1870
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1870(MDCCCLXX) was acommon year starting on Saturdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Thursdayof theJulian calendar,the 1870th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 870th year of the2nd millennium,the 70th year of the19th century,and the 1st year of the1870sdecade. As of the start of 1870, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 1
- The first edition ofThe Northern Echonewspaper is published in Priestgate,Darlington,England.
- Plans for theBrooklyn Bridgeare completed.
- January 3– Construction of theBrooklyn Bridgebegins in New York City.
- January 6– TheMusikverein,Vienna, is inaugurated inAustria-Hungary.
- January 10–John D. RockefellerincorporatesStandard Oil.
- January 15– Apolitical cartoonfor the first time symbolizes theUnited States Democratic Partywith adonkey(A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead LionbyThomas NastforHarper's Weekly).
- January 23–Marias Massacre:U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp ofPiegan BlackfeetIndians, led by chief Heavy Runner.
- January 26–Reconstruction Era(United States):Virginiarejoins the Union. This year it adopts anew Constitution,drawn up byJohn Curtiss Underwood,expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, includingfreedmen.
- January 28– BritishSSCity of BostondepartsHalifax, Nova Scotia,on a transatlantic passage on which it will be lost with all 191 aboard.
- February–Denis Vrain-Lucasis sentenced to 2 years in prison for multipleforgery,in Paris.
- February 1–Goodna State SchoolinGoodna, Queensland,Australia, is founded.
- February 2
- It is revealed that the famedCardiff Giantin the U.S. is just carvedgypsumand not the petrified remains of a human.
- The Seven Brothers(Seitsemän veljestä), a novel by Finnish authorAleksis Kivi,is published first time in several thin booklets.[1]
- February 3– The15th Amendment to the United States Constitution,guaranteeingAfrican Americanmen the right to vote, is passed.
- February 9– The U.S. ArmyWeather Bureauis created within theArmy Signal Corps.
- February 10–Anaheim, California,is incorporated.
- February 12–Women's suffrage:Women gain theright to voteinUtah Territory.
- February 23– Military control ofMississippiends and it is readmitted to the Union.
- February 25–Hiram Rhodes Revels,aRepublicanfrom Mississippi, is sworn into theUnited States Senate,becoming the first African American to sit in theU.S. Congress.
- February 26
- In New York City, the firstpneumaticsubway,Beach Pneumatic Transit,is opened.
- The GermanCommerzbankis founded inHamburg.
- February 27– TheNisshoki'circle of the sun'flag of Japanis adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships, by proclamation of theDaijō-kan.
- February 28– TheBulgarian Exarchateis established, by decree of SultanAbdülazizof theOttoman Empire.
- March– TheMitsubishiCompany is established in Japan as ashippingfirm, byIwasaki YatarōwithThomas Blake Glover.
- March 1–Battle of Cerro Corá,Paraguay:MarshalFrancisco Solano López's last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending theParaguayan War.
- March 4–Red River Rebellion:Thomas Scottis executed byLouis Riel's provisional government, in modern-dayManitoba,Canada.
- March 5– The first ever internationalAssociation footballmatch,England v Scotland,takes place under the auspices ofthe Football AssociationatThe Oval,London.
- March 10–Deutsche Bankis founded in Berlin.
- March 18–Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870,passed in British India.
- March 19– The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, laterOhio State University.
- March 24
- Syracuse Universityis established in New York (state) and officially opens.
- A Chilean prospecting party led by José Díaz Gana discovers the silver ores ofCaracolesin the Bolivian portion ofAtacama Desert,[2]leading to the last ofChilean silver rushes[3]and a diplomatic dispute over its taxation between Chile andBolivia.[4]
- March 30
- The15th Amendment to the United States Constitution,giving African American men the right to vote, is ratified.
- Reconstruction:Texasis readmitted to the Union.
- March 31–Thomas Mundy Petersonis the first African American to vote in an election.
April–June
[edit]- April 11– A7.3 earthquakeshakes the Chinese county ofBatangcausing a fire that leaves about 5,000 dead.
- April 13–The Metropolitan Museum of Artwas established.
- April 27–Antonio Guzmán Blancobegins his first term asPresident of Venezuela.
- April 29– The Chicago Base Ball Club, later to be known as the Chicago White Stockings and ultimately theChicago Cubs,play their first game against the St. Louis Unions of theNational Association of Base Ball Players,an amateur league.
- May 12
- The Canadian province ofManitobais created, in response toLouis Riel'sRed River Rebellion.
- ThePort Adelaide Football Clubis founded.
- May 14– The firstrugbymatch is played in New Zealand, between the Nelson Football Club andNelson College.
- May 25TheFenian BrotherhoodattacksEccles hill
- June 8– The final splice on the firsttelegraphsubmarine cable betweenGreat BritainandIndiais made.
- June 9– English novelistCharles Dickensdies atGads Hill PlaceinKent,leaving his last book,The Mystery of Edwin Drood,unfinished.
- June 21– TheTianjin Massacreof 17 foreigners (mostly European Christian priests and nuns) and 40 Chinese people who had converted to Christianity, takes place in China when an angry mob attacks churches established in the city.[5]
- June 22
- The office of theSolicitor General of the United Statesis set up, to supervise and conduct government litigation in theUnited States Supreme Court.
- TheU.S. Congresscreates theUnited States Department of Justice.
- June 23–The first message byelectric telegraphusing theGreat BritaintoIndiasubmarine cable is sent fromLondon.
- June 26–Richard Wagner's operaDie Walküreis first performed atMunich'sNational Theatre.
- June 28– American PresidentUlysses S. Grantsigns an act making theUnited States Independence Day,Thanksgiving Day,Christmas DayandNew Year's Dayfederal holidays in the United States.[6]
July–September
[edit]- July 14– TheEms Dispatchis published, serving ascasus bellifor a war betweenPrussiaand France.
- July 15
- Reconstruction Era:Georgiabecomes the last formerConfederate state of Americato be readmitted to the Union.
- The British government admits the formerHudson's Bay Companyterritory ofRupert's Landand theNorth-Western Territoryto the Dominion of Canada.
- July 18–Pastor aeternus:Pope Pius IXdeclarespapal infallibility,in matters of faith and morals.
- July 19–Franco-Prussian War:France declares war onPrussia.
- July 28– Start ofSolar Saros 153.The final eclipse in this series will be in 3114.
- July 30– The 'Diggers' Republic' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, withStafford Parkeras president.
- August 2– TheTower Subwaybeneath theRiver Thamesin London, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway, officially opens.[7]Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindricalwrought irontunnelling shield,devised byPeter W. BarlowandJames Henry Greathead,[8]and of a permanent tunnel lining ofcast ironsegments.[9]
- August 8– TheRepublic of Ploiești,an uprising againstDomnitorCarolofRomania,fails.
- August 24– TheRed River Rebellionin Canada ends with the arrival of theWolseley Expeditionand the flight ofLouis Riel.
- September 2–Franco-Prussian War:Battle of Sedan–Prussianforces defeat the French armies and take EmperorNapoleon IIIand 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner atSedan, France.
- September 4– EmperorNapoleon IIIof France is deposed and theThird Republicis declared.Empress Eugénieflees to England with her son.
- September 6–Louisa Swainof Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since1807.
- September 18–Old Faithful Geyseris observed and named byHenry D. Washburn,during theWashburn–Langford–Doane ExpeditiontoYellowstonein Wyoming.
- September 19–Franco-Prussian War:TheSiege of Paris (1870–1871)begins. From September 23,balloon mailis sent out of the city.
- September 20–Capture of Rome;WithBersaglierisoldiers entering Rome atPorta Pia,theunification of Italyis completed, ending the last remnant of thePapal StatesandPapal temporal power.
October–December
[edit]- October 2– Aplebisciteheld in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.
- October 6– Rome becomes the capital ofunified Italy.
- October 8–Léon Gambettaescapes besieged Paris in ahot-air balloon.
- October 20
- TheFirst Vatican Counciladjourns.
- A6.6 earthquakeshakes the Canadian province ofQuebec,killing 6 people.
- October 26– The Chinese leaders of June'sTianjin Massacreof foreigners are executed by China's Imperial government.[5]
- October 27–Franco-Prussian War:Siege of Metz– MarshalFrançois Achille Bazaine,commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender thefortifications of Metz.
- November 1– In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed theNational Weather Service) makes its first officialmeteorologicalforecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".
- November 12–Dresdner Bankis founded in Germany.
- November 16– The SpanishCortes Generalesproclaims Amadeo de Saboya as KingAmadeo I of Spain.
- December 12–Joseph H. Raineyof South Carolina becomes the second black U.S. congressman (following Hiram Rhodes Revels in February).
- December 28–Juan Prim,prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later.
- December 31
- Sir Henry Barklyis appointedGovernor of the Cape of Good HopeandHigh Commissioner for Southern Africa.
- The 12.8 km (8.0 mi)Fréjus Rail Tunnelthrough theAlpsis completed.
Date unknown
[edit]- David Kenyon invents thefireman's polein Chicago.
- Graeter'sice cream is originated in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Just one of the 916 members of theIndian Civil Serviceis Indian.
Births
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 2–Ernst Barlach,German sculptor, graphic artist and poet (d.1938)
- January 6–Gustav Bauer,Chancellor of Germany(d.1944)
- January 4–Helena Willman-Grabowska,Polish indologist, Sorbonne and Jagiellonian University professor (d.1957)
- January 8
- Walter Edwards,American film director (d.1920)
- Miguel Primo de Rivera,dictator of Spain (d.1930)
- January 11–Alexander Stirling Calder,American sculptor (d.1945)
- January 14–George Pearce,Australian politician (d.1952)
- January 20–Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta,Thai Buddhist monk (d.1949)
- January 23–William G. Morgan,American inventor of volleyball (d.1942)
- February 1–Erik Adolf von Willebrand,Finnish physician (d.1949)
- February 7–Alfred Adler,Austrian psychologist (d.1937)
- February 12
- Marie Lloyd,English singer (d.1922)
- Hugo Stinnes,German industrialist, politician (d.1924)
- February 20–Jay Johnson Morrow,American military engineer, politician, 3rdGovernor of the Panama Canal Zone(d.1937)
- February 25–Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska,Croatian writer (d.1946)
- March 5–Frank Norris,American writer (d.1902)
- March 10–Ester Rachel Kamińska,Polish actress, "mother of Yiddish theatre" (d.1925)
- March 13–Seale Harris,American physician (d.1957)
- March 17–Horace Donisthorpe,English entomologist (d.1951)
- March 20–Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck,German general (d.1964)
- March 29–Pavlos Melas,Greek revolutionary and army officer (d.1904)
- March 31–James M. Cox,Democraticcandidate forPresident of the United Statesin theelection of 1920(d.1957)
- April 1–Hamaguchi Osachi,27thPrime Minister of Japan(d.1931)
- April 4–George Albert Smith,8th president ofThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(d.1951)
- April 17–Ray Stannard Baker,American journalist, author (d.1946)
- April 19–J. Howard Crocker,Canadian educator and sports executive (d.1959)
- April 21–Edwin S. Porter,American film director (d.1941)
- April 22–Vladimir Lenin,Russian revolutionary, firstPremier of the Soviet Union(d.1924)
- April 30–Franz Lehár,Austrian composer (d.1948)
- May 9–Harry Vardon,English golf professional (d.1937)
- May 10–Reginald Tyrwhitt,British admiral (d.1951)
- May 19–Albert Fish,American serial killer (d.1936)
- May 24
- Benjamin N. Cardozo,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1938)
- Jan Smuts,South African soldier, statesman (d.1950)
- June 13–Jules Bordet,Belgian immunologist, microbiologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1961)
- June 18–Édouard Le Roy,French mathematician and philosopher (d.1954)
- June 20–Georges Dufrénoy,French post-impressionist painter (d.1943)
July–December
[edit]
- July 3–R. B. Bennett,11thPrime Minister of Canada(d.1947)
- July 9–Mathew Beard,American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1870 (d.1985)
- July 12–Louis II, Prince of Monaco(d.1949)
- July 25–Maxfield Parrish,American illustrator (d.1966)
- July 26–Charles Becker,American policeman and murderer (d.1915)
- July 27–Hilaire Belloc,French/English man of letters (d.1953)
- July 29–George Dixon,Canadian boxer (d.1909)
- August 2–Marianne Weber,German sociologist and suffragist (d.1954)[10]
- August 4–Harry Lauder,Scottish entertainer (d.1950)
- August 10–Hans Zenker,German admiral (d.1932)
- August 11–Tom Richardson,English cricketer (d.1912)
- August 12–Hubert Gough,British general (d.1963)
- August 20–Edward Stanley Kellogg,16thGovernor of American Samoa(d.1948)
- August 31–Maria Montessori,Italian educator (d.1952)
- September 24–Georges Claude,French engineer, inventor (d.1960)
- September 26– KingChristian X of Denmark(d.1947)
- September 30
- Jean Baptiste Perrin,French physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1942)
- Thomas W. Lamont,American banker (d.1948)
- October 2–Horace Hood,British admiral (d.1916)
- October 4–Karl Renner,1st Chancellor of Austria (d.1950)
- October 10–Ivan Bunin,Russian writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1953)
- October 18–D. T. Suzuki,Japanese philosopher (d.1966)
- October 22–Johan Ludwig Mowinckel,Norwegian businessman,Prime Minister of Norway(d.1943)
- October 30–Lawrence Grant,English actor (d.1952)
- November 21–Sigfrid Edström,Swedish sports official,President of the International Olympic Committee(d.1964)
- November 27–Juho Kusti Paasikivi,Prime MinisterandPresident of Finland(d.1956)
- November 28–Gustavus M. Blech,German-American physician, surgeon (d.1949)
- November 29–Trixie Friganza,American actress (d.1955)
- December 5–Vítězslav Novák,Czech composer (d.1949)
- December 9–Francisco S. Carvajal,36thPresident of Mexico(d.1932)
- December 10–Jadunath Sarkar,Indian historian (d.1958)
- December 14
- Dirk Jan de Geer,Prime Minister of the Netherlands(d.1960)
- Karl Renner,4th President of Austria (d.1950)
- December 18–Saki,English writer (d.1916)
- December 31–Mbah Gotho,Indonesian man, oldest human (d.2017)
Deaths
[edit]January–June
[edit]
- January 20–Sir George Seymour,British admiral of the fleet (b.1787)
- January 25–Victor de Broglie,Prime Minister of France (b.1785)
- January 29–Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany(b.1797)
- February 7–Sylvain Salnave,Haitian general, 9thPresident of Haiti(b.1827)
- February 11–Carlos Soublette,2-time President of Venezuela (b.1789)
- February 19–Nathaniel de Rothschild,French wine grower (b.1812)
- March 1–Francisco Solano López,2ndPresident of Paraguay(killed in action) (b.1827)
- March 3–Henry Light,third governor of British Guiana (b.1783)
- March 4–Thomas Scott,Canadian Orangeman, surveyor of the Red River Rebellion (shot byLouis Rieland the Métis) (b. c.1842)
- March 11–Moshoeshoe IofLesotho(b.1786?)
- March 28–George Henry Thomas,American general (b.1816)
- April 11–Justo José de Urquiza,General, First constitutionalPresident of Argentina(assassinated) (b.1801)
- April 15–Emma Willard,American women's rights activist (b.1787)
- April 16–Domnița Rallou Caragea,Greek princess, independence activist (b.1799)
- May 6– SirJames Young Simpson,Scottish physician, researcher (b.1811)
- June 6–Ferdinand von Wrangel,Baltic-German explorer (b.1796/1797)
- June 7–Friedrich Hohe,German lithographer, painter (b.1802)
- June 9–Charles Dickens,British novelist (b.1812)[11]
- June 20–Jules de Goncourt,French writer, publisher (b.1830)[12]
- June 23–Mírzá Mihdí,youngest child of Baháʼí founder Baháʼu'lláh (b.1848)
- June 27–Cyrus Kingsbury,American missionary to Choctaw Indians (b.1786)
July–December
[edit]
- July 10–Pelaghia Roșu,Romanian heroine (b.1800)
- July 22–Josef Strauss,Austrian composer (b.1827)
- August 4–Abel Douay,French general (killed in action) (b.1809)
- August 14–David Farragut,American admiral (b.1801)
- August 17–Pedro Figueredo,Cuban poet, musician and freedom fighter (b.1818)
- September 4–Juan Javier Espinosa,9th President of Ecuador (b.1815)
- September 23–Prosper Mérimée,French writer (b.1803)[13]
- September 27–William F. Packer,American politician (b.1807)
- October 12
- Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch,American minister, hymn writer (b.1809)
- Robert E. Lee,Confederate general (b.1807)
- November 3–Diego Noboa,4th President of Ecuador (b.1789)
- November 23–Giuseppina Bozzacchi,Milanese-born ballerina (b.1853) (result of deprivation duringSiege of Paris)
- November 24–Comte de Lautréamont,French poet, writer (b.1846)
- November 26–Franz Graf von Wimpffen,Austrian general and admiral (b.1797)
- November 28–Frédéric Bazille,French painter (b.1841)
- December 5
- David G. Burnet,early politician within theRepublic of Texas(b.1788)
- Alexandre Dumas,père, French author (b.1802)[14]
- December 9–Patrick MacDowell,Northern Irish sculptor (b.1799)
- December 27–Juan Prim,Spanish general and prime minister (assassinated) (b.1814)
References
[edit]- ^Seitsemän veljestä 150 juhlavuosi – Nurmijärvi(in Finnish)
- ^García-Albarido, Francisco; Lorca, Rodrigo; Rivera, Francisco (2010). "Arquelogía histórica en el mineral de Caracoles, Región de Antofagasta, Chile (1870-1989)".Revista de Arqueología Histórica Argentina y Latinoamericana(in Spanish).4:169–194.
- ^Bethell, Leslie, ed. (1993).Chile Since Independence.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.pp. 13–14.ISBN978-0-521-43375-4.LCCN92017160.OCLC25873947.
- ^"Mineral de Caracoles".Memoria Chilena(in Spanish).Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.
- ^ab"China", inThe World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates,ed. by George P. Putnam and F. B. Perkins (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878) p. 133.
- ^Olivia B. Waxman (December 23, 2016)."The Surprising Story of Christmas in the United States".Time.RetrievedJanuary 15,2018.
- ^Penguin Pocket On This Day.Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN978-0-14-102715-9.
- ^Smith, Denis (2001).Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley.Thomas Telford. pp. 22–23.ISBN978-0-7277-2876-0.
- ^West, Graham (2005).Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry.Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–118.ISBN978-0-521-33512-6.
- ^Lengermann, Patricia M.; Niebrugge-Brantley, Jill (1998). "Marianne Weber (1870- 1954): A Woman-Centered Sociology".The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory, 1830-1930: a Text/reader.Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 194.ISBN978-1-57766-509-0.
- ^.Dictionary of National Biography.London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ^Pages from the Goncourt Journals(2006). NYRB Classics.ISBN159017190X.
- ^"Prosper Mérimée".Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^Douglas Munro (1978).Alexandre Dumas Père: A Bibliography of Works Translated Into English to 1910.Garland Pub. p. 242.ISBN978-0-8240-9836-0.
Further reading
[edit]- Carruth, Gorton. "1870: Publishing; arts and music; popular entertainment; architecture; theatre."The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Datesby Gorton Carruth, (9th ed., HarperCollins, 1993), p. 302.online
External links
[edit]- "1870".Timeline.USA:Digital Public Library of America.Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2014.