1809
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1809(MDCCCIX) was acommon year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Fridayof theJulian calendar,the 1809th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 809th year of the2nd millennium,the 9th year of the19th century,and the 10th and last year of the1800sdecade. As of the start of 1809, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 5– TheTreaty of the Dardanelles,between theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandand theOttoman Empire,is concluded.
- January 10–Peninsular War– French MarshalJean Lannesbegins theSiege of Zaragoza.
- January 16– Peninsular War –Battle of CorunnainGalicia (Spain):The British (under General SirJohn Moore,who is killed) resist an attempt by the French (underMarshal Soult) to prevent them embarking.
- February 3– TheIllinois Territoryis created from the western part of theIndiana Territory.
- February 11–Robert Fultonpatents thesteamboatin the United States.[1][2]
- February 12–Charles DarwinandAbraham Lincolnare born.
- February 17–Miami University(Ohio) is established (by Act of February 2) on the township of land required to be set aside for it, under the conditions of theMiami Purchasein1794.
- February 20
- United States v. Peters:TheSupreme Court of the United Statesrules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.
- TheSiege of Zaragozaends as Jose Palafox surrenders. Over 60,000 have been killed, during the 60 day siege.
- February 25–Battle of Valls:Spanish forces are defeated inCataloniaby MarshalLaurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.
- February 27–Action of 27 February 1809:CaptainBernard DubourdieucapturesHMSProserpine.
- March 1– TheEmbargo Act of 1807is repealed in the United States; theNon-Intercourse Actreplaces it.
- March 4–James Madison is sworn inas the fourth President of the United States.
- March 13– A militarycoupoustsGustav IV Adolf of Sweden;he is confined inGripsholm Castle.
- March 29
- At theDiet of Porvoo,Finland'sfour Estatespledge allegiance toAlexander I of Russia,commencing the secession of the futureGrand Principality of FinlandfromSweden.The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation ofconstitutional laws,which had, effectively, establishedFinlandas a separate state in real union withRussia.
- KingGustav IV Adolf of Swedenabdicates after theCoup of 1809and is later exiled.
- Peninsular War –
- First Battle of Porto:8,000 Portuguese soldiers are killed in a rout after defeat by the French underMarshal Soult.Thousands of fleeing civilians drown when a pontoon bridge collapses.
- Battle of MedellínatExtremadura:Massive casualties are suffered, in a rout by French cavalry, underMarshal Victor.
April–June[edit]
- April 9–Tiroleansrise,under the command ofAndreas Hofer,against French andBavarianoccupation.
- April 10–Napoleonic Wars– TheWar of the Fifth Coalitionbegins when forces of theAustrian EmpireinvadeBavaria.
- April 11–15–Napoleonic Wars–Battle of the Basque Roads:The BritishRoyal Navydefeats the French fleet in the mouth of theCharente,although officers on both sides face subsequentcourts-martial.
- April 18– The2,000 Guineas Stakeshorse race is first run in England.[3]
- April 19– War of the Fifth Coalition:
- Battle of Raszyn:The armies of theAustrian Empireare defeated by theDuchy of Warsaw.
- Battle of Teugen-Hausen:The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies.
- April 20–Battle of Abensberg,Bavaria:Napoleondefeats Austria.
- April 22–Battle of Eckmühl:French troops under Napoleon I and MarshalDavoutdefeat the Austrians, underArchduke Charles.
- May 3– TheBattle of Nimlaoccurs, which allowsMahmud Shah Durranito seize theDurrani thronefrom his brother,Shah Shuja Durrani.
- May 5
- Mary Kiesis the first American woman to be awarded apatent(for a technique of weavingstraw hatswithsilkandthread).[4]
- TheSwiss cantonofAargaudeclares Jews citizens.
- May 10–Gustav IV Adolfis officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by theRiksdag of the Estates.
- May 10–11–Peninsular War–Battle of Grijó:theAnglo-Portuguese Army,commanded bySir Arthur Wellesley,defeats the French army, commanded byMarshal Soult,in Portugal.
- May 12– Peninsular War –Second Battle of Porto:The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out ofPorto,and forces them to retreat from the country.
- May 17–Napoleon I of Franceorders the annexation of thePapal Statesto the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Popeexcommunicateshim.
- May 21–Battle of Aspern-Essling:Austrian troops underArchduke Karlbeat the French underNapoleon,in a hard-fought battle.
- May 24–Dartmoor Prisonopens in England, to house French prisoners of war.[5]
- May 31–Mauritius campaign of 1809–11–Action of 31 May 1809in theBay of Bengal:TheFrench frigateCaroline,operating fromIsle de France (Mauritius),captures most of a BritishEast India Companyfleet; The famous composerJoseph Haydndies inViennaat age 77 following Napoleon’s second siege of Vienna
- June 6– Sweden promulgates a newInstrument of Government,which restores political power to theRiksdag of the Estates,after authoritarian rule since1772.On the same day,Duke Charles(uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII.
- June 7–Shoja Shahof theDurrani Empiresigns a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded byMahmud Shah.
- June 14– A French victory, in thebattle of Raab,preventsarchduke John of Austriafrom bringing any significant force to thebattle of Wagram.
July–September[edit]
- July 5–6–Battle of Wagram:Napoleondefeats the Austrians.
- July 6– French troops arrestPope Pius VII,and take him toLiguria.
- July 8–9–Finnish War–Naval Battle of Porkala:The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians.
- July 10–Battle of Znaim:FrenchMarshal Marmontfights inconclusively against the Austrians.
- July 16– The city ofLa Paz(currentBolivia) declares its independence from theSpanish Crownand forms theJunta Tuitiva,the first independent government in Spanish America, led byPedro Domingo Murillo.
- July 28– Peninsula War –Battle of Talavera:SirArthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force.[3]
- July 30–Walcheren Campaign:A British invasion army lands onWalcheren.
- August – TheUSSConstitution( "Old Ironsides" ) is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.
- August 8– Seventy disciples ofVilna Gaonarrive inPalestine.
- August 10–Ecuadordeclares independence from Spain.
- August 11–Battle of Almonacidde Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by KingJoseph Bonaparte's French army.
- September 17–Finnish War:ThePeace of Haminais signed between Russia and Sweden. The futureGrand Principality of Finlandis ceded to Russia by theTreaty of Fredrikshamn.
- September 18– A new theatre for theRoyal Opera Houseopens in London to replace the first, burnt down in a fire in1808.The price increases lead to theOld Price Riots,which last for 64 days.
- September 21– BritishSecretary of WarLord CastlereaghandForeign SecretaryGeorge Canningmeet in a duel onPutney Heath,with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.
October–December[edit]
- October 8– PrinceKlemens von Metternichbecomesforeign ministerof theAustrian Empire.
- October 11– Along theNatchez TraceinTennessee,explorerMeriwether Lewisdies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
- October 14– TheTreaty of Schönbrunncedes theIllyrian Provincesto France.
- October 25TheGolden Jubilee of George IIImarked the forty-ninth anniversary of the accession of KingGeorge IIIand his entrance into the 50th year of his reign as King of Great Britain.
- November 18–Napoleonic Wars:Action of 18 November 1809– In theBay of Bengal,a Frenchfrigatesquadron captures three BritishEast Indiamenmainly carrying recruits for thepresidency armiesin India.
- November 19–Battle of Ocaña:A Spanish army is ridden down, and 4,000 are killed and wounded by French forces.
- November 21– First stone laid of first 'guided bus' passenger wagonwayGloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad.
- November 25–Benjamin Bathurst,a Britishdiplomat,mysteriously disappears (possibly murdered) inPerleberg,west of Berlin.
- December–Boydmassacre:WhangaroaMāori peoplekill and eat 66 crew and passengers of thebrigantineBoydin New Zealand.[6]
- December 25– American physicianEphraim McDowellperforms the first ovariotomy, removing a 22-pound tumor.
- December 26– A British invasion force leavesVlissingen.
- December 30– Wearing masks at balls is forbidden inBoston,Massachusetts.
Date unknown[edit]
- William Combebegins publication of the verseTour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesquein Ackermann'sPolitical Magazine(London), illustrated withcartoonsbyThomas Rowlandson,depicting comic and ridiculous scenes involving a hapless country physician, and coming to representBritish Regencyhumour.
- Louis Poinsotdescribes the two remainingKepler–Poinsot polyhedra.
- Jean-Baptiste LamarckpublishesPhilosophie Zoologique,outlining a (wrong) concept ofevolution,by acquisition or loss of inherited characteristics, through use or disuse.
- British recruits to theBritish East India Company(and subsequently to theIndian Civil Service) are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently.
- Aroraean atoll of theGilbert Islandswas sighted by Captain John Patterson, on British brigElizabeth.
Births[edit]
January–June[edit]
Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin, b. February 12, 1809
- January 1–Cao Bá Quát,Vietnamese poet (d.1855)
- January 4–Louis Braille,French teacher, inventor ofbraille(d.1852)
- January 6–Marie Durocher,Brazilian obstetrician, physician (d.1893)
- January 15
- Cornelia Connelly,American founder of theSociety of the Holy Child Jesus(d.1879)
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,French anarchist (d.1864)
- January 19–Edgar Allan Poe,American writer, poet (d.1849)[7]
- January 21–Queen Sinjeong,Korean regent (d.1890)
- February 1–Sophia Crichton-Stuart, Marchioness of Bute,Scottish philanthropist (d.1859)[8]
- February 3–Felix Mendelssohn,German composer (d.1847)[9]
- February 12
- Charles Darwin,British naturalist (d.1882)[10]
- Abraham Lincoln,16thPresident of the United States(d.1865)[11]
- February 15–Cyrus McCormick,American inventor (d.1884)
- February 23–William Sprague,American minister and politician from Michigan (d.1868)
- February 24–Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel,Prussian field marshal (d.1885)
- March 1–Robert Cornelius,Americanpioneer of photography (d1893)[12]
- March 2–Abel Douay,French general (d.1870)
- March 15–Joseph Jenkins Roberts,2-time President of Liberia (d.1876)
- March 23–Charlotte von Hagn,German actress (d.1891)[13]
- March 24–Joseph Liouville,French mathematician (d.1882)
- March 27–Georges-Eugène Haussmann,French civic planner (d.1891)
- March 29–Bettino Ricasoli,Italian statesman (d.1880)
- April 1–Nikolai Gogol,Russian writer (d.1852)[14]
- April 15–Hermann Grassmann,Prussian mathematician (d.1877)
- April 20–James David Forbes,Scottish physicist, geologist, inventor (d.1868)
- May 22–Constantin A. Crețulescu,7th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1884)
- May 23–Hugo von Kirchbach,Prussian general (d.1887)
- June 4
- Columbus Delano,American statesman (d.1896)
- John Henry Pratt,English clergyman and mathematician (d.1871)
- June 8–Richard Wigginton Thompson,American politician (d.1900)
- June 11–Juan Antonio Pezet,Peruvian general and politician,President of Peru(d.1879)
- June 18–Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch,American minister, hymn writer (d1870)
- June 20–Isaak August Dorner,German theologian (d.1884)
- June 21–Wilhelm Wolff,German political activist (d.1864)
- June 27–François Certain de Canrobert,French general,Marshal of France(d.1895)
July–December[edit]
- July 2–John R. Goldsborough,United States Navy commodore (d.1877)
- July 9–Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle,German-Jewish anatomist, physician (d.1885)
- July 16–Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz,Prussian general (d.1877)
- July 31–Francis Walker,English entomologist (d.1874)
- August 6–Alfred, Lord Tennyson,British poet (d.1892)[15]
- August 8–Heinrich Abeken,German theologian (d.1872)
- August 29–Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.,American physician, writer (d.1894)[16]
- September 4–Manuel Montt,5th President of Chile (d.1880)[17]
- September 12–Julius von Bose,Prussian general (d.1894)
- November 4–Benjamin Robbins Curtis,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1874)
- November 10–David Einhorn (rabbi),German-American abolitionist (d.1879)
- November 20–Gustav Koerner,German-born revolutionary, journalist, lawyer, politician, statesman of Illinois and Germany, Colonel of the U.S. Army (d.1896)
- November 27–Fanny Kemble,British-born American actress, writer (d.1893)
- December 5
- Edmond Le Bœuf,French general,Marshal of France(d.1888)
- Minna Planer,German actress (d.1866)[18]
- December 24–Kit Carson,American frontiersman (d.1868)
- December 29–William Ewart Gladstone,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(d.1898)[19]
- December 30–Wilhelm von Tümpling,Prussian general (d.1884)
Date unknown[edit]
- Ștefan Golescu,8th Prime Minister of Romania (d.1874)[20]
Deaths[edit]
January–June[edit]
- January 6–Johann Augustus Eberhard,German theologian, philosopher (b.1739)
- January 16–John Moore,British general (killed in battle) (b.1761)[21]
- February 6–Antoine Joseph Santerre,French general (b.1752)
- February 20–Richard Gough,English antiquary (b.1735)
- February 25–John Murray,4th Earl of Dunmore (Lord Dunmore)(b.1730)
- March 7–Johann Georg Albrechtsberger,Austrian composer (b.1736)
- March 11–Hannah Cowley,English dramatist and poet (b.1743)[22]
- March 18–Karoline Kaulla,German banker (b.1739)
- March 20–Mary Bateman,English woman executed for murder, known as theYorkshire Witch
- March 25–Anna Seward,English writer (b.1747)[23]
- March 27–Joseph-Marie Vien,French painter (b.1716)
- April 6–Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours,Swiss artist (b.1752)
- April 26–Bernhard Schott,German music publisher (b.1748)[24]
- May 13–Beilby Porteus,English bishop, abolitionist (b.1731)
- May 17–Leopold Auenbrugger,Austrian physician (b.1722)
- May 24–Charles Rainsford,British general (b.1728)
- May 29–Johannes von Müller,Swiss historian (b.1752)
- May 31
- Joseph Haydn,Austrian classical composer (b.1732)
- Jean Lannes,French marshal (mortally wounded in battle (b.1769)
- June 4–Nicolai Abildgaard,Danish painter (b.1743)
- June 8–Thomas Paine,American revolutionary writer (b.1737)[25]
- June 15–Sir George Baker, 1st Baronet,British physician (b.1722)
- June 21–Daniel Lambert,Englishgaolkeeper and animal breeder, famous for his unusually large size (b.1770)
July–December[edit]
- July 6–Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle,French cavalry general (killed in battle) (b.1775)
- July 22–Jean Senebier,Swiss pastor, botanist (b.1742)
- August 8–Ueda Akinari,Japanese author, scholar (b.1734)
- August 18–Matthew Boulton,English manufacturer, engineer (b.1728)[26]
- August 29–Lucy Barnes,American writer (b.1780)
- September 1–Johann Friedrich August Göttling,German chemist (b.1753)
- September 3–George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry,English noble and politician (b.1722)
- September 7
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke(Rama I),King of Siam,founder of theChakri dynastyofThailand(b.1737)
- Caroline Schelling,German scholar (b.1763)[27]
- October 8–James Elphinston,Scottish philologist (b.1721)
- October 11–Meriwether Lewis,American explorer (suicide) (b.1774)
- October 30–William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(b.1738)[28]
- November 28–Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres,Germanlepidopterist(b.1769)
- December 16–Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy,French chemist (b.1755)
References[edit]
- ^"Robert Fulton patented the steamboat in 1809".Thinkfinity.Verizon. Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2011.RetrievedApril 15,2011.
- ^"The Fulton Patents".Today in Science History.RetrievedApril 15,2011.
- ^abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 243–244.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^"Mary Kies - Patenting Pioneer".About.Archived fromthe originalon July 10, 2012.RetrievedMay 14,2007.
- ^Penguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
- ^"TheBoydincident - a frontier of chaos? ".New Zealand History online.Ministry for Culture and Heritage. December 7, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2011.RetrievedMarch 3,2012.
- ^John Henry Ingram (1891).Edgar Allan Poe: His Life, Letters, and Opinions.Ward, Lock, Bowden. p. 449.
- ^The Gentleman's Magazine.F. Jefferies. 1860. p. 181.
- ^Conway, David (2012).Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 194.ISBN978-1-107-01538-8.
- ^Desmond, Adrian J. (September 13, 2002)."Charles Darwin".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 11,2018.
- ^Donald, David Herbert(1996).Lincoln.New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 20–22.ISBN978-0-684-82535-9.
- ^American Journal of Photography, Volume 14.Thos. H. McCollin & Company. 1893. p. 420.
- ^(in German)Ulrike von Hase-Schmundt:Joseph Stieler: 1781 – 1858. Sein Leben u. sein Werk. Krit. Verzeichnis d. Werke.Prestel, München 1971,ISBN3-7913-0340-6,S. 148 f
- ^Nicholas Worrall (November 4, 1982).Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev.Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 2.ISBN978-1-349-16917-7.[permanent dead link]
- ^Leslie, Stephen(1898)..Studies of a Biographer.Vol. 2. London: Duckworth and Co. pp. 196–240.
- ^John R. Shook (January 1, 2005).Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers.A&C Black. p. 1148.ISBN978-1-84371-037-0.
- ^The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, with New Maps and Original American Articles by Eminent Writers.Werner. 1895. p. 19.
- ^Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983),Richard Wagner—His Life, His Work, His Century,Harcourt.ISBN978-0-15-177151-6Page 67
- ^George William Erskine Russell (1891).The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone.Harper & Brothers. p. 1.
- ^Radu Florescu (1997).The Struggle Against Russia in the Romanian Principalities: A Problem in Anglo-Turkish Diplomacy, 1821-1854.Center for Romanian Studies, The Foundation for Romanian Culture and Studies. p. 204.ISBN978-973-98091-3-9.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 809–810.
- ^William Harding (1845).The History of Tiverton.p. 2.
- ^Sir John Benjamin Stone (1870).A history of Lichfield Cathedral. With a description of its architecture and monuments.p. 104.
- ^Brück, Marion (2007),"Schott, Peter Bernhard",Neue Deutsche Biographie(in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 486–487;(full text online)
- ^Thomas Paine (1879).The Theological Works of Thomas Paine...: The Whole Preceded by a Life of Paine.Belfords, Clarke & Company. p. 83.
- ^H. W. Dickinson (October 31, 2010).Matthew Boulton.Cambridge University Press. p. 193.ISBN978-1-108-01224-9.
- ^Daniel Whistler; Benjamin Berger (October 29, 2020).The Schelling Reader.Bloomsbury Academic. p. 3.ISBN978-1-350-05332-8.
- ^William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck Duke of Portland; Charles Fairfax Murray (1894).Catalogue of the Pictures Belonging to His Grace the Duke of Portland: At Welbeck Abbey, and in London. 1894.Pr. at the Chiswick Press. p. 10.
