1864
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1864(MDCCCLXIV) was aleap year starting on Fridayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1864th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 864th year of the2nd millennium,the 64th year of the19th century,and the 5th year of the1860sdecade. As of the start of 1864, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 13– American songwriterStephen Foster( "Oh! Susanna","Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading" Dear friends and gentle hearts ". His parlor song"Beautiful Dreamer"is published in March.
- January 16–Denmarkrejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal theDanish Constitution,which says thatSchleswig-Holsteinis part of Denmark.[1]
- January 21–New Zealand Wars:TheTauranga campaignbegins.
- February–John WisdenpublishesThe Cricketer's Almanack for the year 1864in England; it will go on to become the major annualcricketreference publication.
- February 1– Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross theEider Riverinto Denmark.
- February 15–HeinekenBrewery is founded in theNetherlands.
- February 17–American Civil War:The tinyConfederatehand-propelledsubmarineH. L. Hunleysinks theUSSHousatonic(1861),using aspar torpedoinCharleston Harbor,becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, although the submarine and her crew of eight are also lost.[2]
- February 20– American Civil War: TheUnionsuffers one of itscostliest defeatsat theBattle of OlusteenearLake City, Florida.
- February 25– American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison atAndersonville, Georgia(the 500 prisoners had left Richmond, Virginia, seven days before).
- March 1–Alejandro Mon y Menéndeztakes office asPrime Minister of Spain.
- March 9– American Civil War:Abraham LincolnappointsUlysses S. Grantcommander in chief of allUnion armies.
- March 10– American Civil War: TheRed River Campaignbegins, as Union troops reachAlexandria, Louisiana.
- March 11–Great Sheffield Flood:A reservoir nearSheffield,England, bursts; 250 die.
- March 14– Rossini'sPetite messe solennelleis first performed, by twelve singers, two pianists and aharmoniumplayer in a mansion in Paris.[3]
April–June
[edit]- April 8–Gallaudet Universityis founded inWashington, D.C.,as the first university for the deaf and hard of hearing.
- April 12–American Civil War:Battle of Fort Pillow– Confederate forces kill most of theAfrican Americansoldiers that surrender atFort Pillow,Tennessee.
- April 15–Choe Je-u,founder of theDonghakMovement, is executed by beheading for sedition, atDaegu,Korea.
- April 18– Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War) –Battle of Dybbøl:The Prussian army, fielding 10,000 men, defeats the Danish defending army of 9,200 at Dybbøl Mill, after an artillery bombardment fromApril 7–18.
- April 22:
- TheUnited States Congresspasses theCoinage Act of 1864,which makesprivately issued tokensduring the war illegal. An additional law was passed on June 8 to include all private coinage.
- The phrase "In God We Trust"appears for the first time on the newly createdtwo-cent piece.
- May 2– Under terms of theTreaty of London,the United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of theUnited States of the Ionian Islandsto theKingdom of Greece.
- May 4–Société Générale,a major financial group inFrance,is founded.[4]
- May 5– American Civil War: TheBattle of the Wildernessbegins inSpotsylvania County, Virginia.
- May 7
- American Civil War: TheArmy of the Potomac,under GeneralUlysses S. Grant,breaks off from theBattle of the Wildernessand moves southwards.
- TheclippershipCity of Adelaideis launched inSunderland,England. By the 21st century, she will be the world's oldest surviving clipper of only two (Cutty Sarkbeing the other).
- May 8–21– American Civil War:Battle of Spotsylvania Court House(TheBloody Angle) – Some 4,000 troops on both sides die in an inconclusive engagement.
- May 9
- Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War) –Battle of Heligoland:The Danish navy gains a tactical victory over those of Austria and Prussia, near the island of Heligoland. It is the last significant naval battle fought by squadrons of wooden ships, and also the last involving Denmark.
- American generalJohn Sedgwickis shot dead during theBattle of Spotsylvania Court House,shortly after uttering the famouslast words:"They couldn't hit an elephant from this distance!"
- May 11– American Civil War:Battle of Yellow Tavern– Confederate GeneralJ. E. B. Stuartis mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.
- May 13– American Civil War:Battle of Resaca– The battle begins with Union GeneralShermanfighting towardAtlanta.
- May 15– American Civil War:Battle of New Market– Cadets from theVirginia Military Institutefight alongside theConfederateArmy, forcingUnionGeneralFranz Sigelout of theShenandoah Valley.
- May 18–Civil War gold hoax:TheNew York Worldand theNew York Journal of Commercepublish a fake proclamation that PresidentAbraham Lincolnhas issued a draft of 400,000 more soldiers.
- May 20
- American Civil War:Battle of Ware Bottom Church– In the VirginiaBermuda Hundred Campaign,10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.
- Australian bushrangerBen Halland his gang escape from a shootout with police, after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel inKoorawatha, New South Wales.
- May 21– The Russian Empire begins theCircassian genocide.More than 1.5 million Circassians are driven from their homeland to theOttoman Empire,ending theRusso-Circassian War.
- May 26–Montana Territoryis organized out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory.
- June– TheUnited States Sanitary Commission'sSanitary FairinPhiladelphiatakes place.[5]
- June 5– American Civil War:Battle of Piedmont– Union forces under GeneralDavid Hunterdefeat a Confederate army atPiedmont, West Virginia,taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
- June 9– American Civil War:First Battle of Petersburg
- June 10– American Civil War:
- Battle of Noonday Creek– Confederate troops defeat Union forces, nearKennesaw, Georgia.
- Battle of Brice's Crossroads– Confederate troops underNathan Bedford Forrestdefeat a much larger Union force, led by GeneralSamuel D. Sturgis,inMississippi.
- June 12– American Civil War:Battle of Cold Harbor– General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia, and moves south.
- June 15–Arlington National Cemeteryis established in the United States, when 200 acres (0.81 km2) of the grounds of Robert E. Lee's home (Arlington House) are officially set aside as a militarycemetery,by U.S. Secretary of WarEdwin M. Stanton.
- June 18
- TheDecree of Extended Freedom of Tradeintroduces complete freedom of trade in Sweden.
- TheJanuary Uprisingends in the defeat of Polish forces.
- June 19– American Civil War:Battle of Cherbourg–Confederate States NavyCSSAlabamais sunk in asingle-ship actionwithUSSKearsarge,in theEnglish Channeloff the coast ofCherbourg peninsula,France.
- June 21–New Zealand Wars:TheTauranga Campaignends.
- June 27– American Civil War:Battle of Kennesaw Mountain– Confederate troops defeat Union forces, nearKennesaw, Georgia.
- June 29
- Second Schleswig War: TheBattle of Alsis won by the Prussians under GeneralHerwarth von Bittenfeld,who occupy the island ofAlsafter crossing the Alssund, between the village of Sottrupskov and theSandbjerg Estate,by night. Of 9,000 Danish troops stationed there, a third are killed, wounded or captured.[6]
- St-Hilaire train disaster,a passenger train operated byGrand Trunk Railwaywas travelling fromQuebec CitytoMontrealwhere the derailed in a swung open bridge after a signal passed at danger. The train also collapsed onto a ship, sinking both the ship and the train. 99 people were killed and 100 people were injured making this the deadliest train accident in Canada's history.[7]
July–September
[edit]- July 2–Dimitri Atanasescufounds the firstRomanian school in the Balkansfor theAromaniansinTrnovo,in the Ottoman Empire (now inNorth Macedonia).[8]By the early 20th century, the number of these schools will have risen to 106.[9]
- July 4– TheUniversity of BucharestinRomaniais founded.
- July 18– President Lincoln issues a true proclamation of conscription of 500,000 men, for the U.S. Civil War.
- July 19– TheThird Battle of Nankingclimaxes, when theTaiping Heavenly Kingdomcapital ofNankingfalls to an assault by ImperialQing Dynastyforces, in the last major action of theTaiping Rebellionin China. There are probably more than a million troops in the battle, and the Taiping army sustains at least 100,000 dead.
- July 20– American Civil War:Battle of Peachtree Creek– NearAtlanta,Confederate forces led by GeneralJohn Bell Hoodunsuccessfully attack Union troops under GeneralWilliam T. Sherman.
- July 22– American Civil War:Battle of Atlanta– Outside of Atlanta, Confederate General Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General Sherman, on Bald Hill.
- July 24– American Civil War:Second Battle of Kernstown– Confederate GeneralJubal Earlydefeats Union troops led by GeneralGeorge Crookin an effort to keep the Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.
- July 28– American Civil War:Battle of Ezra Church– Confederate troops, led by General Hood, make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces under General Sherman from Atlanta.
- July 29– American Civil War: Confederate spyBelle Boydis arrested by Union troops, and detained at theOld Capitol Prisonin Washington, D.C.
- July 30– American Civil War:Battle of the Crater– Union forces attempt to break Confederate lines, by exploding a large bomb under their trenches.
- August 1– TheElgin Watch Companyis founded inElgin, Illinois.
- August 5– American Civil War:Battle of Mobile Bay– AtMobile BaynearMobile, Alabama,AdmiralDavid Farragutleads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses, and seals one of the last major Southern ports.
- August 10– An undeclaredUruguayan Warbegins, whenUruguayrefuses an ultimatum from theEmpire of Brazil.
- August 13– The firstfish and chipsshop perhaps opens in London.
- August 18– American Civil War:Battle of Globe Tavern– Forces under Union GeneralUlysses S. Granttry to cut a vitalConfederatesupply-line intoPetersburg, Virginia,by attacking theWilmington and Weldon Railroad,forcing the Confederates to use wagons.
- August 22– TheFirst Geneva Convention,for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed inGenevaby 12 European states, under the auspices of theInternational Committee for Relief to the Wounded(predecessor of theInternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement).
- August 31– American Civil War: Union forces, led by GeneralWilliam T. Sherman,launch an assault onAtlanta.
- September 1
- American Civil War: Confederate General Hood evacuates Atlanta, after a 4-month siege mounted by Union General Sherman.
- Charlottetown Conference:Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discussCanadian Confederation.
- September 2– American Civil War: Union forces under General Sherman enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
- September 5–6–Bombardment of Shimonoseki:An American, British,Dutchand French alliance engages the powerful feudal Japanese warlord ordaimyōLordMōri Takachika,of theChōshūclan, based inShimonoseki,Japan.
- September 7– American Civil War: Atlanta is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
- September 16–Pope Pius IXestablishes theDiocese of Gozo.
- September 17– American Civil War: TheSecond Battle of Cabin Creekis fought inIndian Territory.
- September 28– TheInternational Workingmen's Associationis founded in London.[10]
October–December
[edit]- October 1– A calamity is narrowly averted in London at theErith explosion
- October 2–American Civil War:First Battle of Saltville– Union forces attackSaltville, Virginia,but are defeated by Confederate troops.
- October 5– Acyclonekills 70,000 inCalcutta,India.
- October 9–American Civil War:Battle of Tom's Brook– Union cavalrymen in the Shenandoah Valley defeat Confederate forces atTom's Brook, Virginia.
- October 10– TheQuebec Conferencebegins, to discuss plans for the creation of a Dominion of Canada.[11]
- October 12–Uruguayan War:Forces of theEmpire of BrazilinvadeUruguay,in support ofVenancio Flores'Colorado Party.
- October 28–American Civil War:Second Battle of Fair Oaks – Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw fromFair Oaks, Virginia,after failing to breach the Confederate defenses aroundRichmond, Virginia.
- October 30
- TheSecond Schleswig Waris concluded. Denmark renounces all claim toSchleswig,Holstein,andLauenburg,which come underPrussianand Austrian administration.
- Helena, Montana,is founded, after fourprospectors(the so-calledFour Georgians) discovergoldatLast Chance Gulch;it is their last and agreed final attempt for weeks, of trying to find gold in the northern Rockies.
- An annular solar eclipse occurs, the 42nd solar eclipse ofSolar Saros 131.
- October 31–Nevadais admitted as the 36thU.S. state.
- November 4–American Civil War:Battle of Johnsonville– At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate GeneralNathan Bedford Forrestbombard a Union supply base with artillery, and destroy millions of dollars worth of material.
- November 7– The capital ofIdaho Territoryis moved fromLewistontoBoise;North Idahodeclares the move illegal, and proposessecession.
- November 8–1864 United States presidential election:Abraham Lincolnis reelected, in an overwhelming victory overGeorge B. McClellan.
- November 12– Hostilities in theParaguayan Waropen, with the Paraguayan shipTacuarícapturing the BrazilianMarquês de Olinda,in theParaguay River.
- November 15–American Civil War–Sherman's March to the Seabegins: Union General Sherman burns Atlanta and starts to move south, living off the land, and causing extensive devastation to crops and mills.
- November 20– Thejudicial reform of Alexander IIis launched in theRussian Empire.
- November 22–American Civil War:Sherman's March to the Sea– Confederate General John Bell Hood invadesTennessee,in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.
- November 25–American Civil War:A group of Confederate operatives, calling themselves theConfederate Army of Manhattan,starts fires in more than 20 locations, in an unsuccessful attempt to burn downNew York City.
- November 29–American Indian Wars:Sand Creek massacre–Coloradovolunteers, led by ColonelJohn Chivington,massacre at least 400CheyenneandArapahononcombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp); many of the dead are subsequently mutilated.
- November 30–American Civil War:Second Battle of Franklin– The ConfederateArmy of Tennessee,led by General Hood, mounts a dramatically unsuccessful frontal assault on Union positions aroundFranklin, Tennessee(Hood loses 6 generals and almost a third of his troops).
- December 1– TheGreat Fire of Brisbanebreaks out in Australia.
- December 4–American Civil War:Sherman's March to the Sea– AtWaynesboro, Georgia,forces under Union GeneralJudson Kilpatrickprevent troops, led by Confederate GeneralJoseph Wheeler,from interfering with Union General Sherman's campaign of destroying a wide swath of the South, on his march toSavannah;Union forces suffer more than 3 times the casualties as the Confederates, however.
- December 8
- James Clerk Maxwellpresents his paper,A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,to theRoyal Societyin London, treating light as anelectromagnetic wave.[12]
- Syllabus errorum:Pope Pius IXcondemns theological liberalism as an error, and claims the supremacy of Roman Catholic Church authority over civil society. He also condemnsrationalismandsocialism.
- TheClifton Suspension Bridgeacross theRiver Avon (Bristol)in England, designed byIsambard Kingdom Bruneland completed as a memorial to him, opens to traffic.[10]
- December 13–Paraguayan War:Paraguayformally declares war on theEmpire of Brazil,in support of theUruguayan National Party.The war continues to1870,with around 300,000 Paraguayan deaths.
- December 15–16–American Civil War:Battle of Nashville– Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.
Date unknown
[edit]- The SecondAnglo-Ashanti Warends.
- The Dutch conquer southernSumatra.[citation needed]
- Asa Mercertravels fromSeattleto the U.S. East Coast, and recruits 11Mercer Girls,potential wives for men on the West Coast.
- The firstQuanjudePeking Roast Duckrestaurant opens on Qianmen Street inPeking,China.
- Yasudaya Currency Exchange Bank, as predecessor ofMizuho Financial Group,is founded in Edo (modern-dayTokyo), Japan.[13]
- Merchants Bank of Halifax, as predecessor ofRoyal Bank of Canada,founded inNova Scotia.[citation needed]
Births
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 1
- Qi Baishi,Chinese painter (d.1957)
- Alfred Stieglitz,American photographer (d.1946)
- January 8–Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale(d.1892)
- January 13–Wilhelm Wien,German physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1928)
- January 21–Israel Zangwill,British novelist, playwright (d.1926)
- January 24–Marguerite Durand,French actress, journalist and feminist leader (d.1936)
- January 28–Herbert Akroyd Stuart,English mechanical engineer, inventor (d.1927)
- February 4–James Fenton,Australian politician (d.1950)
- February 7–Arthur Collins,early American recording artist (d.1933)
- February 11–Louis Bouveault,French chemist (d.1909)
- February 17–Banjo Paterson,Australian poet (d.1941)
- February 20–Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson,British general (d.1925)
- March 4–David W. Taylor,American naval architect (d.1940)
- March 12–W. H. R. Rivers,English psychiatrist (d.1922)
- March 13–Alexej von Jawlensky,Russian expressionist painter (d.1941)
- March 14–Casey Jones,American railway engineer (d.1900)
- March 14–Alfred Redl,Austrian military intelligence officer and double agent (suicide1913)
- March 15–Johan Halvorsen,Norwegian composer (d.1935)
- March 17–Joseph Baptista,Indian Home Rule Movementfounder (d.1930)
- March 19–Charles Marion Russell,American artist (d.1926)
- March 23
- Robert Arbuthnot,British admiral (d.1916)
- Sándor Simonyi-Semadam,26th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.1946)
April–June
[edit]- April 10
- Clara Lachmann,Danish-Swedish patron of the arts (d.1920)[14]
- Michael Mayr,2nd Chancellor of Austria (d.1922)
- Tully Marshall,American actor (d.1943)
- April 11–Johanna Elberskirchen,German feminist (d.1943)
- April 12–Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss,British admiral (d.1933)
- April 14–Artur Văitoianu,Romanian general and politician, 27thPrime Minister of Romania(d.1956)
- April 21–Max Weber,German sociologist (d.1920)
- May 5–Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet,British field marshal, politician (d.1922)
- May 10–Léon Gaumont,French film pioneer (d.1946)
- May 15–Vilhelm Hammershøi,Danish painter (d.1916)
- May 20–Vasily Gurko,Russian general (d.1937)
- May 25–Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg,British-born German aristocrat, aviation enthusiast (d.1927,officially declared dead February1928)
- June 2–Wilhelm Souchon,German admiral (d.1946)
- June 3–Ransom E. Olds,American automotive pioneer (d.1950)
- June 10–Ninian Comper,British architect (d.1960)
- June 11–Richard Strauss,German composer (d.1949)
- June 13–Dwight B. Waldo,American educator, historian (d.1939)
- June 14–Alois Alzheimer,German psychiatrist, neuropathologist (d.1915)
- June 22–Hermann Minkowski,German mathematician (d.1909)
- June 25–Walther Nernst,German chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1941)
- June 30–Frederick Bligh Bond,English architect (d.1945)
July–September
[edit]- July 12
- George Washington Carver,African-American botanist (d.1943)
- Peter Deunov,Bulgarian spiritual teacher (d.1944)
- July 13–John Jacob Astor IV,American businessman, inventor (d.1912)
- July 15–Marie Tempest,English stage, film actress (d.1942)
- July 20–Erik Axel Karlfeldt,Swedish writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1931)
- July 21–Frances Cleveland,First Lady of the United States(d.1947)
- July 23–Apolinario Mabini,Filipino political theoretician, Prime Minister (d.1903)
- August 9–Roman Dmowski,Polish politician (d.1939)
- August 20–Ion I. C. Brătianu,5-time prime minister of Romania (d.1927)
- August 23–Eleftherios Venizelos,7-time prime minister of Greece (d.1936)
- September 14–Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood,English politician, diplomat, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(d.1958)
October–December
[edit]- October 1–Emma Sheridan Fry,American actress and playwright (d.1936)
- October 5–Louis Lumière,French inventor (d.1948)
- October 8–Kikunae Ikeda,Japanese chemist (d.1936)[citation needed]
- October 9–Reginald Dyer,British army officer, perpetrator ofJallianwala Bagh massacre(d.1927)
- October 15–Lorenzo Lauri,Italian cardinal (d.1941)
- October 25–Alexander Gretchaninov,Russian composer (d.1956)
- October 31–Cosmo Gordon Lang,Archbishop of Canterbury(d.1945)
- November 5–Jessie Ralph,American actress (d.1944)
- November 1–Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine(d.1918)
- November 11–Alfred Hermann Fried,Austrian writer, pacifist, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(d.1921)
- November 24–Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,French painter (d.1901)
- November 26–Edward Higgins,third General ofThe Salvation Army(d.1947)
- November 27–Alfred Meyer-Waldeck,German admiral (d.1928)
- December 6
- Alberico Albricci,Italian general (d.1936)
- William S. Hart,American film actor, director and writer (d.1946)
- December 8–Camille Claudel,French sculptor (d.1943)
- December 9–Breaker Morant,Australian soldier (d.1902)
- December 12–Paul Elmer More,American critic, essayist (d.1937)
- December 14–Frank Campeau,American actor (d.1943)
- December 23–Princess Zorka of Montenegro(d.1890)
- December 25–Thomas Cahill,American soccer coach (d.1951)
- December 27–Peyton C. March,American general (d.1955)
Date unknown
[edit]- Ali Rikabi,2-time prime minister of Jordan (d.1943)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]- January 13–Stephen Foster,American song composer (b.1826)
- January 24-Vedanayagam Sastriar(b.1774),TamilLutheranhymnwriterandcourt poetin the palace ofSerfoji II,the lastMaratha King of Thanjavur.
- January 27–Leo von Klenze,German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (b.1784)
- February 7–Vuk Stefanović Karadžić,Serbian linguist, major reformer of the Serbian language (b.1787)
- February 22–James Sewall Reed,U.S. Army officer (in battle) (b.1832)
- February 25–Anna Harrison,First Lady of the United States(b.1775)
- March 10– KingMaximilian II of Bavaria(b.1811)
- March 28–Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark(b.1789)
- April 4–Joseph Pitty Couthouy,American naval officer (b.1808)
- April 14–Charles Lot Church,Nova Scotia politician (b.1777)
- May 2–Giacomo Meyerbeer,German composer (b.1791)
- May 5–Elizabeth Andrew Warren,Cornish botanist, marinealgolologist(b.1786)
- May 9
- John Sedgwick,Union general, American Civil War (b.1813)
- Wilhelm Wolff,German political activist (b.1809)
- May 12–J. E. B. Stuart,Confederate cavalry general, American Civil War (b.1833)
- May 19–Nathaniel Hawthorne,American author (b.1804)
- May 20–John Clare,Northamptonshirepeasant poet (b.1793)
- June 1–Hong Xiuquan,Chinese rebel (b.1814)
- June 13–Henryk Dembiński,Polish engineer (b.1791)
- June 14–Patrick Kelly,U.S. Army officer (in battle) (b. c.1822)
- June 15–William E. Jones,Confederate general (in battle) (b.1824)
July–December
[edit]- August 3–Jakob Walter,Germanstonemason,common draftee (b.1788)
- August 4–David Hansemann,Prussian politician (b.1790)
- August 19–Trương Định,Vietnamese leader (suicide) (b.1820)
- August 31–Ferdinand Lassalle,Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (b.1825)
- September 3–Emil Oskar Nobel,younger brother ofAlfred Nobel(killed in an explosion) (b.1843)
- October 1–Juan José Flores,President of Ecuador(b.1800)
- October 12–Roger Taney,Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court(b.1777)
- November 6–Tuanku Imam Bonjol,Indonesian religious and military leader (b.1772)
- November 20–Albert Newsam,American artist (born 1809)
- November 30
- John Adams,Confederate Army officer (killed in action) (b.1825)
- Patrick Cleburne,Irish soldier, Confederate general (killed in action) (b.1828)
- States Rights Gist,Confederate General (killed in action) (b.1831)
- December 1–William L. Dayton– United States Minister to France (b.1807)
- December 8–George Boole,English mathematician, philosopher (b.1815)
- December 21–Archduke Louis of Austria(b.1784)
- December 23–James Bronterre O'Brien,British Chartist (b.1804)
- December 24– Mary Baker (née Willcocks), akaPrincess Caraboo(b.1791)
- December 31–George M. Dallas,U.S. Senator,11thVice President of the United States(b.1792)
Date unknown
[edit]- Fu Shanxiang,Chinese scholar, Chancellor (b.1833)
References
[edit]- ^Bjørn, Claus; Due-Nielsen, Carsten (2006).Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie. Vol. III, Fra Helstat til Nationalstat, 1814–1914(in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 238–39.
- ^Chaffin, Tom (2008).The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy.New York: Hill and Wang.ISBN978-0-8090-9512-4.
- ^Hurwitz, David(2010).Petite Messe solennelle (Works of Gioachino Rossini, Vol. 3)(PDF).classicstoday.
- ^Thelwell, Emma (January 24, 2008)."Société Générale: A history".The Daily Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on January 12, 2022.
- ^"Great Central Fair Buildings, Philadelphia".World Digital Library.July 1864.RetrievedJuly 28,2013.
- ^"The capture of the Island of Als".February 25, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon February 25, 2009.
- ^"From 99 dead when train plunged through swing bridge to Lac-Mégantic: Canada's most deadly rail accidents".
- ^Crețulescu, Vladimir (2015)."The Aromanian-Romanian national movement (1859-1905): an analytical model".Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia.22(1): 99–121.doi:10.14746/bp.2015.22.8.
- ^Kahl, Thede(2003)."Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?"(PDF).Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas.5:205–219.
- ^abPenguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
- ^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 284–285.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^Maxwell, J. Clerk (1865)."A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field"(PDF).Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.155:459–512.doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008.S2CID186207827.RetrievedAugust 30,2011.
- ^"History of Mizuho".The Oriental Economist.1966. p. 574.
- ^Kjellander, Rune (1979)."Clara Lachmann".Dictionary of Swedish National Biography(in Swedish). Vol. 22. p. 23.