1860
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1860(MDCCCLX) was aleap year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Fridayof theJulian calendar,the 1860th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 860th year of the2nd millennium,the 60th year of the19th century,and the 1st year of the1860sdecade. As of the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 2– The discovery of a hypothetical planetVulcanis announced at a meeting of theFrench Academy of Sciencesin Paris, France.
- January 10– ThePemberton MillinLawrence, Massachusettscollapses, killing at least 77 workers.
- January 13–Battle of Tétouan,Morocco:Spanish troops under GeneralLeopoldo O'Donnell,1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
- January 20–Camillo Benso, Count of Cavouris recalled as Prime Minister ofPiedmont-Sardinia.
- February 20– Canadian Royal Mail steamerSSHungarian(1859) is wrecked onCape Sable Island,Nova Scotia,on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.[1]
- February 27–Abraham Lincolnmakes hisCooper Unionspeech in New York that is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.
- March 17– TheFirst Taranaki Warbegins atWaitara, New Zealand,whenMāorirefuse to sell land to British settlers.
- March 22– TheGrand Duchy of Tuscanyis annexed to the newly formedKingdom of Italy.
- March 24–Sakuradamon Incident:Rōninsamuraiof theMito Domainin Japan assassinatetairō(Chief Minister)Ii Naosukeoutside the Sakurada Gate ofEdo Castle,disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
- March–August –The second routof theJiangnan Dayingdestroys theQing dynasty's army of 180,000.
April–June
[edit]- April 2– Thefirst Italian Parliamentmeets atTurin.
- April 3– ThePony Expressbegins its first run fromSt. Joseph, Missouri,United States, toSacramento, California,with riders carryinga small Bible.
- April 4– A new uprising erupts inPalermo.
- April 9– French typesetterÉdouard-Léon Scott de Martinvillecreates a recording of the French folk songAu clair de la lunewith hisphonautograph,producing the world's earliest known intelligiblesound recordingof the human voice (however, it was not rediscovered until2008).
- May 1– A Chondrite-typemeteoritefalls to earth inMuskingum County, Ohio,near the town ofNew Concord.
- May 6–Expedition of the Thousand:Giuseppe Garibaldiand his troops depart fromQuarto.
- May 8– InNew Granada(modern-dayColombia) the southern state ofCaucasecedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers;MagdalenaandBolívarjoin it;civil warerupts.
- May 15–Expedition of the Thousand–Battle of Calatafimi:Troops underGiuseppe Garibaldidefeat the army ofNaplesinSicily.
- May 17– The German association football clubTSV 1860 Münchenis founded.
- May 27– Garibaldi's forces takePalermo,the capital of Sicily.
- June 12– (May 31 O.S.) – TheState Bank of the Russian Empireis established.
July–September
[edit]- July 2–Vladivostokis founded in Russia.
- July 11– Mutsuhito (the futureEmperor Meiji) becomesCrown Princeof Japan.
- July 20–Battle of Milazzo:The forces ofGiuseppe Garibaldidefeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
July 20:Garibaldi. - August 13–José Ignacio Pavón(1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interimPresident of Mexico,replacingMiguel Miramón.Two days later Miramón becomes president again.[2]
- August 22– Assisted by the British Navy, the troops ofGiuseppe Garibaldicross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
- September 3–5– TheFirst International Chemistry Congressis held inKarlsruhe,Baden.
- September 7
- ThePSLady Elginis accidentally rammed and sunk inLake Michigan;hundreds drown.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces captureNaples.
- September 10– Piedmontese forces invade thePapal States,hoping to link up withGaribaldiin Naples.
- September 18–Battle of Castelfidardo:The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing thePapal Statesto the territory around Rome.
- September 24–Battle of Guayaquil:Ecuadorianforces, led byJuan José FloresandGabriel García Moreno,take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme ChiefGuillermo Franco,who is backed byPeruvianforces.
October–December
[edit]- October–John Hanning SpekeandJames Augustus GrantleaveZanzibar,to search for the source of theNile River.
- October 1–Battle of Volturnus:Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of theKingdom of the Two Sicilies.
- October 5– Austria, Britain, France,Prussiaand theOttoman Empireform a commission to investigate thecauses of the massacresofMaronite Christians,committed byDruzesinLebanonearlier in the year.
- October 6–Section 377of the British Indian penal code was enacted inBritish India.
- October 17–The Open Championship,also known as the British Open, is played for the first time atPrestwick Golf ClubinAyrshire,Scotland. The event is won byWillie Park Sr
- October 18– The firstConvention of Pekingformally ends theSecond Opium War.
- October 18–21– Beijing'sOld Summer Palaceis burned to the ground by orders of British generalLord Elgin,in retaliation for mistreatment of severalprisoners of war,during theSecond Opium War.
- October 19– A newMāorirevolt begins in New Zealand.
- October 26
- Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing onGaeta,the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
- Meeting atTeano:Giuseppe GaribaldigivesNaplesto KingVictor Emmanuel II,recognizing him asKing of Italy.
- November 3– The combined forces ofGiuseppe Garibaldiand KingVictor Emmanuel IIbesiege KingFrancis II of the Two SiciliesinGaeta,his last remaining stronghold.
- November 6–1860 United States presidential election:Abraham LincolndefeatsJohn C. Breckinridge,Stephen A. Douglas,andJohn Bell,and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the firstRepublicanto hold that office.
- December 1–Charles Dickenspublishes the first installment ofGreat Expectationsin his magazineAll the Year Round.
- December 7– After a fiercely contested campaign,Monier Monier-Williamsis electedas the newBoden Professor of Sanskrit,at Oxford University.
- December 20–American Civil War:South Carolinabecomes the first state to secede from the United States.
- December 24– Mexico's interim presidentMiguel Miramónflees the country after being defeated in battle.[3]
- December 29– The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armouredbattleship,the (British)HMSWarrior,is launched.
Date unknown
[edit]- Christians andDruzesclash inDamascus,Syria.
- InBuenos Aires,leaderBartolomé Mitresubverts theArgentine Confederationand begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help ofUruguayanColorado partyleaderVenancio Flores.
- China agrees, in anunequal treaty(theConvention of Peking) imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
- Discovery of the chemical elements:Robert Bunsendiscoverscaesiumandrubidium.
- German chemistAlbert Niemannmakes a detailed analysis of thecocaleaf, isolating and purifying thealkaloid,which he callscocaine.[4]
- Napoleon III,Emperor of the French, andEmpress EugénievisitAlgiersand stay at theCasbah of Algiers.[5]
- TAG Heuerwatchmaker founded inBern Canton,Switzerland.[6]
- TheRussian Empirehas c. 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of railroads.
Births
[edit]January–March
[edit]
- January 3
- Kato Takaaki,24thPrime Minister of Japan(d.1926)
- Yashiro Rokurō,Japanese admiral and politician (d.1930)
- January 8–Emma Booth,fourth child ofWilliamandCatherine Booth(d.1903)
- January 17–Douglas Hyde,1st President of Ireland (d.1949)
- January 21–Karl Staaff,Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.1915)
- January 25–Charles Curtis,American politician, 31st Vice President (d.1936)
- January 28–W. G. Read Mullan,American Jesuit, academic (d.1910)
- January 29
- William Jacob Baer,American painter (d.1941)
- Anton Chekhov,Russian writer (d.1904)
- February 11–Rachilde,French author (d.1953)
- February 14–Eugen Schiffer,German politician (d.1954)
- February 18–Anders Zorn,Swedish artist (d.1920)
- February 25–Sir William Ashley,English economic historian (d.1927)
- February 28–Carl Georg Barth,Norwegian-Americanmathematician,mechanical engineer(d.1939)
- February 29–Herman Hollerith,American businessman, inventor (d.1929)
- March 2–Susanna M. Salter,first woman mayor in the United States (d.1961)
- March 5–Sam Thompson,American baseball player (d.1922)
- March 13–Hugo Wolf,Austrian composer (d.1903)
- March 19–William Jennings Bryan,American politician (d.1925)
- March 23–Horatio Bottomley,British politician and businessman (d.1933)[7]
April–June
[edit]- April 2–Zheng Xiaoxu,Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, firstPrime Minister of Manchukuo(d.1938)
- April 7–Will Keith Kellogg,American industrialist, founder of theKellogg Company(d.1951)
- May 2–Theodor Herzl,Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d.1904)
- May 7–Tom Norman,English freakshowman(d.1930)
- May 9–J. M. Barrie,Scottish author (d.1937)
- May 15–Ellen Axson Wilson,First Lady of the United States(d.1914)
- May 20–Eduard Buchner,German chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1917)
- May 21–Willem Einthoven,Dutch inventor, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1927)
- May 25–James McKeen Cattell,American psychologist (d.1944)
- May 27–Manuel Teixeira Gomes,7th President of Portugal (d.1941)
- May 29–Isaac Albéniz,Spanish composer (d.1909)
- June 20–Jack Worrall,Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d.1937)
- June 25–Gustave Charpentier,French composer (d.1956)
July–September
[edit]
- July 3–Charlotte Perkins Gilman,American feminist (d.1935)
- July 7–Gustav Mahler,Austrian composer (d.1911)
- July 16–Otto Jespersen,Danish linguist, creator ofIdoandNoviallanguages (d.1943)
- July 19–Lizzie Borden,American murder suspect (d.1927)
- July 31–Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet,British admiral (d.1917)
- August 1–Bazil Assan,Romanian engineer and explorer (d.1918)
- August 3–William Kennedy Dickson,Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d.1935)
- August 5–Louis Wain,English artist (d.1939)
- August 7–Alan Leo,British astrologer (d.1917)
- August 10–Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande,Indian musician (d.1936)
- August 13–Annie Oakley,American Wild West show performer (d.1926)
- August 15
- Henrietta Vinton Davis,American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d.1941)
- Florence Harding,First Lady of the United States(d.1924)
- August 16–Jules Laforgue,French poet (d.1887)
- August 20–Raymond Poincaré,French president (d.1934)
- August 22–Alfred Ploetz,German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d.1940)
- August 25–George Fawcett,American actor (d.1939)
- August 26–Eudora Stone Bumstead,American poet and hymnwriter (d.1892)
- September 1–Mary E. C. Bancker,American author (d.1921)
- September 5–Andrew Volstead,American politician (d.1947)
- September 6–Jane Addams,American social worker, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(d.1935)
- September 7– Anna Mary Robertson Moses (akaGrandma Moses), American painter (d.1961)
- September 13–John J. Pershing,American general (d.1948)
- September 16–Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten,Austro-Hungarian general (d.1934)
October–December
[edit]
- October 31–Juliette Gordon Low,American founder of the Girl Scouts (d.1927)
- November 1–Boies Penrose,United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d.1921)
- November 2–Soapy Smith,American con artist and gangster (d.1898)
- November 6–Ignacy Jan Paderewski,Polish pianist and composer, 3rdPrime Minister of Poland(d.1941)
- November 16–John Henry Kirby,Texas legislator, American businessman (d.1940)
- November 23–Hjalmar Branting,Prime Minister of Sweden,recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(d.1925)
- November 26–Gabrielle Petit,French feminist activist (d.1952)
- November 27–Yui Mitsue,Japanese general (d.1925)
- December 4–Charles de Broqueville,Prime Minister of Belgium(d.1940)
- December 7–Joseph Cook,6thPrime Minister of Australia(d.1947)
- December 15–Niels Ryberg Finsen,Danish physician, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1904)
- December 16–Ion Dragalina,Romanian general (d.1916)
- December 25–Manuel Dimech,Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d.1921)
- December 31
- Joseph S. Cullinan,American oil industrialist, founder ofTexaco(d.1937)
- John T. Thompson,United States Army officer, inventor of theTommy gun(d.1940)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 1–Thomas Hobbes Scott,English clergyman (b.1783)
- January 5–John Neumann,SaintandRoman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia(b.1811)
- January 10–Ezequiel Zamora,leader of the Federalist Army inVenezuela(b.1817)
- January 13–William Mason,American politician (b.1786)
- January 18–John Nelson (lawyer),American lawyer (b.1791)
- January 27
- János Bolyai,Hungarian mathematician (b.1802)
- Thomas Brisbane,Scottish astronomer (b.1773)
- January 29–
- Ernst Moritz Arndt,German poet and author (b.1769)[8]
- Stéphanie de Beauharnais,Grand Duchess of Baden (b.1789)
- February 29–George Bridgetower,Afro-Polish violinist (b.1778)
- March 6–Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer,German cellist, composer (b.1783)
- March 14–Carl Ritter von Ghega,Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b.1802)
- March 17–Anna Brownell Jameson,British art historian (b.1794)[9]
- March 25–James Braid,Scottish surgeon (b.1795)
- May 1–Anders Sandøe Ørsted,3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b.1778)
- May 10–Theodore Parker,American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b.1810)
- May 12– SirCharles Barry,English architect (b.1795)[10]
- May 21–Phineas Gage,improbable American head injury survivor (b.1823)
- June 30–Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert,German naturalist (b.1780)
July–December
[edit]
- July 1–Charles Goodyear,American inventor (b.1800)
- August 25–Johan Ludvig Heiberg,Danish poet and critic (born1791)[11]
- September 12–William Walker,American filibuster who was briefly President ofNicaragua(executed) (b.1824)
- September 21–Arthur Schopenhauer,German philosopher (b.1788)[12]
- October 12–Sir Harry Smith,English soldier, military commander (b.1787)
- October 25–Alexander Maconchie,Scottish penal reformer (b.1787)
- October 31–Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald,British admiral (b.1775)
- November 1–Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia),Empress Consort of Russian EmperorNicholas I(b.1798)
- December 2–Ferdinand Christian Baur,German theologian (b.1792)[13]
- December 14–George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(b.1784)
Date unknown
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"SS Hungarian - 1860".On the Rocks.Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. October 5, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on July 13, 2007.RetrievedMay 18,2021.
- ^"José Ignacio Pavón".Presidentes.mx(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon June 8, 2019.RetrievedJune 8,2019.
- ^"Miguel Miramón".Presidentes.mx(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon June 8, 2019.RetrievedJune 8,2019.
- ^Niemann, Albert (1860).On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves( "Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern", published version of Ph.D. dissertation).
- ^"Interior of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria".World Digital Library.1899.RetrievedSeptember 25,2013.
- ^"TAG Heuer's History".TAG Heuer.RetrievedDecember 7,2020.
- ^Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011)."Bottomley, Horatio William".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31981.Archivedfrom the original on July 14, 2014.RetrievedJune 16,2014.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920)..Encyclopedia Americana.
- ^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Jameson, Anna Brownell".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
- ^"Sir Charles Barry | British architect".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedNovember 6,2021.
- ^Stewart, Jon (2015).The cultural crisis of the Danish golden age: Heiberg, Martensen and Kierkegaard.Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 39.ISBN9788763542692.
- ^Schopenhauer, Arthur (1999).Prize essay on the freedom of the will.Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.ISBN9780521577663.
- ^Overbeck, Franz (2002).On the Christianity of Theology Translated with an Introduction and Notes.Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58.ISBN9781725242128.
