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1776(film)

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1776
Theatrical release poster
Directed byPeter H. Hunt
Screenplay byPeter Stone
Based on
1776
by
Produced byJack L. Warner
Starring
CinematographyHarry Stradling, Jr.
Edited by
Music bySherman Edwards
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • November 17, 1972(1972-11-17)
Running time
141 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$6 million[2]
Box office$2.8 million(rentals)[3]

1776is a 1972 Americanhistoricalmusicaldramafilm directed byPeter H. Huntand written byPeter Stone,based on his book for the1969 Broadway musical of the same name,with music and lyrics bySherman Edwards.[4]Set inPhiladelphiain the summer of 1776, it is a fictionalized account of the events leading up to the signing of theDeclaration of Independence.The film starsWilliam Daniels,Howard da Silva,Donald Madden,John Cullum,Ken HowardandBlythe Danner.

Portions of dialogue and some lyrics were taken directly from the letters and memoirs of the actual participants of theSecond Continental Congress.

Plot[edit]

John Adams,representingMassachusettsin theSecond Continental CongressinPhiladelphia,laments the body's refusal to debate his motion to declare the colonies' independence fromGreat Britainand instead to discuss more trivial matters. Disliked by most of his fellow Congressmen, he frequently seeks advice and comfort from his wife,Abigail.Benjamin FranklinofPennsylvaniasuggests someone else propose the independence resolution. They getRichard Henry LeeofVirginiato agree and he rides home to get authorization from the state legislature to do so.

Lee returns,proposes the resolutionand, over the objections ofJohn Dickinsonof Pennsylvania, leader of the faction seeking reconciliation with Britain, Congress agrees to debate the question.Caesar RodneyofDelaware,suffering fromcancer,leaves during the debate, depriving Adams of Delaware's vote. Seeking to kill the motion, Dickinson successfully moves that an independence vote be unanimous. To salvage the motion, Adams asks for a postponement to draft a declaration of grievances.President of the Congress,John Hancock,breaks the tie vote in favor of a declaration and appoints Adams, Franklin,Roger ShermanofConnecticut,Robert LivingstonofNew York,andThomas JeffersonofVirginiato acommitteeto write it. Jefferson, despite his determination to go home to his wife,Martha,reluctantly agrees to be the primary writer. After a full week passes without completing the task, Adams summons Martha, who charms both him and Franklin, to Philadelphia and Jefferson finishes the draft.

To convinceSamuel ChaseofMarylandto support independence, Adams agrees to accept GeneralGeorge Washington's invitation to visit the army encampment inNew Brunswick, New Jersey,taking Franklin and Chase with him. After the members return to their lodgings, a young military courier arrives and sadly relates how his best friend was killed in battle to Congressional custodianAndrew McNair.

The Declaration is read to the full Congress, which begins accepting amendments. Jefferson agrees to all changes, but refuses to strike language related to slavery.Edward RutledgeofSouth Carolinaleads the Southern members in walking out in protest just as Chase returns with Maryland's vote supporting independence. Frustrated at Adams' haughtiness and refusal to compromise, Franklin tells him to accept the fact that those with opinions contrary to his will be part of their new nation.

On the day of the vote, Adams and Jefferson agree to drop the slavery provision and Rutledge and the other Southern states vote for independence. With Delaware divided, Rodney is brought back to support independence by majority vote of its three representatives. Eventually, all states, except divided Pennsylvania and New York, whose remaining representative,Lewis Morris,has abstained throughout the proceedings, vote for independence. Franklin moves that his delegation be polled: he votes for independence and Dickinson votes against it, leaving the question up toJames Wilson.Not wanting to be remembered for casting the decisive vote against American independence, he votes in favor. Dickinson resigns from Congress and vows to join the army to support the fight against the British, even though he believes it to be futile.

As the members prepare to sign theDeclaration of Independenceon July 4, 1776, Morris receives word that his estate has been destroyed and his family moved to safety. Despite not being authorized, he signs anyway. As McNair tolls thebuilding'sbell, one member per state signs, establishing theUnited States of America.

Cast[edit]

Delegates

An asterisk (*) indicates an actor or actress who was also in the original Broadway cast.

Others

Musical numbers and soundtrack[edit]

1776
Album cover
Soundtrack albumby
Various Artists
Released1972
LabelColumbia
  1. Overture – Orchestra
  2. "Sit Down, John" – John Adams, Congress
  3. "Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve" – John Adams
  4. "Till Then" – John and Abigail Adams
  5. "The Lees of Old Virginia" – Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams
  6. "But, Mr. Adams" – John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston
  7. "Yours, Yours, Yours" – John and Abigail Adams
  8. "He Plays the Violin" – Martha Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams
  9. "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" – John Dickinson, John Hancock, The Conservatives
  10. "Momma Look Sharp" – Courier, Andrew McNair, Leather Apron
  11. "The Egg" – Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson
  12. "Molasses to Rum" – Edward Rutledge
  13. "Compliments" – Abigail Adams
  14. "Is Anybody There?" – Charles Thomson, John Adams
  15. Finale – Orchestra

An original motion picture soundtrack album was released in 1972 byColumbia Recordson vinylLP records.It contains all the musical numbers, with the exception of "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" and "Compliments". The soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers that were presented in full on thelaserdiscand DVD releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on CD in 1992, the film soundtrack was not.[citation needed]

Production[edit]

Jack L. Warnerbought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million.

Many members of the originalBroadwaycast, includingWilliam Daniels,Ken Howard,John Cullum,andHoward da Silva,reprised their roles for the film.Ralston Hill,Ron Holgate,David Ford,Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production, marking their only appearances in feature film. This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning downJulie Andrewsfor the 1964 film adaptation ofMy Fair Ladyin favor ofAudrey Hepburn.[5]

1776was also the only film ofDonald Madden,who was not in the original Broadway cast.

Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of Colonial Philadelphia. Most of the Colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s.[citation needed]

The water fountain seen during the musical number "The Lees of Old Virginia", withBen Franklin,John Adams,andRichard Henry Lee,became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV seriesFriends.This fountain still exists directly across the street from theBewitchedandI Dream of Jeanniehouses.[6]

Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood.[7][8]1776was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.[9]

"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. TheLos Angeles Timesstated "The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War–era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth."[10]According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend ofPresidentRichard Nixon,Nixon requested the song be removed. He apparently saw it as an insult, as it suggested the conservatives were hindering American independence as they danced aminuetsinging the song that included thestanza,

Come ye cool, cool considerate set
We'll dance together to the same minuet
To the right, ever to the right
Never to the left, forever to the right.

Warner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered.[10](The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the DVD and Blu-Ray releases.) Trailers had already been released in theaters with the "Considerate Men" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited.[11]In a 2015 interview, Hunt mentioned that Warner, on his deathbed in 1978, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing he had ruined the film's structure as a result.[11]It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.[10]

When the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at theWhite Housein 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.[10]

Historical accuracy[edit]

According toThe Columbia Companion to American History on Film,historical "[i]naccuracies pervade1776,though few are very troubling. "[12]Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.[13]

The film particularly omits the views of the mid-AtlanticQuakerpopulation, represented by Dickinson. Although Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist in the film, and John Adams is seen making points of objection about the tax abuses ofGeorge III of the United Kingdomincluding regressive taxes and "taxation without representation", all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson'sLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvaniathat had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a "lawyer" as an epithet, which makes little sense as Dickinson was a lawyer himself.

Despite the film's inclusion ofMartha JeffersonandAbigail Adams,Dickinson's wife,Mary Norris Dickinson,was the only spouse actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common-law wife,Deborah Read,had died a year or so earlier. Martha Jefferson had suffered a miscarriage and was dealing with complications of gestational diabetes in Virginia.)

Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee'sresolution of independence.The wording of the Declaration of Independence—the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split—was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on passages being removed from the Declaration, since Congress had already voted in favor of independence. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events.[14]In addition, some historians believe the Declaration was not signed on July 4, but on August 2, 1776. Others note that the final copy of the document was signed by the delegates over several weeks and months, commencing in July and not completed until as late as September.[14]

TheLiberty Bellin1776is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower.[15]A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration.

Many characters in1776differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as "obnoxious and disliked." According to biographerDavid McCullough,Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822,[16]after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776.[17]HistorianGarry Willsearlier made a similar argument, writing that "historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.[18]

TheCommittee of Fiveappointed to write the Declaration of Independence were: Franklin, age 70 (Howard da Silva was 62 at the time of filming in 1971); Roger Sherman, 55 (Rex Robbins was 36); Adams, 41 (Daniels was 44); Jefferson, 33 (Ken Howard was 27); and Livingston, 29 (John Myhers was 49). The lyrics of "But Mr. Adams" say Livingston cannot write the Declaration because "I've been presented with a new son by the noble stork", but Livingston had only two children, both daughters, and the elder was not born until 1780.

For practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, acomposite character,combining the real Adams with his cousinSamuel Adams,who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play.[19]Although the play depicts Delaware'sCaesar Rodneyas an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive "in the nick of time", having ridden 80 miles (130 km) the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999State Quarter) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate. Further, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousinHenry Lee(who is anachronistically called "General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee", a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate generalRobert E. Lee). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but "respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian." He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed.

Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene "to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying theunity of setting."[20]Martha is also depicted as dancing agaloporpolkawith Franklin and Adams, dances not introduced until the 1800s.

James Wilsonwas not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the film. His patrician WASP accent in the film is misleading, since Wilson was a Scottish immigrant whose parents were farmers. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast byJohn Morton,who is not depicted in the musical.[19]

The quote attributed toEdmund Burkeby Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.[21]

The song "Cool Considerate Men" is anachronistic; the terms"right" and "left"in politics were not in use until theFrench Revolutionof 1789.John Dickinson,who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s.[22]He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that "his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution".[23]

The film also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in "rights of Man" based in "natural law" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception. Dickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country. The film also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting theArticles of Confederation,which he based on "rights of Person" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to "men" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word "man" and only using the word "Person."

The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In1776,after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.

The musical depictsEdward Rutledgeas the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while it is known that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified "northern brethren",[24]that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part—much less a leadership role—in the opposition to the clause.[25]The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the Colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song "Molasses to Rum," sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from thetriangle trade.

The musical depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of thePennsylvania Abolition Societyin 1785.[26]It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified.

In both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. "Franklin smote the ground and out sprang—George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them—Franklin, Washington, and the horse—conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves." Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.[27]

James Wilsonis portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.[28]

The formula John Adams gives Abigail for making saltpeter— "By treatingsodium nitratewithpotassium chloride,of course! "—refers to various chemicals by their modern names, instead of the names used in the 1770s. A more historically accurate version might be" treating sodaniterwithpotash."More accurate still would have been a detailed description of the process, involving ingredients such as manure or bat guano, but that probably would have been too long, and repulsive to audiences.

Abigail's request forpinsin exchange is not frivolous.Electroplatinghad not been invented yet: The common pin was subject to rusting and breakage, and so required replacement. At the time, pins were necessary for a wide range of crafts, creating garments and headgear (including wigs), making lace, ribbon and other trimmings and textiles. They also served the roles now played bypaperclipsandstaples.Women used them as closures or to anchor pieces of clothing. (Hooks and eyes existed, but like so many manufactured goods, they had to be imported. The hook-and-eye industry was not established in the United States until the early 19th century.) The real Abigail, if dressed as in this scene in the film, would have supported the front lacing of her gown by using pins to fasten the fabric to the stiffened bodice beneath.

Reception[edit]

Critical reception[edit]

Vincent CanbyofThe New York Timesobserved, "The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high onroot beer,and the book is familiar history—compressed here, stretched there—that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not-inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of1776... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material... [It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history. "[29]

Roger Ebertof theChicago Sun-Timesgave1776two stars and declared, "This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness."[30]

OnRotten Tomatoes,the film has a 68% score, based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10.[31]

Box office[edit]

The film was the Christmas attraction atRadio City Music Hallin New York City and performed very well, grossing $1,743,978 in its first six weeks.[32]It did not perform as well in its other opening engagements in Philadelphia, Boston and Washington.[32]It returned to the Music Hall for two weeks starting June 3, 1976 in honor of theUnited States Bicentennial.

Accolades[edit]

The film was nominated for theGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedybut lost toCabaret.Harry Stradling Jr.was nominated for theAcademy AwardforBest Cinematographybut lost toGeoffrey UnsworthforCabaret.

The film is recognized byAmerican Film Institutein these lists:

Home media[edit]

The film was first released onvideocassette,which runs 148 minutes, and onLaserdiscin the 1980s. The Laserdisc version runs 180 minutes and is rated PG.

The DVD, issued in 2002 as a "RestoredDirector's Cut",[34]runs 165 minutes. It trims up some scenes and contains previously unreleased scenes, including the "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" musical number and accompanying dialogue. However, it excludes the previously released Overture (heard on laserdisc but not in cinemas).

The film was released onBlu-rayfrom a4K-master on June 2, 2015.[35]It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Hunt, Daniels and Howard, and also the DVD commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. With two versions: the prior "Director's Cut", and a further "extended cut" (167 minutes), the release also includes twodeleted and alternative sceneswith filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical trailers.

On May 31, 2022, Sony Pictures released a three-disc 50th anniversary Blu-ray. The release includes four different cuts: the two major 165-minute and 167-minute versions (from the 2015 DVD release), on 4K with a Dolby Atmos soundtrack, and on a third, bonus Blu-ray disc, the original 148-minute 1972 theatrical cut that was previously only available on VHS (now in HD with the original mono soundtrack) and the 180-minute 1992 LaserDisc release (in SD with stereo soundtrack) (both on Blu-ray for the first time).[36]

Comic book adaptation[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"1776(A) ".British Board of Film Classification.December 15, 1972.RetrievedJune 4,2013.
  2. ^"Jack Warner to Make '1776' Into a Movie".The New York Times.March 26, 1971. p. 29.
  3. ^"Big Rental Films of 1973".Variety.January 9, 1974. p. 19.
  4. ^"1776 film".Turner Classic Movies.RetrievedMarch 23,2016.
  5. ^William Daniels interview with William Daniels on Turner Classic Movies, April 16, 2017
  6. ^"Index of /Park".
  7. ^"COLUMBIA TRISTAR PICTURES SONY ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION | WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE | SOLAR COLA, COKE, PEPSI, VIRGIN, COCA COLA".Archivedfrom the original on April 12, 2009.Retrieved2009-07-11.
  8. ^Gary Wayne."Sunset-Gower Studios (formerly Columbia Studios)".Archivedfrom the original on July 30, 2009.Retrieved2009-07-11.
  9. ^"1776 (1972) – Notes".TCM. March 16, 1969.RetrievedSeptember 7,2011.
  10. ^abcdHeated Debate About 'Cool' Cut,Los Angeles Times Archives,September 7, 2001, Accessed 2009-05-30
  11. ^abEpstein, Ronald (May 20, 2015).Peter Hunt interview.Home Theater Forum.
  12. ^Peter C. Rollins, ed.,The Columbia Companion to American History on Film(Columbia University Press, 2004,ISBN0-231-11222-X), p. 154.
  13. ^Stone and Edwards, pp. 153–65, describing the play's historical basis and dramatic license.
  14. ^abStone and Edwards, p. 158.
  15. ^"Liberty Bell".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-07-04.Retrieved2015-07-04.
  16. ^Letter from Adams to Timothy Pickering, 1822ArchivedNovember 17, 2007, at theWayback Machine.Adams also described himself as "obnoxious" in hisAutobiography,written in 1805.
  17. ^McCullough, David.John Adams(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 119–20.
  18. ^Wills, Garry.Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence(New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 349–50.
  19. ^abStone and Edwards, p. 162.
  20. ^Stone and Edwards, p. 161.
  21. ^"Your Representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion." Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke.[1].
  22. ^Jack Rakove: "The Patriot Who Refused to Sign the Declaration of Independence",http:// historynet /the-patriot-who-refused-to-sign-the-declaration-of-independence.htm
  23. ^"Student finds letter 'a link to Jefferson' – CNN".CNN. December 8, 2009.RetrievedMay 6,2010.
  24. ^The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia: a Comprehensive Collection of the Views of Thomas Jefferson(1900) by Thomas Jefferson, edited by John P. Foley, p. 246
  25. ^Nothing is known of what Rutledge said or did during the Continental Congress, as the Congress was conducted in closed session and its members had made a pact of secrecy. No letters or memoirs have been found in which his participation is specified, and no record has been found as to what Rutledge did or did not say in regard to Jefferson's complaint about the King's freeing of slaves and veto of slave tariffs. See, e.g.,Lives of the Presidents of the United Statesby Robert W. Lincoln (1836), p. 390;Sanderson's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence(1846) by John Sanderson and Robert Taylor Conrad, p. 351;The United States Manual of Biography and Historyby James V. Marshall (1856), p. 115;An Outline of the Political and Social Life of George Washington,Volume 2 (1895) by James Tyson, p. 339.
  26. ^Isaacson, Walter.Benjamin Franklin: An American Life(2003).
  27. ^Adams, John; Rush, Benjamin (1892).Old Family Letters: Copied from the Originals for Alexander Biddle.Press of J. B. Lippincott Company.
  28. ^James Wilson: Founding Father, Charles Page Smith, 1956
  29. ^Canby, Vincent (November 10, 1972)."The New York Timesreview ".Movies.nytimes.RetrievedSeptember 7,2011.
  30. ^"Chicago Sun-Timesreview ".RogerEbert.December 26, 1972.RetrievedJuly 2,2023.
  31. ^"1776 (1972)".Rotten Tomatoes.November 17, 1972.RetrievedSeptember 30,2023.
  32. ^ab"Patriotic Values Accrue to '1776'".Variety.January 3, 1973. p. 76.
  33. ^"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees"(PDF).RetrievedAugust 13,2016.
  34. ^"Hollywood Version of 1776 Gets Director's Cut on DVD in time for July 4".
  35. ^"1776: Restored Director's Cut Blu-ray".
  36. ^"1776 50th Anniversary 4K Blu-Ray Edition".
  37. ^"Charlton Comics:1776".Grand Comics Database.
  38. ^Charlton Comics:1776at the Comic Book DB (archived fromthe original)

External links[edit]

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