1852–53 United States Senate elections

1852–53 United States Senate elections
20 of the 62 seats in theUnited States Senate(with special elections); 32 seats needed for a majority
	Results:; Democratic gainDemocratic hold; Whig gain Whig hold; Know Nothing GainLegislature failed to elect
Majority party before election; ; Democratic	Elected Majority party; ; Democratic

The1852–53 United States Senate electionswere held on various dates in various states, coinciding with the1852 presidential election.As theseU.S. Senateelections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendmentin 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures.Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1852 and 1853, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.^[1]In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 2.

TheDemocratic Partygained two seats in the Senate. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.

Results summary[edit]

Senate party division,33rd Congress(1853–1855)

Majority party: Democratic (35–38)
Minority party: Whig Party (19–17)
Other parties: Free Soiler (2–5); Know Nothing (1)
Vacant: 5–1
Total seats: 62

Change in composition[edit]

Before the elections[edit]

D₁
D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁
D₂₁ Ala. (sp) Ran	D₂₀ Ala. (reg) Ran	D₁₉	D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂
D₂₂ Ark. Ran	D₂₃ Ga. Unknown	D₂₄ Ill. Ran	D₂₅ Ind. (sp) Retired	D₂₆ Iowa Ran	D₂₇ La. (reg) Unknown	D₂₈ La. (sp) Resigned	D₂₉ Maine Retired	D₃₀ Mich. Retired	D₃₁ Miss. (sp 1) Unknown
Majority →									D₃₂ Miss. (sp 2) Miss. (reg) Resigned
FS₁	FS₂	FS₃ N.H. Ran	V₂ Conn. (sp)	V₁ Calif. (sp)	D₃₆ Va. Ran	D₃₅ Texas Ran	D₃₄ S.C. (sp) Ran S.C. (reg) Unknown	D₃₃ N.J. (sp) Resigned	D₃₂ Miss. (sp 2) Miss. (reg) Resigned
W₂₁ Tenn. Ran	W₂₀ R.I. Unknown	W₁₉ N.C. Ran	W₁₈ N.J. (reg) Unknown	W₁₇ Mass. Retired	W₁₆ Ky. Retired	W₁₅ Del. Retired	W₁₄	W₁₃	W₁₂
W₂	W₃	W₄	W₅	W₆	W₇	W₈	W₉	W₁₀	W₁₁
W₁

As a result of the elections[edit]

D₁

D₂

D₃

D₄

D₅

D₆

D₇

D₈

D₉

D₁₀

D₁₁

D₂₁
Ala. (sp)
Elected^[a]

D₂₀
Ala. (reg)

D Loss

Gain

D₁₉

D₁₈

D₁₇

D₁₆

D₁₅

D₁₄

D₁₃

D₁₂

D₂₂
Ark.
Re-elected

D₂₃
Calif. (sp)
Gain

D₂₄
Conn. (sp)
Gain

D₂₅
Ga.
Hold

D₂₆
Ill.
Re-elected

D₂₇
Ind. (sp)
Hold

D₂₈
Iowa
Re-elected

D₂₉
La. (sp)
Hold

D₃₀
Mich.
Hold

D₃₁
Miss. (sp 1)
Hold

Majority →

D₃₂
N.H.
Gain

V₂

Miss. (sp 2)
Gain

Miss. (reg)
D Loss

V₁
Maine
D Loss

KN₁
Ky.
Gain

D₃₈
Va.
Re-elected

D₃₇
Texas
Re-elected

D₃₆
S.C. (sp)
Hold
S.C. (reg)
Hold

D₃₅
R.I.

W Loss

Gain

D₃₄
N.J. (sp)
Hold

D₃₃
N.J. (reg)
Gain

V₃
N.C.
W Loss

FS₂

FS₁

W₁₈
Tenn.
Re-elected

W₁₇
Mass.
Hold

W₁₆
La. (reg)
Gain

W₁₅
Del.
Hold

W₁₄

W₁₃

W₁₂

W₂

W₃

W₄

W₅

W₆

W₇

W₈

W₉

W₁₀

W₁₁

W₁

Key:

D_#	Democratic
FS_#	Free Soil
KN_#	Know Nothing
W_#	Whig
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries[edit]

Special elections during the 32nd Congress[edit]

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1852 or in 1853 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had previouslyfailed to elect in 1850–1851. New senator electedJanuary 30, 1852on the eighth ballot.^[2] Democratic gain.	▌YJohn B. Weller(Democratic) 71 votes ▌Pierson B. Reading(Whig) 17 votes^[2]
Mississippi (Class 2)	Henry S. Foote	Democratic	1846 or 1847	Incumbent resigned January 8, 1852, to becomeGovernor of Mississippi. New senator electedFebruary 18, 1852. Whig gain. Successor then retired at the end of the term, see below.	▌YWalker Brooke(Whig) [data missing]
Mississippi (Class 1)	John J. McRae	Democratic	1851(Appointed)	Interim appointee replaced by an elected successor. New senator electedMarch 17, 1852. Democratic hold.	▌YStephen Adams(Democratic) [data missing]
Connecticut (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature failed to elect. New senator electedMay 12, 1852. Democratic gain.	▌YIsaac Toucey(Democratic) [data missing]
South Carolina (Class 2)	William F. De Saussure	Democratic	1852(Appointed)	Interim appointee electedNovember 29, 1852.^[3] Successor was not elected to the next term, see below.	▌YWilliam F. De Saussure(Democratic) [data missing]
Indiana (Class 3)	Charles W. Cathcart	Democratic	1852(Appointed)	Incumbent retired when elected successor qualified. New senator electedJanuary 18, 1853. Democratic hold.	▌YJohn Pettit(Democratic) [data missing]

Elections leading to the 33rd Congress[edit]

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	Jeremiah Clemens	Democratic	1849(special)	Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until November 29, 1853, see below.	[data missing]
Arkansas	William K. Sebastian	Democratic	1848(Appointed) 1848(special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1853.	▌YWilliam K. Sebastian(Democratic) [data missing]
Delaware	Presley Spruance	Whig	1846 or 1847	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Whig hold.	▌YJohn M. Clayton(Whig) Unopposed^[4]
Georgia	Robert M. Charlton	Democratic	1852(Appointed)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Democratic hold.	▌YRobert Toombs(Democratic) [data missing]
Illinois	Stephen A. Douglas	Democratic	1846	Incumbent re-elected in 1852.	▌YStephen A. Douglas(Democratic) 75 votes ▌Joseph Gillespie(Whig) 19 votes ▌James H. Collins1 vote^[5]
Iowa	George W. Jones	Democratic	1848	Incumbent re-elected in 1852.	▌YGeorge W. Jones(Democratic) 59 votes ▌George G. Wright(Whig) 31 votes ▌John F. Kinney(Democratic) 1 vote
Kentucky	Joseph R. Underwood	Whig	1846 or 1847	Incumbent retired. New senator hadalready been elected early in 1851. Know Nothing gain.	▌YJohn Burton Thompson(Know Nothing) 73 votes ▌Francis P. Stone65 votes^[6]
Louisiana	Solomon W. Downs	Democratic	1847	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Whig gain.	▌YJudah P. Benjamin(Whig) [data missing]
Maine	James W. Bradbury	Democratic	1846	Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854.	[data missing]
Massachusetts	John Davis	Whig	1835 1841(Resigned) 1845(special) 1847	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Whig hold.	▌YEdward Everett(Whig) [data missing]
Michigan	Alpheus Felch	Democratic	1847	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Democratic hold.	▌YCharles E. Stuart(Democratic) 73.2%^[b] ▌Zachariah Chandler(Whig) 26.1%^[b]
Mississippi	Walker Brooke	Whig	1852(special)	Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854.	[data missing]
New Hampshire	John P. Hale	Free Soil	1846	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Democratic gain.	▌YCharles G. Atherton(Democratic) 69.3%^[b] ▌Others 30.7%
New Jersey	Jacob W. Miller	Whig	1841 1846	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852 or 1853. Democratic gain.	▌YWilliam Wright(Democratic) 62.3% ▌Jacob W. Miller(Whig) 37.7%^[7]
North Carolina	Willie Mangum	Whig	1830 1836(Resigned) 1840(special) 1841	Incumbent lost re-election. Leglislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854.	▌Willie Mangum(Whig) [data missing]
Rhode Island	John Hopkins Clarke	Whig	1846 or 1847	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Leglislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant untilJuly 20, 1853,see below.	[data missing]
South Carolina	William F. De Saussure	Democratic	1852(Appointed) 1852(special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852 or 1853. Democratic hold.	▌YJosiah J. Evans(Democratic) [data missing]
Tennessee	John Bell	Whig	1847	Incumbent re-elected in 1853.	▌YJohn Bell(Whig) 51 votes ▌Cave Johnson(Democratic) 23 votes ▌Thomas A. R. Nelson(Whig) 18 votes ▌Neill S. Brown(Whig) 4 votes ▌Aaron V. Brown(Democratic) 1 vote^[8]
Texas	Sam Houston	Democratic	1846 1847	Incumbent re-elected in 1853.	▌YSam Houston(Democratic) 65 votes ▌John Hemphill(Democratic) 14 votes ▌George W. Smyth(Democratic) 1 vote^[9]
Virginia	Robert M. T. Hunter	Democratic	1846	Incumbent re-elected in 1852.	▌YRobert M. T. Hunter(Democratic) 126 votes ▌Scattering 63 votes^[10]

Elections during the 33rd Congress[edit]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1853 on or after March 4; ordered by date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
New Jersey (Class 1)	Robert F. Stockton	Democratic	1851	Incumbent resigned January 10, 1853, to become president of theDelaware and Raritan Canal Company. New senator electedMarch 4, 1853. Democratic hold.	▌YJohn Renshaw Thomson(Democratic) 64.4% ▌William L. Dayton(Whig) 35.6%^[11]
Rhode Island (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator electedJuly 20, 1853. Democratic gain.	▌YPhilip Allen(Democratic) [data missing]
Alabama (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator electedNovember 29, 1853. Democratic gain.	▌YClement Claiborne Clay(Democratic) 85 votes ▌R. W. Walker(Unknown) 37 votes ▌Jeremiah Clemens(Democratic) 8 votes^[12]
Louisiana (Class 3)	Pierre Soulé	Democratic	1847(special) 1847(Left office) 1848	Incumbent resigned to becomeU.S. Minister to Spain. New senator electedDecember 5, 1853. Democratic hold.	▌YJohn Slidell(Democratic) 70 votes ▌T.G. Hunt(Unknown) 37 votes^[13]
Alabama (Class 3)	Benjamin Fitzpatrick	Democratic	1848(Appointed) 1849(Elected successor qualified) 1853(Appointed)	Interim appointee electedDecember 12, 1853.^[14]	▌YBenjamin Fitzpatrick(Democratic) 107 votes ▌William D. Dunn(Unknown) 14 votes ▌Jeremiah Clemens(Democratic) 2 votes ▌Francis Strother Lyon(Democratic) 1 vote^[12]

Alabama[edit]

Alabama (regular)[edit]

The legislature had failed to elect a senator for the other seat, previously held by DemocratJeremiah Clemens.On November 28, 1853, DemocratClement Claiborne Claywas elected late to the seat.^[12]

Alabama (special, class 3)[edit]

On December 20, 1852, DemocratWilliam R. Kingresigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, DemocratBenjamin Fitzpatrickwas appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853, to finish the term.^[14]^[12]

Arkansas[edit]

Democratic senatorWilliam K. Sebastianhad been appointed May 12, 1848, to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.

Sebastian was re-elected to a full term in 1853.

California (special)[edit]

TheCalifornia legislaturehad failed to elect a successor to DemocratJohn C. Frémontin time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.

In fact, this time it took eight ballots for DemocratJohn B. Weller(71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852, over WhigPierson B. Reading(17 votes, 19.3%).^[2]

Connecticut (special)[edit]

TheConnecticut legislaturehad failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. DemocratIsaac Touceywas elected in May 1852 to finish the term.

Senate (May 11, 1852)^[15]	House (May 12, 1852)^[16]
YIsaac Toucey13 Roger Baldwin6 Francis Gillette1	YIsaac Toucey124 Roger Baldwin84 Francis Gillette6 Samuel Ingham3 S. H. Beardsley1

Delaware[edit]

First-term WhigPresley Spruanceretired and Whig former senatorJohn M. Claytonwas elected January 12, 1853.

Clayton received 17 votes and there were 13 blank ballots cast.^[4]

Georgia[edit]

Second-term WhigJohn M. Berrienresigned May 28, 1852, and DemocratRobert M. Charltonwas appointed May 31, 1852, to finish the term.

DemocratRobert Toombswas elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.

Illinois[edit]

Two-term DemocratStephen A. Douglaswas re-elected January 5, 1853. He would bere-elected in 1859and serve until his 1861 death.

YStephen A. Douglas(Democratic) 75 votes
State senatorJoseph Gillespie(Whig) 19 votes
James H. Collins1 vote^[5]

Indiana (special)[edit]

First term DemocratJames Whitcombdied December 4, 1852, and DemocratCharles W. Cathcartwas appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.

DemocratJohn Pettitwon the January 18, 1853, election.

Iowa[edit]

First-term DemocratGeorge Wallace Joneswas re-elected to a second term.

He received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852, by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes.^[17]The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.

YGeorge Wallace Jones(Democratic) 59 votes
George G. Wright(Whig) 31 votes
John F. Kinney(Democratic) 1 vote

Kentucky[edit]

One-term WhigJoseph R. Underwoodretired from the class 2 seat and the Know NothingLieutenant Governor of Kentucky John Burton Thompsonhad already been elected early, December 15, 1851, far in advance of the 1853 term.

Louisiana[edit]

Louisiana (regular)[edit]

DemocratSolomon W. Downslost re-election to Whig businessmanJudah P. Benjaminin January 1852. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the legislature.^[18]

Louisiana (special)[edit]

First-term DemocratPierre Souléwas appointedU.S. Minister to Spainand resigned April 11, 1853.

Former-Democratic congressman and diplomatJohn Slidellwas elected April 28, 1853.

YJohn Slidell(Democratic) 70 votes
T.G. Hunt37 votes^[13]

Slidell would be re-elected in 1858 and serve until he withdrew in 1861.

Maine[edit]

First-term DemocratJames W. Bradburyretired and theMaine legislaturefailed to elect his replacement until long after the new Congress began. It wasn'tuntil 1854that a new senator would be elected.

Massachusetts[edit]

Long-time senator WhigJohn Davisretired. WhigU.S. Secretary of Stateand formerGovernor of Massachusetts Edward Everettwas elected in 1853.

Everett would resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.

Michigan[edit]

First-term DemocratAlpheus Felchretired. Fellow Democratic congressmanCharles E. Stuartwas elected January 11, 1853, over WhigMayor of Detroit Zachariah Chandler.

Vote for U.S. senator in theMichigan House of Representatives^[19]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Charles E. Stuart	49	69.0
Whig	Zachariah Chandler	21	29.6
Unknown	Hovey K. Clarke	1	1.4

Vote for U.S. senator in theMichigan Senate^[20]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles E. Stuart	24	77.4
	Whig	Zachariah Chandler	7	22.6

Stuart only served one term, retiring in 1859. Chandler, meanwhile, would be elected to the other seat and serve for three terms.

Mississippi[edit]

Mississippi (special, class 1)[edit]

Incumbent DemocratJefferson Davisresigned in 1851 to run forGovernor of Mississippi.DemocratJohn J. McRaewas appointed December 1, 1851, to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. DemocratStephen Adamswon the March 17, 1852, special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.

Mississippi (special, class 2)[edit]

Incumbent DemocratHenry S. Footeresigned January 8, 1852, to becomeGovernor of Mississippi.WhigWalker Brookewas elected February 18, 1852, to finish the term that would end the following year.

Mississippi (regular)[edit]

Brooke was not a candidate to the next term.

TheMississippi legislaturefailed to elect a replacement for Brooke, and the seat remained vacant until early 1854.

New Hampshire[edit]

Free Soil senatorJohn P. Hale ran for U.S. President,coming in third place in the popular vote, but failing to win any states. He lost to the Democratic fellow-New Hampshire senatorFranklin Pierce.He then lost re-election to his senate seat when Democrats took over theNew Hampshire legislaturein 1852 state elections.

Democratic former-senatorCharles G. Athertonwas returned to the Senate in Hale's place on November 25, 1852.

Vote for U.S. senator in theNew Hampshire House of Representatives^[21]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Charles G. Atherton	148	55.2
Unknown	Ira Perley	81	30.2
Unknown	John Preston	27	10.1
Democratic	State senatorJohn S. Wells	4	1.5
Free Soil	John P. Hale(Incumbent)	4	1.5
Whig	Ichabod Goodwin	1	0.4
Unknown	Moses A. Cartland	1	0.4
Unknown	Joseph E. Bennett	1	0.4
Democratic	Charles H. Peaslee	1	0.4

Vote for U.S. senator in theNew Hampshire Senate^[22]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Charles G. Atherton	10	83.3
Unknown	Ira Perley	1	8.3
Unknown	John Preston	1	8.3

Atherton died from pulmonary tuberculosis in the first year of his term.

After Republicans retook theNew Hampshire legislaturein 1854, Hale wasre-elected to finish the term.

New Jersey[edit]

New Jersey (regular)[edit]

Two-term WhigJacob W. Millerlost re-election to Democratic former-CongressmanWilliam Wright.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of theNew Jersey legislature^[7]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William Wright	48	62.3
	Whig	Jacob W. Miller(Incumbent)	29	37.7

Wright would lose re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.

New Jersey (special)[edit]

First-term DemocratRobert F. Stocktonresigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853, to become President of theDelaware and Raritan Canal Company.

DemocratJohn Renshaw Thomsonwas elected February 11, 1853, over Whig former-senatorWilliam L. Daytonto finish the term.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of theNew Jersey legislature^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Renshaw Thomson	47	64.4
	Whig	William L. Dayton	26	35.6

Thomson would be re-elected in 1857 to a full term and serve until his death in 1862.

North Carolina[edit]

Long-time WhigWillie Mangumwas a candidate for re-election. Although Democratic former-congressmanJames C. Dobbinwas a top choice of theNorth Carolina Legislature,no candidate received a majority of votes in either house, so the seat was left unfilled.^[23]

The seat would remain vacant until a1854 special election.

Dobbin would then be appointedU.S. Secretary of the Navyand Magnum retired from public service.

Rhode Island[edit]

TheRhode Island General Assemblyfailed to elect, so first-term WhigJohn Hopkins Clarkethereby lost re-election.

After the term began, DemocratPhilip Allenwas elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.

South Carolina[edit]

DemocratRobert Rhettresigned May 7, 1852, and Democratic judge of the chancery courtWilliam F. De Saussurewas appointed May 10, 1852, to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.

South Carolina (special)[edit]

De Saussure was elected November 29, 1852, just to finish the term.^[24]

South Carolina (regular)[edit]

DemocratJosiah J. Evanswas elected December 1, 1852, on the fourth ballot to the next term.^[25]

Tennessee[edit]

First-term WhigJohn Bellwas re-elected October 29, 1853, on the 49th ballot.

YJohn Bell(Whig) 51 votes
Thomas A.R. Nelson18 votes
Cave Johnson23 votes
Neill S. Brown4 votes
Aaron V. Brown1 vote^[8]

Bell would fall out of favor with the Tennessee legislature over the sectionalism that was rife in the late 1850s and lost their vote for re-election.

Texas[edit]

Two-term DemocratSam Houston— aTexasfounder who had served as senator since statehood — was re-elected January 15, 1853.

YSam Houston(Democratic) 65 votes
John Hemphill14 votes
George W. Smyth1 vote^[9]

Houston would retire at the end of this term in 1859, and be replaced byJohn Hemphill.

Virginia[edit]

First-term DemocratRobert M. T. Hunterwas re-elected January 22, 1852.

YRobert M. T. Hunter(Democratic) 126 votes
Scattering 63 votes^[10]

Hunter would be re-elected again in 1858 and serve until his 1861 expulsion.

Notes[edit]

^Appointee elected
^^a ^b ^cAverage vote in both houses

^"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration.February 8, 2022.
^^a ^b ^cJournal of the Proceedings of the Assembly(PDF).p. 132.
^Byrd & Wolff,p. 164.
^^a ^bJournal of the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware(PDF).Dover, Delaware.1853. p. 49.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^^a ^bJournal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853.Springfield, Illinois:Lanphier & Walker, Printers. 1853. pp. 24–25.
^"Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852".Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.Frankfort, Kentucky:Albert G. Hodges: 264. 1851.
^^a ^bJournal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 727–728.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
^^a ^bSenate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853.Nashville, Tennessee:Nashville Union and American Steam Press. 1854. p. 125.hdl:2027/uiug.30112108190155.
^^a ^bJournals of the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, Fourth Legislature—Extra Session(PDF).Austin, Texas:J.W. Hampton — State printer. 1853. p. 92.
^^a ^bJournal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852.Richmond, Virginia:William F. Ritchie, Public Printer. 1852. p. 73.hdl:2027/nyp.33433014925709.
^^a ^bJournal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 739–740.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fJournal of the Senate of the State of Alabama.pp. 82–83.
^^a ^bJournal and Official Documents of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana.New Orleans, Louisiana:Emile La Sere, State Printer. 1853. p. 231.
^^a ^bByrd & Wolff,p. 76.
^Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.
^"Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut (May session 1852)".1852. pp. 54, 58.
^Clark,p. 56.
^Butler, Pierce(1908).Judah P. Benjamin.American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. pp. 99–100.OCLC 664335.
^Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 48–50.
^Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 31–32.
^Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 55–56.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
^Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
^See, e.g.,"Journals of the Senate and House of Commons of the General Assembly of North-Carolina at its session in 1852".digital.ncdcr.gov.p. 769.RetrievedNovember 19,2020.
^Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 64.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.
^Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 77.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.

References[edit]

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present,via Senate.gov
Byrd, Robert C.(October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.).The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992.United States Senate Historical Office(volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.ISBN 9780160632563.
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913).History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa.Iowa City, Iowa– viaGoogle Books.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Appointee_elected-2] Appointee elected

[Average-8] Average vote in both houses

[1] "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration.February 8, 2022.

[California-3] Journal of the Proceedings of the Assembly(PDF).p. 132.

[FOOTNOTEByrd_&_Wolff164-4] Byrd & Wolff,p. 164.

[Delaware-5] Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware(PDF).Dover, Delaware.1853. p. 49.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Illinois-6] Journal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853.Springfield, Illinois:Lanphier & Walker, Printers. 1853. pp. 24–25.

[7] "Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852".Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.Frankfort, Kentucky:Albert G. Hodges: 264. 1851.

[NJRegular-9] Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 727–728.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.

[TennSenate-10] Senate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853.Nashville, Tennessee:Nashville Union and American Steam Press. 1854. p. 125.hdl:2027/uiug.30112108190155.

[TexasHouse-11] Journals of the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, Fourth Legislature—Extra Session(PDF).Austin, Texas:J.W. Hampton — State printer. 1853. p. 92.

[VirginiaDelegates-12] Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852.Richmond, Virginia:William F. Ritchie, Public Printer. 1852. p. 73.hdl:2027/nyp.33433014925709.

[NJSpecial-13] Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 739–740.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.

[AlabamaSenate-14] Journal of the Senate of the State of Alabama.pp. 82–83.

[Louisiana_special-15] Journal and Official Documents of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana.New Orleans, Louisiana:Emile La Sere, State Printer. 1853. p. 231.

[FOOTNOTEByrd_&_Wolff76-16] Byrd & Wolff,p. 76.

[17] Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.

[18] "Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut (May session 1852)".1852. pp. 54, 58.

[FOOTNOTEClark56-19] Clark,p. 56.

[Butler-20] Butler, Pierce(1908).Judah P. Benjamin.American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. pp. 99–100.OCLC 664335.

[Michigan_House-21] Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 48–50.

[Michigan_Senate-22] Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 31–32.

[New_Hampshire_House-23] Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 55–56.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.

[New_Hampshire_Senate-24] Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.

[25] See, e.g.,"Journals of the Senate and House of Commons of the General Assembly of North-Carolina at its session in 1852".digital.ncdcr.gov.p. 769.RetrievedNovember 19,2020.

[26] Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 64.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.

[27] Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 77.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.

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v t e (1851 ←)1852 United States elections(→ 1853)
President	1852 United States presidential election
U.S. Senate	California (Special) Connecticut (Special) Georgia Iowa Georgia Louisiana Mississippi (February Special) Mississippi (March Special) South Carolina (Special) Virginia
U.S. House	Arkansas California Delaware Florida Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Massachusetts 2nd (sp) 4th (sp) 9th (sp) Michigan Minnesota Territory Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Wisconsin
State governors	Connecticut Florida Illinois Louisiana Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont
State legislatures	Iowa Senate
Mayors	Boston, MA Chicago, IL Manchester, NH Philadelphia, PA
States	Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Wisconsin

v t e (1852 ←)1853 United States elections(→ 1854)
U.S. Senate	Alabama Arkansas Delaware Illinois Indiana (Special) Louisiana Louisiana (Special) Massachusetts Michigan New Jersey New Jersey (Special) Rhode Island Tennessee Texas
U.S. House	Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi New Hampshire New Mexico Territory New Oregon Territory Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia
State governors	Alabama California Connecticut Georgia Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey Ohio Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin
Mayors	Chicago, IL Manchester, NH Philadelphia, PA
States	Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Virginia Wisconsin