1880–81 United States Senate elections
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25 of the 76 seats in theUnited States Senate(with special elections) 39 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results of the elections: Democratic gainDemocratic hold Republican gainRepublican hold Readjuster gain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1880–81 United States Senate electionswere held on various dates in various states, coinciding with thepresidential election of 1880.As theseU.S. Senateelections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendmentin 1913, senators were chosen bystate legislatures.Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1880 and 1881, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[2]In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 1.
TheDemocratic Partylost five seats. The newly electedReadjustersenatorWilliam Mahonecaucused with the Republicans, and the Republican Vice President's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the slightest majority. This changed when Vice PresidentChester Arthurascended to the Presidency on September 19, 1881: with the Vice Presidency vacant during the remainder of Arthur's term, the Senate became evenly divided for the first of three times in history.
Results summary[edit]
Senate party division,47th Congress(1881–1883)
- Majority party: Republican (37)
- Minority party: Democratic (37)
- Other parties: Independent (1);Readjuster(1)
- Total seats: 76
Change in Senate composition[edit]
Before the elections[edit]
D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 | D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 | ||
D9 | D10 | D11 | D12 | D13 | D14 | D15 | D16 | D17 | D18 |
D28 | D27 | D26 | D25 | D24 | D23 | D22 | D21 | D20 | D19 |
D29 Ran |
D30 Ran |
D31 Ran |
D32 Ran |
D33 Ran |
D34 Ran |
D35 Ran |
D36 Ran |
D37 Ran |
D38 Ran |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majority → | D39 Unknown | ||||||||
R29 Unknown |
R30 Retired |
R31 Retired |
R32 Retired |
AM1 Retired |
I1 | D42 Retired |
D41 Unknown |
D40 Unknown | |
R28 Unknown |
R27 Ran |
R26 Ran |
R25 Ran |
R24 Ran |
R23 Ran |
R22 | R21 | R20 | R19 |
R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 |
R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | R4 | R3 | R2 | R1 |
After the elections[edit]
D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 | D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 | ||
D9 | D10 | D11 | D12 | D13 | D14 | D15 | D16 | D17 | D18 |
D28 | D27 | D26 | D25 | D24 | D23 | D22 | D21 | D20 | D19 |
D29 Re-elected |
D30 Re-elected |
D31 Re-elected |
D33 Re-elected |
D33 Hold |
D34 Hold |
D35 Hold |
D36 Gain |
D37 Gain |
I1 |
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Plurality ↓ | RA1 Gain | ||||||||
R29 Hold |
R30 Hold |
R31 Gain |
R32 Gain |
R33 Gain |
R34 Gain |
R35 Gain |
R36 Gain |
R37 Gain | |
R28 Hold |
R27 Hold |
R26 Re-elected |
R25 Re-elected |
R24 Re-elected |
R23 Re-elected |
R22 | R21 | R20 | R19 |
R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 |
R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | R4 | R3 | R2 | R1 |
Key: |
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Race summaries[edit]
Elections during the 46th Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1880 or in 1881 before March 4; ordered by election date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
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Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Georgia (Class 3) |
John B. Gordon | Democratic | 1873 1879 |
Incumbent resigned to promote a venture for theGeorgia Pacific Railway. WinnerelectedMay 26, 1880. Democratic hold. |
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Alabama (Class 3) |
Luke Pryor | Democratic | 1880(Appointed) | Unknown if interim appointee retired or lost election. WinnerelectedNovember 23, 1880. Democratic hold. |
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Michigan (Class 1) |
Henry P. Baldwin | Republican | 1879(Appointed) | Interim appointeeelectedJanuary 19, 1881. |
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Races leading to the 47th Congress[edit]
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1881; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
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Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
California | Newton Booth | Anti-Monopoly | 1874 | Incumbent retired. Winnerelectedin 1880. Republican gain. |
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Connecticut | William W. Eaton | Democratic | 1874 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1881. Republican gain. |
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Delaware | Thomas F. Bayard | Democratic | 1869 1875 |
Incumbentre-electedin 1881. |
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Florida | Charles W. Jones | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbentre-electedin 1881. |
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Indiana | Joseph E. McDonald | Democratic | 1874 or 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1881.[3] Republican gain. |
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Maine | Hannibal Hamlin | Republican | 1857 1861(Resigned) 1869 1875 |
Incumbent retired. Winnerelectedin 1881. Republican hold. |
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Maryland | William P. Whyte | Democratic | 1868(Appointed) 1869(Retired) 1874 |
Incumbent retired. Winnerelectedin 1880. Democratic hold. |
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Massachusetts | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | 1875 | Incumbentre-electedin 1881. |
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Michigan | Henry P. Baldwin | Republican | 1881(special) | Incumbent retired. WinnerelectedJanuary 18, 1881. Republican hold. |
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Minnesota | Samuel J. R. McMillan | Republican | 1875 | Incumbentre-electedin 1881. |
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Mississippi | Blanche Bruce | Republican | 1874 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1880. Democratic gain. |
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Missouri | Francis Cockrell | Democratic | 1874 | Incumbentre-elected in 1881. |
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Nebraska | Algernon Paddock | Republican | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1880. Republican hold. |
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Nevada | William Sharon | Republican | 1875 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. WinnerelectedJanuary 12, 1881. Democratic gain. |
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New Jersey | Theodore F. Randolph | Democratic | 1875 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1881. Republican gain. |
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New York | Francis Kernan | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. WinnerelectedJanuary 20, 1881. Republican gain. |
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Ohio | Allen G. Thurman | Democratic | 1868 1874 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1880. Republican gain. |
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Pennsylvania | William A. Wallace | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. WinnerelectedFebruary 23, 1881. Republican gain. |
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Rhode Island | Ambrose Burnside | Republican | 1874 | Incumbentre-electedin 1880. |
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Tennessee | James E. Bailey | Democratic | 1877(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1880 or 1881. Democratic hold. |
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Texas | Samuel B. Maxey | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbentre-electedin 1881. |
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Vermont | George F. Edmunds | Republican | 1866(Appointed) 1866(special) 1868 1874 |
Incumbentre-electedin 1880. |
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Virginia | Robert E. Withers | Democratic | 1875 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winnerelectedin 1881. Readjuster gain. Winner would caucus with the Republicans. |
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West Virginia | Frank Hereford | Democratic | 1877(special) | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1880 or 1881. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin | Angus Cameron | Republican | 1875 | Incumbent retired. WinnerelectedJanuary 26, 1881. Republican hold. |
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Elections during the 47th Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1881 after March 4; ordered by date.
State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
Wisconsin (Class 3) |
Matthew H. Carpenter | Republican | 1868 or 1869 1875(Lost) 1879 |
Incumbent died February 24, 1881. WinnerelectedMarch 14, 1881. Republican hold. |
|
Maine (Class 2) |
James G. Blaine | Republican | 1876(Appointed) 1877(special) 1877 |
Incumbent resigned March 5, 1881 to becomeU.S. Secretary of State. WinnerelectedMarch 18, 1881. Republican hold. |
|
New York (Class 1) |
Thomas C. Platt | Republican | 1881 | Incumbent resigned May 16, 1881 to protest federal appointments in New York. WinnerelectedJuly 27, 1881. Republican hold. |
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New York (Class 3) |
Roscoe Conkling | Republican | 1867 1873 1879 |
Incumbent resigned May 16, 1881 to protest federal appointments in New York. WinnerelectedJuly 29, 1881. Republican hold. |
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Rhode Island (Class 1) |
Ambrose Burnside | Republican | 1874 1880 |
Incumbent died September 13, 1881. WinnerelectedOctober 5, 1881. Republican hold. |
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Minnesota (Class 2) |
Alonzo J. Edgerton | Republican | 1881(Appointed) | Interim appointee replaced by successorelectedOctober 30, 1881. Republican hold. |
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Virginia (Class 2) |
John W. Johnston | Democratic | 1871 1877 |
Incumbent lost re-election for the term beginning March 4, 1883. WinnerelectedearlyDecember 21, 1881.[5] Readjuster gain. Winner caucused with the Republicans.[5] |
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Maryland[edit]
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Arthur Pue Gormanwon electionWilliam Pinkney Whytefor an unknown margin of votes for the Class 1 seat.[6]
Nevada[edit]
On January 12, 1881,James Graham Fair(Republican) was elected.[7]
New York[edit]
The New York election was held January 18, 1881, by theNew York State Legislature.DemocratFrancis Kernanhad been elected in January 1875 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1881. At theState election in November 1879,25 Republicans and 7 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1880-1881) in the State Senate. At theState election in November 1880,81 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected for the session of 1881 to the Assembly. The 104th State Legislature met from January 4, 1881, on atAlbany, New York.
The caucus ofRepublicanState legislators met on January 13, State SenatorDennis McCarthypresided. All but one of the legislators were present, only State Senator Edward M. Madden (13th D.) was absent. The caucus nominated Ex-CongressmanThomas C. Plattfor theU.S. Senate.Platt was a friend of the other U.S. Senator from New York,Roscoe Conkling,and belonged to theStalwartfaction. The opposingHalf-Breeds(in the press sometimes referred to as the "anti-machine men" ) at first wanted to nominateChauncey M. Depew,but he withdrew before balloting. The majority of the Half-Breeds, led by President pro tempore of the State SenateWilliam H. Robertson,then supported Platt, a minority voted for Sherman S. Rogers, the defeated Republican candidate forLieutenant Governor of New Yorkin1876.Congressman Richard Crowley was supported by a faction led by Speaker of the State AssemblyGeorge H. Sharpe,allied with GovernorAlonzo B. Cornell.U.S. Vice President William A. Wheeler, and Congressmen Elbridge G. Lapham and Levi P. Morton also received votes.
Office | Candidate | First ballot |
---|---|---|
U.S. Senator | Thomas C. Platt | 54 |
Richard Crowley | 26 | |
Sherman S. Rogers | 10 | |
William A. Wheeler | 10 | |
Elbridge G. Lapham | 4 | |
Levi P. Morton | 1 |
The caucus of theDemocraticState legislators met on January 17, State SenatorCharles A. Fowler(14th D.) presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Francis Kernan by acclamation.
Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the State Senate and the Assembly, and was declared elected.
House | Republican | Democrat | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
State Senate (32 members) |
Thomas C. Platt | 25 | Francis Kernan | 6 |
State Assembly (128 members) |
Thomas C. Platt | 79 | Francis Kernan | 44 |
Notes:
- The votes were cast on January 18, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 19 to compare nominations, and declare the result.
- State Senator Stevens (Dem., 22nd D.) was absent and did not vote.
Pennsylvania[edit]
The Pennsylvania election was held on thirty separate dates from January to February 1881. On February 23, 1881,John I. Mitchellwas elected by thePennsylvania General Assembly.[8]The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of theHouse of Representativesand theSenate,convened on January 27, 1881, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1881. Thirty-five ballots were recorded on thirty separate dates spanning from January 27 to February 23, 1881. The results of the thirty-fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John I. Mitchell | 150 | 59.76 | |
Democratic | William A. Wallace(Incumbent) | 92 | 36.65% | |
N/A | Not voting | 7 | 2.79% | |
N/A | Other | 2 | 0.80% | |
Total votes | 251 | 100% |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abThe Readjuster caucused with the Republicans, and the Republican Vice President's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the slightest majority.
- ^"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration.February 8, 2022.
- ^abGugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E (2006).The governors of Indiana.Indiana Historical Society Press.ISBN9780871951960.RetrievedFebruary 17,2020.
- ^"Blue Book for the State of Wisconsin".1883. p. 463.
- ^abJones Salmon, Emily."Harrison H. Riddleberger (1843–1890)".Encyclopedia Virginia/Dictionary of Virginia Biography.RetrievedMarch 4,2015.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1880".ourcampaigns.RetrievedNovember 5,2022.
- ^The Journal of the Assembly of the Tenth Session of the Legislature of the State of Nevada.Carson City, NV: State Printing Office. 1881. p. 30.
- ^ab"U.S. Senate Election - 27 January 1881 - 23 February 1881"(PDF).Wilkes University.RetrievedDecember 23,2012.
- ^"PA US Senate - 1881".OurCampaigns.RetrievedDecember 22,2012.
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present,via Senate.gov
- Members of the 47th United States Congress
- SENATOR THOMAS C. PLATT; SELECTED BY THE CAUCUS UPON THE FIRST BALLOTin NYT on January 14, 1881
- COMPLIMENTING MR. KERNAN.; THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS RENOMINATES HIM FOR UNITED STATES SENATORin NYT on January 18, 1881
- Election result:BUSY STATE LEGISLATORSin NYT on January 19, 1881
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006from theWilkes University Election Statistics Project