1852–53 United States Senate elections
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20 of the 62 seats in theUnited States Senate(with special elections) 32 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results: Democratic gainDemocratic hold Whig gain Whig hold Know Nothing GainLegislature failed to elect | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1852–53 United States Senate electionswere held on various dates in various states, coinciding with the1852 presidential election.As theseU.S. Senateelections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendmentin 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures.Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1852 and 1853, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1]In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 2.
TheDemocratic Partygained two seats in the Senate. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.
Results summary[edit]
Senate party division,33rd Congress(1853–1855)
- Majority party: Democratic (35–38)
- Minority party: Whig Party (19–17)
- Other parties: Free Soiler (2–5); Know Nothing (1)
- Vacant: 5–1
- Total seats: 62
Change in composition[edit]
Before the elections[edit]
D1 | |||||||||
D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 |
D21 Ala. (sp) Ran |
D20 Ala. (reg) Ran |
D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 |
D22 Ark. Ran |
D23 Ga. Unknown |
D24 Ill. Ran |
D25 Ind. (sp) Retired |
D26 Iowa Ran |
D27 La. (reg) Unknown |
D28 La. (sp) Resigned |
D29 Maine Retired |
D30 Mich. Retired |
D31 Miss. (sp 1) Unknown |
Majority → | D32 Miss. (sp 2) Miss. (reg) Resigned | ||||||||
FS1 | FS2 | FS3 N.H. Ran |
V2 Conn. (sp) |
V1 Calif. (sp) |
D36 Va. Ran |
D35 Texas Ran |
D34 S.C. (sp) Ran S.C. (reg) Unknown |
D33 N.J. (sp) Resigned | |
W21 Tenn. Ran |
W20 R.I. Unknown |
W19 N.C. Ran |
W18 N.J. (reg) Unknown |
W17 Mass. Retired |
W16 Ky. Retired |
W15 Del. Retired |
W14 | W13 | W12 |
W2 | W3 | W4 | W5 | W6 | W7 | W8 | W9 | W10 | W11 |
W1 |
As a result of the elections[edit]
D1 | ||||||||||
D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | D10 | D11 | |
D21 Ala. (sp) Elected[a] |
D20 Ala. (reg)
|
D19 | D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | |
D22 Ark. Re-elected |
D23 Calif. (sp) Gain |
D24 Conn. (sp) Gain |
D25 Ga. Hold |
D26 Ill. Re-elected |
D27 Ind. (sp) Hold |
D28 Iowa Re-elected |
D29 La. (sp) Hold |
D30 Mich. Hold |
D31 Miss. (sp 1) Hold | |
Majority → | D32 N.H. Gain | |||||||||
V2
D Loss |
V1 Maine D Loss |
KN1 Ky. Gain |
D38 Va. Re-elected |
D37 Texas Re-elected |
D36 S.C. (sp) Hold S.C. (reg) Hold |
D35 R.I.
|
D34 N.J. (sp) Hold |
D33 N.J. (reg) Gain | ||
V3 N.C. W Loss |
FS2 | FS1 | W18 Tenn. Re-elected |
W17 Mass. Hold |
W16 La. (reg) Gain |
W15 Del. Hold |
W14 | W13 | W12 | |
W2 | W3 | W4 | W5 | W6 | W7 | W8 | W9 | W10 | W11 | |
W1 |
Key: |
|
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Race summaries[edit]
Special elections during the 32nd Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1852 or in 1853 before March 4; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
California (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had previouslyfailed to elect in 1850–1851. New senator electedJanuary 30, 1852on the eighth ballot.[2] Democratic gain. |
| ||
Mississippi (Class 2) |
Henry S. Foote | Democratic | 1846 or 1847 | Incumbent resigned January 8, 1852, to becomeGovernor of Mississippi. New senator electedFebruary 18, 1852. Whig gain. Successor then retired at the end of the term, see below. |
▌Walker Brooke(Whig) [data missing] |
Mississippi (Class 1) |
John J. McRae | Democratic | 1851(Appointed) | Interim appointee replaced by an elected successor. New senator electedMarch 17, 1852. Democratic hold. |
▌Stephen Adams(Democratic) [data missing] |
Connecticut (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature failed to elect. New senator electedMay 12, 1852. Democratic gain. |
▌Isaac Toucey(Democratic) [data missing] | ||
South Carolina (Class 2) |
William F. De Saussure | Democratic | 1852(Appointed) | Interim appointee electedNovember 29, 1852.[3] Successor was not elected to the next term, see below. |
▌William F. De Saussure(Democratic) [data missing] |
Indiana (Class 3) |
Charles W. Cathcart | Democratic | 1852(Appointed) | Incumbent retired when elected successor qualified. New senator electedJanuary 18, 1853. Democratic hold. |
▌John Pettit(Democratic) [data missing] |
Elections leading to the 33rd Congress[edit]
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Alabama | Jeremiah Clemens | Democratic | 1849(special) | Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until November 29, 1853, see below. |
[data missing] |
Arkansas | William K. Sebastian | Democratic | 1848(Appointed) 1848(special) |
Incumbent re-elected in 1853. | ▌William K. Sebastian(Democratic) [data missing] |
Delaware | Presley Spruance | Whig | 1846 or 1847 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Whig hold. |
|
Georgia | Robert M. Charlton | Democratic | 1852(Appointed) | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Democratic hold. |
▌Robert Toombs(Democratic) [data missing] |
Illinois | Stephen A. Douglas | Democratic | 1846 | Incumbent re-elected in 1852. |
|
Iowa | George W. Jones | Democratic | 1848 | Incumbent re-elected in 1852. |
|
Kentucky | Joseph R. Underwood | Whig | 1846 or 1847 | Incumbent retired. New senator hadalready been elected early in 1851. Know Nothing gain. |
|
Louisiana | Solomon W. Downs | Democratic | 1847 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Whig gain. |
▌Judah P. Benjamin(Whig) [data missing] |
Maine | James W. Bradbury | Democratic | 1846 | Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854. |
[data missing] |
Massachusetts | John Davis | Whig | 1835 1841(Resigned) 1845(special) 1847 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Whig hold. |
▌Edward Everett(Whig) [data missing] |
Michigan | Alpheus Felch | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1853. Democratic hold. |
|
Mississippi | Walker Brooke | Whig | 1852(special) | Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854. |
[data missing] |
New Hampshire | John P. Hale | Free Soil | 1846 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852. Democratic gain. |
|
New Jersey | Jacob W. Miller | Whig | 1841 1846 |
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852 or 1853. Democratic gain. |
|
North Carolina | Willie Mangum | Whig | 1830 1836(Resigned) 1840(special) 1841 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Leglislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant until1854. |
▌Willie Mangum(Whig) [data missing] |
Rhode Island | John Hopkins Clarke | Whig | 1846 or 1847 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Leglislature failed to elect. Whig loss. Seat would remain vacant untilJuly 20, 1853,see below. |
[data missing] |
South Carolina | William F. De Saussure | Democratic | 1852(Appointed) 1852(special) |
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1852 or 1853. Democratic hold. |
▌Josiah J. Evans(Democratic) [data missing] |
Tennessee | John Bell | Whig | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected in 1853. |
|
Texas | Sam Houston | Democratic | 1846 1847 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1853. |
|
Virginia | Robert M. T. Hunter | Democratic | 1846 | Incumbent re-elected in 1852. |
|
Elections during the 33rd Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1853 on or after March 4; ordered by date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
New Jersey (Class 1) |
Robert F. Stockton | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent resigned January 10, 1853, to become president of theDelaware and Raritan Canal Company. New senator electedMarch 4, 1853. Democratic hold. |
|
Rhode Island (Class 2) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator electedJuly 20, 1853. Democratic gain. |
▌Philip Allen(Democratic) [data missing] | ||
Alabama (Class 2) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator electedNovember 29, 1853. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Louisiana (Class 3) |
Pierre Soulé | Democratic | 1847(special) 1847(Left office) 1848 |
Incumbent resigned to becomeU.S. Minister to Spain. New senator electedDecember 5, 1853. Democratic hold. |
|
Alabama (Class 3) |
Benjamin Fitzpatrick | Democratic | 1848(Appointed) 1849(Elected successor qualified) 1853(Appointed) |
Interim appointee electedDecember 12, 1853.[14] |
|
Alabama[edit]
Alabama (regular)[edit]
The legislature had failed to elect a senator for the other seat, previously held by DemocratJeremiah Clemens.On November 28, 1853, DemocratClement Claiborne Claywas elected late to the seat.[12]
- Clement Claiborne Clay85 votes
- R. W. Walker37 votes
- Jeremiah Clemens8 votes[12]
Alabama (special, class 3)[edit]
On December 20, 1852, DemocratWilliam R. Kingresigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, DemocratBenjamin Fitzpatrickwas appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853, to finish the term.[14][12]
- Benjamin Fitzpatrick107 votes
- William D. Dunn14 votes
- Jeremiah Clemens2 votes
- Francis Strother Lyon1 vote[12]
Arkansas[edit]
Democratic senatorWilliam K. Sebastianhad been appointed May 12, 1848, to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.
Sebastian was re-elected to a full term in 1853.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
California (special)[edit]
TheCalifornia legislaturehad failed to elect a successor to DemocratJohn C. Frémontin time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.
In fact, this time it took eight ballots for DemocratJohn B. Weller(71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852, over WhigPierson B. Reading(17 votes, 19.3%).[2]
Connecticut (special)[edit]
TheConnecticut legislaturehad failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. DemocratIsaac Touceywas elected in May 1852 to finish the term.
Senate (May 11, 1852)[15] | House (May 12, 1852)[16] |
---|---|
Delaware[edit]
First-term WhigPresley Spruanceretired and Whig former senatorJohn M. Claytonwas elected January 12, 1853.
Clayton received 17 votes and there were 13 blank ballots cast.[4]
Georgia[edit]
Second-term WhigJohn M. Berrienresigned May 28, 1852, and DemocratRobert M. Charltonwas appointed May 31, 1852, to finish the term.
DemocratRobert Toombswas elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Illinois[edit]
Two-term DemocratStephen A. Douglaswas re-elected January 5, 1853. He would bere-elected in 1859and serve until his 1861 death.
- Stephen A. Douglas(Democratic) 75 votes
- State senatorJoseph Gillespie(Whig) 19 votes
- James H. Collins1 vote[5]
Indiana (special)[edit]
First term DemocratJames Whitcombdied December 4, 1852, and DemocratCharles W. Cathcartwas appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.
DemocratJohn Pettitwon the January 18, 1853, election.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Iowa[edit]
First-term DemocratGeorge Wallace Joneswas re-elected to a second term.
He received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852, by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes.[17]The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.
- George Wallace Jones(Democratic) 59 votes
- George G. Wright(Whig) 31 votes
- John F. Kinney(Democratic) 1 vote
Kentucky[edit]
One-term WhigJoseph R. Underwoodretired from the class 2 seat and the Know NothingLieutenant Governor of KentuckyJohn Burton Thompsonhad already been elected early, December 15, 1851, far in advance of the 1853 term.
Louisiana[edit]
Louisiana (regular)[edit]
DemocratSolomon W. Downslost re-election to Whig businessmanJudah P. Benjaminin January 1852. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the legislature.[18]
Louisiana (special)[edit]
First-term DemocratPierre Souléwas appointedU.S. Minister to Spainand resigned April 11, 1853.
Former-Democratic congressman and diplomatJohn Slidellwas elected April 28, 1853.
- John Slidell(Democratic) 70 votes
- T.G. Hunt37 votes[13]
Slidell would be re-elected in 1858 and serve until he withdrew in 1861.
Maine[edit]
First-term DemocratJames W. Bradburyretired and theMaine legislaturefailed to elect his replacement until long after the new Congress began. It wasn'tuntil 1854that a new senator would be elected.
Massachusetts[edit]
Long-time senator WhigJohn Davisretired. WhigU.S. Secretary of Stateand formerGovernor of MassachusettsEdward Everettwas elected in 1853.
Everett would resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.
Michigan[edit]
First-term DemocratAlpheus Felchretired. Fellow Democratic congressmanCharles E. Stuartwas elected January 11, 1853, over WhigMayor of DetroitZachariah Chandler.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Charles E. Stuart | 49 | 69.0 | |
Whig | Zachariah Chandler | 21 | 29.6 | |
Unknown | Hovey K. Clarke | 1 | 1.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Charles E. Stuart | 24 | 77.4 | |
Whig | Zachariah Chandler | 7 | 22.6 |
Stuart only served one term, retiring in 1859. Chandler, meanwhile, would be elected to the other seat and serve for three terms.
Mississippi[edit]
Mississippi (special, class 1)[edit]
Incumbent DemocratJefferson Davisresigned in 1851 to run forGovernor of Mississippi.DemocratJohn J. McRaewas appointed December 1, 1851, to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. DemocratStephen Adamswon the March 17, 1852, special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Mississippi (special, class 2)[edit]
Incumbent DemocratHenry S. Footeresigned January 8, 1852, to becomeGovernor of Mississippi.WhigWalker Brookewas elected February 18, 1852, to finish the term that would end the following year.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Mississippi (regular)[edit]
Brooke was not a candidate to the next term.
TheMississippi legislaturefailed to elect a replacement for Brooke, and the seat remained vacant until early 1854.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
New Hampshire[edit]
Free Soil senatorJohn P. Haleran for U.S. President,coming in third place in the popular vote, but failing to win any states. He lost to the Democratic fellow-New Hampshire senatorFranklin Pierce.He then lost re-election to his senate seat when Democrats took over theNew Hampshire legislaturein 1852 state elections.
Democratic former-senatorCharles G. Athertonwas returned to the Senate in Hale's place on November 25, 1852.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Charles G. Atherton | 148 | 55.2 | |
Unknown | Ira Perley | 81 | 30.2 | |
Unknown | John Preston | 27 | 10.1 | |
Democratic | State senatorJohn S. Wells | 4 | 1.5 | |
Free Soil | John P. Hale(Incumbent) | 4 | 1.5 | |
Whig | Ichabod Goodwin | 1 | 0.4 | |
Unknown | Moses A. Cartland | 1 | 0.4 | |
Unknown | Joseph E. Bennett | 1 | 0.4 | |
Democratic | Charles H. Peaslee | 1 | 0.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Charles G. Atherton | 10 | 83.3 | |
Unknown | Ira Perley | 1 | 8.3 | |
Unknown | John Preston | 1 | 8.3 |
Atherton died from pulmonary tuberculosis in the first year of his term.
After Republicans retook theNew Hampshire legislaturein 1854, Hale wasre-elected to finish the term.
New Jersey[edit]
New Jersey (regular)[edit]
Two-term WhigJacob W. Millerlost re-election to Democratic former-CongressmanWilliam Wright.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | William Wright | 48 | 62.3 | |
Whig | Jacob W. Miller(Incumbent) | 29 | 37.7 |
Wright would lose re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.
New Jersey (special)[edit]
First-term DemocratRobert F. Stocktonresigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853, to become President of theDelaware and Raritan Canal Company.
DemocratJohn Renshaw Thomsonwas elected February 11, 1853, over Whig former-senatorWilliam L. Daytonto finish the term.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Renshaw Thomson | 47 | 64.4 | |
Whig | William L. Dayton | 26 | 35.6 |
Thomson would be re-elected in 1857 to a full term and serve until his death in 1862.
North Carolina[edit]
Long-time WhigWillie Mangumwas a candidate for re-election. Although Democratic former-congressmanJames C. Dobbinwas a top choice of theNorth Carolina Legislature,no candidate received a majority of votes in either house, so the seat was left unfilled.[23]
The seat would remain vacant until a1854 special election.
Dobbin would then be appointedU.S. Secretary of the Navyand Magnum retired from public service.
Rhode Island[edit]
TheRhode Island General Assemblyfailed to elect, so first-term WhigJohn Hopkins Clarkethereby lost re-election.
After the term began, DemocratPhilip Allenwas elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
South Carolina[edit]
DemocratRobert Rhettresigned May 7, 1852, and Democratic judge of the chancery courtWilliam F. De Saussurewas appointed May 10, 1852, to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.
South Carolina (special)[edit]
De Saussure was elected November 29, 1852, just to finish the term.[24]
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
South Carolina (regular)[edit]
DemocratJosiah J. Evanswas elected December 1, 1852, on the fourth ballot to the next term.[25]
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Tennessee[edit]
First-term WhigJohn Bellwas re-elected October 29, 1853, on the 49th ballot.
- John Bell(Whig) 51 votes
- Thomas A.R. Nelson18 votes
- Cave Johnson23 votes
- Neill S. Brown4 votes
- Aaron V. Brown1 vote[8]
Bell would fall out of favor with the Tennessee legislature over the sectionalism that was rife in the late 1850s and lost their vote for re-election.
Texas[edit]
Two-term DemocratSam Houston— aTexasfounder who had served as senator since statehood — was re-elected January 15, 1853.
- Sam Houston(Democratic) 65 votes
- John Hemphill14 votes
- George W. Smyth1 vote[9]
Houston would retire at the end of this term in 1859, and be replaced byJohn Hemphill.
Virginia[edit]
First-term DemocratRobert M. T. Hunterwas re-elected January 22, 1852.
- Robert M. T. Hunter(Democratic) 126 votes
- Scattering 63 votes[10]
Hunter would be re-elected again in 1858 and serve until his 1861 expulsion.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration.February 8, 2022.
- ^abcJournal of the Proceedings of the Assembly(PDF).p. 132.
- ^Byrd & Wolff,p. 164.
- ^abJournal of the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware(PDF).Dover, Delaware.1853. p. 49.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^abJournal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853.Springfield, Illinois:Lanphier & Walker, Printers. 1853. pp. 24–25.
- ^"Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852".Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.Frankfort, Kentucky:Albert G. Hodges: 264. 1851.
- ^abJournal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 727–728.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
- ^abSenate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853.Nashville, Tennessee:Nashville Union and American Steam Press. 1854. p. 125.hdl:2027/uiug.30112108190155.
- ^abJournals of the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, Fourth Legislature—Extra Session(PDF).Austin, Texas:J.W. Hampton — State printer. 1853. p. 92.
- ^abJournal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852.Richmond, Virginia:William F. Ritchie, Public Printer. 1852. p. 73.hdl:2027/nyp.33433014925709.
- ^abJournal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature.Freehold, New Jersey:Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 739–740.hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
- ^abcdefJournal of the Senate of the State of Alabama.pp. 82–83.
- ^abJournal and Official Documents of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana.New Orleans, Louisiana:Emile La Sere, State Printer. 1853. p. 231.
- ^abByrd & Wolff,p. 76.
- ^Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.
- ^"Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut (May session 1852)".1852. pp. 54, 58.
- ^Clark,p. 56.
- ^Butler, Pierce(1908).Judah P. Benjamin.American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. pp. 99–100.OCLC664335.
- ^Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 48–50.
- ^Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853.Lansing, Michigan:Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 31–32.
- ^Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 55–56.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
- ^Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852.Concord, New Hampshire:Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 37–38.hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
- ^See, e.g.,"Journals of the Senate and House of Commons of the General Assembly of North-Carolina at its session in 1852".digital.ncdcr.gov.p. 769.RetrievedNovember 19,2020.
- ^Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 64.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.
- ^Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852.Columbia, South Carolina:Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 77.hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.
References[edit]
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present,via Senate.gov
- Byrd, Robert C.(October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.).The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992.United States Senate Historical Office(volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.ISBN9780160632563.
- Clark, Dan Elbert (1913).History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa.Iowa City, Iowa– viaGoogle Books.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)