwig Harding,German astronomer (d.1834)
- September 30–José María Morelos,leader ofMexican War of Independence(d.1815)[23]
- October 8–Harman Blennerhassett,Irish-American lawyer (d.1831)
- October 17–Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke,duc de Feltre, French marshal and politician (d.1818)
- October 18–Josefa Joaquina Sánchez,Venezuelan embroiderer and independence heroine (d.1813)
- October 24–James Mackintosh,Scottish publicist (d.1832)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fulton.jpg/110px-Fulton.jpg)
- November 14–Robert Fulton,American inventor (d.1815)
- November 17–Jacques MacDonald,French marshal (d.1840)
- November 19–Filippo Castagna,Maltese politician (d.1830)[24]
- November 20–Sir Thomas Fremantle,British captain and politician (d.1819)
- November 28–George William Manby,English author and inventor (d.1854)
- December 8–Eli Whitney,American inventor (d.1825)
- December 22–Johann Friedrich Pfaff,German mathematician (d.1825)
- date unknown
- Mary Bryant,one of the first successful escapees from the fledgling Australian penal colony
- James Smithson,British mineralogist, chemist and posthumous founder of theSmithsonian Institution(d.1829)[25]
Deaths[edit]
- February 2–Teresia Constantia Phillips,British autobiographer (b.1709)
- February 4–Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie,Director-general of theColony of Louisiana(b.1726)
- February 9–Elisabetta de Gambarini,English composer (b.1730)
- March 3–William Stukeley,English archaeologist (b.1687)
- March 27–Arthur Dobbs,Irish politician and governor of the Royal Colony of North Carolina (b.1689)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg/110px-M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg)
- April 5–Edward Young,English poet (b.1683)
- April 11–Lewis Morris (1701–1765),Welsh hydrographer (b.1701)
- April 15–Mikhail Lomonosov,Russian author and scientist (b.1711)
- April 20–Abigail Williams,American accuser in the Salem witch trials (b.1681)
- May 17–Alexis Clairaut,French mathematician (b.1713)
- June 21–Nachman of Horodenka,Hasidic rabbi[26]
- July 15–Charles-André van Loo,French painter (b.1705)
- July 18–Philip, Duke of Parma,Spanish prince (b.1720)
- August 17–Timothy Cutler,rector of Yale College (b.1684)
- August 18–Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor(b.1708)
- September 2–Henry Bouquet,Swiss-born British army officer (b.1719)
- September 26–Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe,French explorer of North America (b.1683)
- October 10–Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset,Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.1688)
- October 21–Giovanni Paolo Panini,Italian painter and architect (b.1691)
- October 31–Prince William, Duke of Cumberland,English military leader (b.1721)
- November 30–George Glas,Scottish merchant and adventurer (b.1725)
- December 3–Lord John Sackville,English cricketer (b.1713)
- December 16–Peter Frederick Haldimand,Swiss-born military officer and surveyor
- December 20–Louis, Dauphin of France,heir apparent to the French throne (b.1729)
- December 25–Prokop Diviš,Czech scientist (b.1698)
References[edit]
- ^Abdul Majed Khan,The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan(Cambridge University Press, 2007) p69
- ^Isabel V. Hull,Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815(Cornell University Press, 1997) p127
- ^Jonathan Mercantini,The Stamp Act of 1765: A History in Documents(Broadview Press, 2017) p71
- ^Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein,Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) p69
- ^"Sunday's and Monday's Posts", inThe Leeds Intelligencer,March 26, 1765, p3
- ^Richard Archer,As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution(Oxford University Press, 2010) pp20-21
- ^"Mississippi", by Kathrin Dodds, inNative America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia,ed. by Daniel S. Murphree (ABC-CLIO, 2012) p611
- ^Andro Linklater,The Fabric of America: How Our Borders and Boundaries Shaped the Country and Forged Our National Identity(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009) p29
- ^Edward Robb Ellis,The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History(Basic Books, 2011)
- ^Matthew L. Jones,Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Innovation, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage(University of Chicago Press, 2016) p133
- ^William Henry Atherton,Montreal, 1535-1914: Under British rule, 1760-1914(S. J. Clarke, 1914) p397
- ^H. W. Dickinson,James Watt: Craftsman and Engineer(Cambridge University Press, 1936) pp36-37
- ^Hartley Booth, V. E.; Sells, Peter (1980).British extradition law and procedure: including extradition between the United Kingdom and foreign states, the Commonwealth and dependent countries and the Republic of China.Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. p. 5.ISBN978-90-286-0079-9.OCLC6890466.
- ^Nicholas K. Robinson,Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature(Yale University Press, 1996) p17
- ^Arrell M. Gibson,Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border(University of Oklahoma Press, 1975)
- ^"Nanicksah", inNative Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere,ed. by Donald Ricky (Native American Book Publishers, 2009) p1779
- ^John Wiley Spiers,How Small business Trades Worldwide(Writer's Showcase, 2001) p86
- ^"Karim Khan Zand (ca. 1705-1779)" inThe Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia,by Mehrdad Kia (ABC-CLIO, 2017) p133
- ^Bert Anson,The Miami Indians(University of Oklahoma Press, 2000) p74
- ^Robert Blair St. George,Conversing by Signs: Poetics of Implication in Colonial New England Culture(University of North Carolina Press, 2000) p246
- ^Bhattacherje, S. B. (May 1, 2009).Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates.Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. A-96.ISBN9788120740747.RetrievedMarch 24,2014.
- ^Bisha, Robin (2002).Russian Women, 1698-1917 Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources.Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 162–163.
- ^"Biografia de José María Morelos".Biografiasyvidas.RetrievedJanuary 15,2019.
- ^Abela, Joe (1999)."Filippo Castagna u Birżebbuġa".Leħen il-Banda(in Maltese). Għaqda San Pietru Fil-Ktajjen A.D. 1957. Archived fromthe originalon December 3, 2019.
- ^"Smithsonian History, James Smithson".Smithsonian Institution Archives Website.Smithsonian Institution Archives.RetrievedFebruary 28,2018.
- ^Раби Нахман ИЗ ГОРОДЕНКИ[Rabbi Nachman from Horodenka].toldot(in Russian). July 2, 2018.RetrievedApril 30,2023.
Further reading[edit]
- John Blair;J. Willoughby Rosse (1856)."1765".Blair's Chronological Tables.London:H.G. Bohn.hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n– via Hathi Trust.