1899
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1899(MDCCCXCIX) was acommon year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Fridayof theJulian calendar,the 1899th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 899th year of the2nd millennium,the 99th year of the19th century,and the 10th and last year of the1890sdecade. As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events[edit]
January 1899[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cu-map.png/160px-Cu-map.png)
- January 1
- Spanish rule ends inCuba,concluding 400 years of theSpanish Empirein the Americas.
- QueensandStaten Islandbecome administratively part ofNew York City.
- January 2
- Boliviasets up a customs office inPuerto Alonso,leading to the Brazilian settlers there to declare theRepublic of Acrein a revolt against Bolivian authorities.
- The first part of theJakarta Kota–Anyer Kidul railwayon the island ofJavais opened between Batavia Zuid (Jakarta Kota) andTangerang.
- January 3– Hungarian Prime MinisterDezső Bánffyfights an inconclusive duel with his bitter enemy in parliament, Horánszky Nándor.
- January 4
- U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinley's declaration of December 21, 1898, proclaiming a policy of benevolent assimilation of the Philippines as a United States territory, is announced in Manila by the U.S. commander, GeneralElwell Otis,and angers independence activists who had fought against Spanish rule.
- TheAmerican Society of Landscape Architects,still in existence 124 years later, is founded.
- January 5– A fierce battle is fought between American troops and Filipino defenders at the town ofPilillaon the island of Luzon. The Filipinos retreat to the mountains at Tanay.
- January 6–Lord CurzonbecomesViceroy of India.
- January 7–The Lucky Star,an Englishcomic operacomposed byIvan Carylland produced by theD'Oyly Carte Opera Companypremieres at theSavoy Theatrein London for the first of 143 performances.
- January 8– TheAssociation footballclubSK Rapid Wienis founded inVienna.
- January 9
- After asuccessful revoltagainst theOttoman Empireby the inhabitants of the island ofCrete,the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution, with provisions for a provincial legislature with 138 Christian deputies and 50 Muslim deputies.
- George F. Hoar,a U.S. Senator for Massachusetts, speaks out in the Senate against American expansion into the Philippines. The text of Hoar's speech is sent by cable toHong Kongat a cost of $4,000 and is later cited by Ambassador John Barrett on January 13, 1900, as an incitement to Filipino attacks on U.S. troops.[1]
- January 10– TheTau Kappa Epsilonfraternity is founded, atIllinois Wesleyan UniversityinBloomington, Illinois.
- January 11– The Steel Plate Transferrers' Association, the first labor union for workers skilled insiderography(the engraving and mass reproduction of steel plates for newspaper printing) is established. After changing its name to the International Association of Siderographers, it will have 80 members at its peak. It dissolves in 1991, with only eight members left.[2]
- January 12–13– In the south-west of England, theLynmouth life-boatLouisais launched fromPorlock Weir,entailing being hauled overland for 15 miles (24 km) with a climb of 1,423 feet (434 m) using 100 volunteers, to save all 18 crew of theForrest Hallin theBristol Channel.[3][4]
- January 13– TheCanadian Northern Railwayis established.[5]
- January 14
- TheWhite Star Line'stransatlanticocean linerRMSOceanicis launched from theBelfastshipyards inIrelandin front of over 50,000 people. At 17,272gross register tonsand 704 ft (215 m), she is the largest ship afloat at this time, following scrapping of theSSGreat Easterna decade earlier.[6]On August 26 she is delivered toLiverpoolto begin her maiden voyage on September 6.[7]
- The British four-masted sailing shipAndelanacapsizesduring a storm inCommencement Bayoff the coast of the U.S. state ofWashington,with the loss of all 17 of her crew.[8]
- January 15– The name ofPuerto Ricois changed by the new U.S. military government to "Porto Rico".[9]It will not be changed back until May 17, 1932.
- January 16– Eduardo Calceta is appointed as Chief of the Army (Jefe General) of the rebel Philippine Republic army by Emilio Aguinaldo.[10]
- January 17– The United States takes possession ofWake Islandin the Pacific Ocean.
- January 18– The General Assembly of the U.S. state ofPennsylvaniabegins the task of filling the U.S. Senate seat ofMatthew Quay,who has recently resigned after being indicted on criminal charges. After 79 ballots and three months, no candidate has a majority, and the General Assembly refuses to approve the governor's appointment of a successor, so the seat remains vacant for more than two years. The Pennsylvania experience later leads to the17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitutionto provide for U.S. Senators to be directly elected by popular vote, rather than by the state legislatures.
- January 19
- TheAnglo-Egyptian Sudanis formed (it is disbanded in1956).
- Future film producerSamuel Goldwyn,born in Poland and later a resident of Germany and England, arrives in the United States at the age of sixteen as Szmuel Gelbfisz.
- January 20– TheSchurman Commissionis created by U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleyto study the issue of the American approach to the sovereignty of the Philippines, ceded to the U.S. on December 10 by Spain. The five-man group, chaired byCornell UniversityPresidentJacob Schurman,later concludes that the Philippines will need to become financially independent before a republic can be created.
- January 21
- OpelMotors opens for business in Germany.
- TheMalolos Constitutionis ratified in theProvince of Bulacanby theRevolutionary Government of the Philippines.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/OpelLutzmann.jpg/170px-OpelLutzmann.jpg)
- January 22– The leaders of six Australian colonies meet inMelbourne,to discuss the confederation of Australiaas a whole.
- January 23
- Emilio Aguinaldois sworn in as President of theFirst Philippine Republic.
- Mubarak Al-Sabah,the emir ofKuwait,signs theAnglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899,a secret treaty with the British Empire to acceptprotectoratestatus for the Middle Eastern sheikdom in return for British protection of Kuwaiti territory.
- The BritishSouthern Cross Expeditioncrosses theAntarctic Circle.
- January 24– ThePhiladelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine,one of the oldest medical schools in the United States, is founded.
- January 25– The city ofPonce, Puerto Ricois saved from disaster by seven firemen and one volunteer civilian who disobey orders and stop"El Polverin",a fire near the U.S. Army's store of explosive artillery. A"Monument to the Heroes of El Poverin"is later erected in their honor.
- January 26
- U.S. RepresentativeGeorge Henry WhiteofNorth Carolina,the only African-American in Congress at this time, delivers his first major speech, speaking out against disenfranchisement of black voters and proposing that the number of representatives from a U.S. state should be based on the number of persons of voting age who actually cast ballots, rather than population.[11]
- German inventorKarl Ferdinand Braun,who will later share the 1909Nobel Prize in PhysicswithGuglielmo Marconi,receives British Patent No. 1899-1862 for his wireless radio invention "Telegraphy without directly connected wire".[12]
- January 27–Camille Jenatzyof France becomes the first man to drive an automobile more than 80 kilometers per hour, almost breaking the 50 mph barrier when he reaches an unprecedented speed of 80.35 kilometres per hour (49.93 mph) in his CGA Dogcart racecar. Jenatzy's speed is more than 20% faster than the January 17 mark of 66.65 kilometres per hour (41.41 mph) set byGaston de Chasseloup-Laubat.
- January 28
- At a time when U.S. Senators are elected by the state legislature rather than by ballot, wealthy businessmanWilliam A. Clarkis elected senator by theMontanastate legislature after offeringbribesto most of its members. The U.S. Senate refuses to seat him after evidence of the bribery is revealed.[13]
- TheLeague of Peja,organized byHaxhi Zekato lobby for a Kosovar Albanian state within the Ottoman Empire, attracts 450 delegates to its first convention, held at the city ofPeja,in the modern-day Republic of Kosovo.[14]
- January 29– A lawyer for the estate ofJohn W. Keely,an inventor who had persuaded investors in his Keely Motor Company that an automobile could be created that would operate from Keely's "induction resonance motion motor" which had achievedperpetual motion,reveals that the late Mr. Keely's motor has been a fraud, and that the widow knew nothing of it.[15]
- January 30–Dimitar Grekovis appointed asPrime Minister of BulgariabyKing Ferdinand I,but removed from office less than 10 months later on October 13.
- January 31–Cherokee Nationvoters in theIndian Territory(later the U.S. state ofOklahoma) approve a proposition to allot Cherokee lands and to dissolve the Cherokee government, but the U.S. Congress never ratifies the results.
February 1899[edit]
- February 1
- Ranavalona III,who had been theQueen of Madagascaruntil being deposed on February 28, 1897, is sent into exile by English colonial authorities, along with the rest of the royal family. She departs on the shipYang-Tseon a 28-day trip toMarseilles.[16]
- TheSuntorywhisky distiller and worldwidealcoholicandsoft drinkbrand ofJapanis established by Shinjiro Torii inOsakaas a store selling imported wines.[17][18]
- February 2– The participants in the Australian Premiers' Conference, held inMelbourne,agree that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.
- February 3–Kansas University's newcollege basketball team,coached by the game's inventor, Dr.James Naismith,plays its first game, and is defeated by theYMCAteam ofKansas City, Kansas,16 to 5.[19]
- February 4
- ThePhilippine–American Warbegins as hostilities break out in Manila.
- Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden"is first published, appearing inThe Timesof London. A response to the United States occupation of the Philippine Islands, and exhorting members of theWhite raceto be responsible for benevolent civilizing of the world's"non-white" people,the poem is reprinted inThe New York Sunthe next day.[20]
- February 5– Thefirst major battleof the Philippine–American War concludes with the capture by the U.S. of theSan Juan River Bridgethat connectsManilaandSan Juan.U.S. Army GeneralArthur MacArthur Jr.directs troops of the U.S. Army Eighth Corps to victory over Filipino troops commanded by GeneralAntonio Luna.In the two-day battle, 55 U.S. soldiers and 238 Filipino soldiers are killed.[21]
- February 6– A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by theUnited States Senateby a vote of 57 to 27 to end theSpanish–American War.
- February 7–Elections are held in Greecefor the 235 seats of the Hellenic Parliament. Supporters of the lateCharilaos Trikoupiswin 110 seats, 8 short of a majority, and Trikoupis's successor,Georgios Theotokisforms a government as Prime Minister.
- February 8– Protests against the government of Russia breaks out atSaint Petersburg Universityand mounted police respond violently, causing a riot.[22]
- February 9– TheDodge Commissionexonerates the U.S. Department of War from responsibility in theUnited States Army beef scandal,where meatpacking companies supplied low-grade, putrefied beef to American soldiers during the Spanish American War and caused an unquantified number of cases of food poisoning. While War SecretaryRussell Algeris not accused of criminal negligence, the Commission implies that he was incompetent and he is later forced to resign.[23]
- February 10
- U.S. Army troops, supported by bombardment from the warshipsCharlestonandMonadnock,defeat Filipino forces in theBattle of Caloocanand get control of the Manila to Dagupan railway. Colonel W. S. Metcalfe is later accused by some of his men of having ordered the shooting of Filipino soldiers taken prisoner.[24]
- Future U.S. PresidentHerbert Hooverand his fiancéeLou Henry,both 24, are married at her parents' home inMonterey, California,and depart the next day for a 14-month stay in China, where Hoover works as a mining engineer.
- February 11– The coldest temperature recorded up to this time in the continental United States is set asFort Logan, Montana,records a low of −61 °F (−52 °C).[25]
- February 12– TheGreat Blizzard of 1899strikes the east coast of the United States, causing subzero temperatures as far south as southernFloridafor two days and destroying the citrus fruit crop that year.
- February 13
- Cipriano Castrostarts theRestorative Liberal Revolutionby leading 60 people from the exile to cross the Colombia–Venezuela border to defeatIgnacio Andradegovernment.
- In New York, the White Star ocean linerSSGermanic,already laden with ice and snow during its voyage from Liverpool, becomes even more weighed down after disembarking its passengers when the New York City blizzard strikes. With 3,600,000 pounds (1,600,000 kg) of added weight, the ship begins to list sideways and additional weight enters cargo doors that have been opened for refuelling.Germanicremains on the bottom of New York Harbor for more than a week while salvaging goes on, then requires refurbishing for three months, but becomes operational again.[26]
- February 14–Voting machinesare approved by theU.S. Congressfor use in federalelections.
- February 15– TheFebruary Manifestois issued by theEmperor of Russia,decreeing that a veto by theDiet of Finlandmay be overruled in legislative matters concerning the interest of all Russia, includingautonomous Finland.The manifesto is viewed as unconstitutional and a coup d'état by many Finns, who have come to consider their country a separate constitutional state in its own right, in union with the Russian Empire. Furthermore, the manifesto also fails to elaborate the criteria that a law has to meet in order to be considered to concern Russian imperial interests, and not an internal affair of Finland (affairs over which the Diet's authority is supposed have remained unaltered), leaving it to be decided by the autocratic Emperor. This results in Finnish fears that the Diet of Finland may be overruled arbitrarily.
- February 16
- Félix Faure,thePresident of Francesince 1895, dies of a stroke in his office while engaged in sexual activity with his mistress,Marguerite Steinheil.
- Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur,the firstAssociation footballclub inIceland,is established in the island's capital,Reykjavík.
- February 17– The research vesselSSSouthern Cross,onan Antarctic expeditionled byCarsten Borchgrevink,arrives atCape Adareand begins unloading 90 sledge dogs – the first ever on the continent – and two NorwegianSámicrewmen,Per Savioand Ole Must, who become the first humans to spend the night inAntarctica.Over the next 12 days, the rest of the 31-man crew bring in supplies and build a temporary settlement.
- February 18– The National Assembly of France elects a new President to fill out the remainder of the late President Faure's term. Senate PresidentÉmile Loubetwins the vote, 483 to 278, against Prime MinisterJules Méline.[27]
- February 19– In Venezuela, the former Minister of War, Major GeneralRamón Guerra,angry with the reforms of PresidentIgnacio Andrade,proclaims the state ofGuáricoas an independent territory. President Andrade orders General Augusto Lutowsky to crush the rebellion and Guerra flees to Colombia, but later comes back as Minister of War.[28]
- February 20– Discussions among members of a joint Anglo-American commission, set up by U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleyand Canadian Prime MinisterWilfrid Laurierto resolve theAlaska boundary dispute,end abruptly after it is clear that the U.S. will not make any concessions. In response, Laurier makes clear that there will be no further concessions with the U.S. in trade.[29]
- February 21
- Gdadebo II,theAlake of Egbain modern-day southeast Nigeria, signs an agreement with the British Governor ofLagos Colonyto lease lands for construction of a new railway from Aro toAbeokuta.
- The British freighterSSJumna,with the capacity to carry more than 500 people, but shipping a load of coal with minimal crew, is last seen passingRathlin Islandoff Northern Ireland. Bound fromScotlandto deliver the shipment toUruguay,it never arrives and is never seen again.[30]
- TheVicksburg National Military Parkis established in Mississippi to preserve the battlefield of theBattle of Vicksburgthat was fought in 1863 during the American Civil War.
- February 22–Convention Hall,which later hosts two national political conventions, opens inKansas City, Missouri,with a concert by the band ofJohn Philip Sousa.The building burns down less than 14 months later.
- February 23– In France,Paul DéroulèdeandJules Guérinof the right-wingLigue des Patriotesattempt to persuade GeneralGeorges-Gabriel de Pellieuxto lead a coup d'état during the funeral of the late president Félix Faure in order to overthrow President Loubet. General Pellieux refuses to participate. Later in the year, Déroulède and Guérin are indicted for conspiracy against the government and banished from France.
- February 24– The works of Catholic priest and theologianHerman Schell,including the recently publishedDer Katholicismus als Princip des FortschrittsandDie neue Zeit und der alte Glaubeare placed by the Roman Catholic Church on itsIndex Librorum Prohibitorum,the list of banned books.
- February 25– In an accident at Grove Hill,Harrow, London,England, Edwin Sewell becomes the world's first driver of a petrol-driven vehicle to be killed; his passenger, Maj. James Richer, dies of injuries three days later.[31]
- February 26–Dezső Bánffyresigns asPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary,at this time a partner in theAustro-Hungarian Empire,and is succeeded byKálmán Széll.
- February 27– Japanese immigration toSouth America,primarily the nation ofPeru,begins as the shipSakura Marudeparts fromYokohamawith 790 men employed by the Morioka-shokai Sugar Company. The group arrives inCallaoon April 3.[32]
- February 28– U.S. President William McKinley approves a law increasing the pension to American Civil War veterans, both Union and Confederate, to $25.00 per month.[33]
March 1899[edit]
- March 1– InAfghanistan,Capt.George Roos-Keppelmakes a sudden attack on a predatory band ofChamkannisthat have been raiding in the Kurram Valley, and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.
- March 2–Mount Rainier National Parkis established in the U.S. state ofWashington.
- March 3–Guglielmo Marconiconducts radio beacon experiments on Salisbury Plain in England and notices that radio waves are being reflected back to the transmitter by objects they encounter, one of the early steps in the potential for developingradar.[34]
- March 4–Cyclone MahinastrikesBathurst Bay,Queensland. A 12 meter high wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead (the deadliestnatural disasterin Australia's history).
- March 5–George B. Seldensells the rights to his patent for an internal combustion engine to theElectric Vehicle Company,and he and the company then claim a royalty on all automobiles using such an engine.[35]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aspirin-skeletal.svg/125px-Aspirin-skeletal.svg.png)
- March 6– InBerlin,Felix HoffmannpatentsAspirinandBayerregisters its name as a trademark.[36]
- March 7– The Provisional Law on the Judiciary is issued in the Philippines to provide for the selection of a Chief Justice.
- March 8– The Frankfurter Fußball-Club Victoria von 1899 (predecessor ofEintracht FrankfurtAssociation football club) is founded.
- March 9–Japanpromulgates itscommercial code, the Shōhō,to take effect on June 16. The Shōhō replaces the Kyu-shoho that had come into force on July 1, 1893, and, as amended, applies to Japanese business into the 21st century.[37]
- March 10
- The U.S. state ofDelawareenacts itsgeneral corporation actthat makes it the most important jurisdiction in United States corporate law.
- At theBattle of Balantang,the U.S. Army sustains 400 casualties in an attack by Philippine troops under the command of Pascual Magbanua.
- March 11
- The world's first wireless distress signal is sent bywireless telegraphy(in Morse code) to the East Goodwinlight vesselwhen German cargo-carrying barquentineElberuns aground in fog onGoodwin Sandsin theEnglish Channel,bringing assistance fromRamsgate Lifeboat Station.[38]
- Waldemar Jungnerfiles the patent application for the firstalkaline batteryand receives Swedish patent number 11132.[39]
- March 12–Encinal County, Texas,created on February 1, 1856, near the U.S. city ofLaredoon the condition that it would create acounty seat,is discontinued and annexed into neighboringWebb County.[40]The largest town in the area,Bruni,has less than 400 people.
- March 13–Chelan County, Washingtonis created fromOkanoganandKittitascounties for the area aroundWenatchee.
- March 14
- Aftera civil warbreaks out inSamoabetweenMalietoa Tanumafili I(recognized by Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.) and rebels who recognizeMata'afa Iosefoas the island's king, theUSSPhiladelphiatakes control of the capital atApia.
- Germany'sKaiser Wilhelm IItakes direct command of theImperial Navy.
- March 15–Santa Cruz Countyis established in the southeast corner ofPima Countyaround the city ofNogales(built across from the border of the larger Mexican city ofNogales, Sonora) in the U.S. territory of Arizona.
- March 16– Memorial ceremonies are held for the burial of the late German heroOtto von Bismarckand his wife,Johanna von Puttkamerwith their re-interment at theBismarck Mausoleum,a modern-day tourist attraction atFriedrichsruhinAumühle.Bismarck, who had died on July 30 last, had been buried along with his wife at the estate of his home in Varzin, the modern-day city ofWarcinoinPoland.
- March 17– A fire kills 86 people at theWindsor Hotelin New York City.[41][42]
- March 18–Phoebe,the ninth-known moon of the planetSaturnis discovered by U.S. astronomerWilliam Pickeringfrom analysis of photographic plates made by a Peruvian observatory seven months earlier, the first discovery of a satellite photographically.
- March 19
- One of the first labor unions for government employees is formed with the organization inDenmarkof theCopenhagen Municipal Workers' Union
- The Battle ofTaguigtakes place in the Philippines as the USSLaguna de Baybombards theKatipunanstronghold.
- March 20– AtSing Singprison inOssining, New York,Martha M. Placebecomes the first woman to be executed in anelectric chair.
- March 21– TheEden TheatreinLa Ciotat,a small city in France nearMarseilles,lays a claim to being the firstcinemaas brothersAuguste LumièreandLouis Lumièrepresent their short film,L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat( "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station" ) to 250 surprised spectators. The action film shows a steam train pulling intoLa Ciotat station,passengers coming out of the cars, and departing passengers climbing on.[43]
- March 22– The coronation ofMalietoa Tanumafili Ias King of Samoa takes place. He had become the Malieota of the South Pacific island when his father died on August 22.[44]
- March 23– The U.S. cruiser USSPhiladelphiaand the Royal Navy cruisers HMSPorpoiseand HMSRoyalistbombard rebel-held villages in Samoa after an attack onApia.[44]
- March 24
- The U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, acting as arbitrator of a boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile, awards the disputed territory to Chile.[44]
- George Deweyis madeAdmiral of the U.S. Navy.
- March 25– The rowing crew ofCambridge Universitywins theannual boat raceagainstOxford Universityfor the first time in a decade, finishing ahead of Oxford by 31⁄4lengths on theThames.Oxford had won the race nine times in a row from 1890 to 1898.
- March 26– In the first major action in the Malolos Campaign in thePhilippine–American War,90 Filipino soldiers are killed in theBattle of the Meycauayan bridge.
- March 27
- Guglielmo Marconisuccessfully transmits a radio signal across theEnglish Channel.[45]
- In theBattle of Marilao River,Filipino forces under the personal command ofEmilio Aguinaldo,President of the Philippines,fail to prevent troops of theUnited States Armycrossing the river.
- March 28–Alfred Martineaubecomes the newFrench colonial governorofFrench Somalilandin northeast Africa, the modern-dayRepublic of Djibouti.
- March 29– TheFirst Philippine Republicrelocates its capital fromMalolostoSan Isidro, Nueva Ecijaas the government flees an invasion of U.S. forces.
- March 30– The British steamerStellasinks in the English Channel with the loss of 80 people after wrecking againstLes Casquets,a group of rocks near the Channel Islands.[44]
- March 31
- The United Kingdom announces that it has completed the purchase of rights to occupy the Kingdom of Tonga.[44]
- In thePhilippine–American War,Malolos,capital of theFirst Philippine Republic,iscaptured by American forces.
April 1899[edit]
- April 1– TheSecond Battle of Vaileletakes place inSamoaas rebels loyal to KingMata'afa Iosefoforce the retreat of American and British troops assisting Samoans loyal toPrince Tanumafili.
- April 2– TheHamburg America Linecruise shipSSGraf Walderseebegins its maiden voyage.
- April 3– The shipSakura Marubrings 790Japanese immigrantsto thePeruvianport ofCallaoas the first persons fromJapanto be accepted to live inSouth America.
- April 4
- Cuba's General Assembly votes to disband the Cuban army and to dissolve to accept U.S. sovereignty.[44]
- The German Imperial Navy warshipSMSJaguar,which will be scuttled after losing the 1914Siege of Tsingtao,begins service.
- April 5– A team of five European geologists and 30 African laborers sets out from Northern Rhodesia to explore the minerals of central Africa for the British companyTanganyika Concessions, Ltd.(TCL). Discovering that the most valuable copper deposits are in theCongo Free State,TCL makes an unsuccessful attempt to purchase full rights from King Leopold of Belgium.
- April 6– In an elaborate military ceremony, 336 of the 385 American soldiers killed in theSpanish–American Warareinterredat theArlington National Cemetery.[44]
- April 7– TheShootout at Wilson Ranch,the last major gunfight of theWild Westera in the U.S., takes place inTombstone, Arizona.Brothers William Halderman and Thomas Halderman, kill two lawmen. They will be hanged on November 16, 1900.
- April 8–The Victors,the famousfight songforUniversity of Michigansports, is premiered atAnn Arbor, MichiganbyJohn Philip Sousaand his band. A student orchestra had played the music three days earlier for a smaller student audience.
- April 9
- InUganda,King Chwa II Kabalegaof theBunyorokingdom, a leader of the fight against British colonial occupation, is taken prisoner after being shot in a battle nearHoima.Kabalega is exiled to theSeychellesin the South Pacific ocean and remains there until 1923.
- The Greek shipMariasinks after a collision with the British steamerKingswellin the Mediterranean and 45 people drown.[44]
- TheBattle of Santa Cruzbegins in the Philippines between U.S. Army troops and nationalists of theFirst Philippine Republic.After a two day battle, 93 Filipino fighters and one American soldier are dead.
- April 10–Seven people are shot and killedin a gun battle at the Springside Mine atPana, Illinois,between striking white union coal miners, and African-Americans hired as strikebreakers by the company.[44]Five of the dead are black, including the wife of one of the non-union miners, along with one white miner and a white sheriff's deputy.
- April 11– U.S. President William McKinley declares the Spanish-American War to be at an end as theTreaty of Parisbetween the U.S. and Spain goes into effect. Ratifications are exchanged between McKinley and French AmbassadorJules Cambonon behalf of Spain.Puerto Rico,thePhilippinesandGuamare ceded to the U.S. andCubabecomes an American protectorate.[44]
- April 12–Bolivia's PresidentSevero Fernándezis overthrown in amilitary coup d'étatled by GeneralJosé Manuel Pando.
- April 13– The British freighterCity of Yorkdeparts from the U.S. port ofSan Franciscowith a crew of 27 and a cargo of Oregon timber bound forFremantlein Australia, but never reaches its destination, wrecking on the reefs atRottnest Islandon July 12.
- April 14–British Armytroops inHong KongattacktheWalled City of Kowloonon orders of colonial GovernorHenry Blake,based on intelligence that Chinese Imperial Army troops have been stationed behind the walls to subvert Britain's1898 lease.By April 19, the British commander discovers that the Chinese troops had already departed and that only 150 civilians remain.
- April 15– Students at theUniversity of California, Berkeleysteal theStanford AxefromStanford University,yelling at leaders following a baseball game, thus establishing the Axe as a symbol of the rivalry between the schools.
- April 16
- Voting is held in Spainfor the 402 seats of theCongreso de los Diputados,and theConservative Unionwins a majority with 233 members.[44]Voting for the Senate of Spain takes place on April 30.
- Britain formally claims possession of the "New Territories"as an extension of its lease of Hong Kong to cover the area south of theSham Chun Riverand 230 island inKowloon Bay.
- April 17– Thefirst elections for the 10-member Legislative Councilof the British colony ofSouthern Rhodesia(nowZimbabwe), limited to European candidates and voters.
- April 18– TheLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898goes into effect, creating 32 counties of Ireland (six which would become Northern Ireland) and abolishes thecounties corporateofCarrickfergusandDrogheda.
- April 19–Franceadds theKingdom of Laos,aprotectoratesince 1893, to the existing colony ofFrench Indochina.
- April 20– The controversial balletLe Cygne,choreographed byMadame Mariquitaand written byCatulle Mendès,premieres at theOpéra-ComiqueinParis,but is considered by critics to be too sexually explicit.
- April 21– ThenovaV606 Aquilaeis first observed from Earth as seen within theconstellationAquila.It fades within six months.
- April 22– In aid of theRoyal Niger Company,the British Army begins an invasion ofEsanland,in southwestern Nigeria, to halt the resistance of theEsanchiefs still resistant to European rule. After Benin King Ologbosere is overcome, the British attack the kingdom atEkpoma.
- April 23– The steamshipGeneral Whitneysinks off the coast ofSt. Augustine, Florida.While everyone on board escapes in lifeboats, one of the boats capsizes, drowning the captain and 16 other crew.
- April 24– The Scottish shipLoch Sloyis wrecked off the coast ofAustralia'sKangaroo Island,drowning 32 of the 35 people on board.
- April 25–Voting is held for the 169-seatNational AssemblyinBulgaria,and theRadoslava Partywins a majority.
- April 26–Jean Sibeliusconducts the world première of hisSymphony No. 1inHelsinki(Finland).
- April 27– In Australia, theApostolic Church of Queenslandreceives formal recognition as a religious denomination.
- April 28– The United Kingdom and the Russian Empire sign the Anglo-Russian Agreement formalizing their spheres of influence in China, essentially agreeing that Britain will not seek railway concessions north of the Great Wall of China, and Russia will avoid doing the same in theYangtze Rivervalley in southern China.[46]
- April 29–Camille Jenatzyof Belgium becomes the first person to drive faster than 100 kilometers per hour, powering his electric CITA Number 25 racecar,La Jamais Contenteat 105.88 kilometres per hour (65.79 mph) at a track atAchères,nearParis.
- April 30– In the Philippines, the U.S. establishes aprotectorateover theRepublic of Negros,a semi-independent government forNegros Island,separate from the rest of the Philippine Islands. The Republic exists until its annexation to the rest of the U.S. territory on April 20, 1901.
May 1899[edit]
- May 1– U.S. Navy AdmiralGeorge Deweyreports that 10 officers and crew of the shipUSSYorktownhave been taken prisoner by the Philippine republic.[47]
- May 2– TheKingdom of Siam(modern-day Thailand) cedes its province ofLuang Prabang(now Laos) to France.[47]
- May 3
- Francisco Silvelabecomes the newPrime Minister of Spainafter the resignation on March 7 ofPráxedes Sagastain the wake of Spain's loss of its overseas territories during the Spanish-American War.
- TheFerencvárosi TCAssociation footballclub is founded inBudapest.
- May 4
- The thoroughbred horse Manuel, ridden by Fred Taral, wins the 25th running of theKentucky Derby.
- Inventor John Matthias Stroh applies for the patent for his new invention, the "Stroh violin",a stringed musical instrument with an amplifying horn attached. British Patent No. GB9418 is granted on March 24, 1900.
- May 5– The village ofStirling, Albertais founded in Canada as a Mormon colony of 30 American settlers fromRichfield, Utah,led byTheodore Brandley
- May 6– The first democratic elections in Philippine history are held in for a municipal government forBaliuagin the province ofBulacan.
- May 7– The capital of theFirst Philippine Republicis moved by PresidentEmilio AguinaldofromManolostoAngeles City
- May 8– In the French West African colony ofNiger,French Army CaptainPaul Vouletcarries out the massacre of theHausainhabitants of the village ofBirni-N'Konniin retaliation for the continued resistance ofQueen Sarraounia.
- May 9– The firstKNVB Cupof theRoyal Dutch Football Associationis won byRAP Amsterdamin extra time, 1 to 0, overHVV Den Haag.
- May 10– Finnish farmworkerKarl Emil Malmelinkills seven people with an axe at the Simola croft in the village ofKlaukkala.[48][49]
- May 11–Alberto Santos-Dumontattempts the first test flight of hisAirship No. 2,but rain cools the hydrogen during the ship's inflation and a gust of wind blows it into nearby trees, where it is destroyed.[50]
- May 12– The first trade union for railway employees in Sweden, theSvenska Järnvägsmannaförbundet(Sweden Railworkers' League) is founded. It lasts until 1970, when it merges into a labor union of Swedish government employees.
- May 13
- A train wreck nearReading, Pennsylvaniakills 28 people and injures 50.[47]
- TheEsporte Clube VitóriaAssociation football club is founded inSalvador,Brazil.
- May 14– The three time world championClub Nacional de Footballis founded inMontevideo,Uruguay.
- May 15– A clue to the fate of the British freighterPelican,which disappeared in October 1897 along with 40 crew, is found in amessage in a bottlethat washes ashore at Portage Bay, Alaska.
- May 16
- May 17– In the Philippines, U.S. Army troops capture the city ofSan Isidro, Nueva Ecija,where Philippine Republic president Aguinaldo had moved his capital, but find that the insurgents have already left.
- May 18– TheFirst Hague Peace Conference,initiated by EmperorNicholas IIof Russia, is opened inThe Hagueby Willem de Beaufort,Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.
- May 19– The U.S. Army capturesTawi-Tawi,the southernmost island in thePhilippines.[51]
- May 20– In New York City:
- Jacob German, a cab driver, becomes the first motor vehicle operator in the U.S. to be arrested for speeding when he is caught driving his electric taxi 12 miles per hour (19 km/h), more than twice the speed limit onLe xing ton Avenue.[52]
- TheAmerican Physical Societyis founded at a meeting atColumbia Universityby 36 physicists, with a mission "" to advance and diffuse the knowledge of physics. "
- May 21
- The crew of the Royal Navy ship HMSNarcissussights a large sea creature estimated to be 150 feet (46 m) long in the Mediterranean Sea near Algeria and reports that it propels itself by means of "an immense number of fins", as well as being able to spout water from several points on its body. The creature is not seen again after the lone encounter.[53]
- The town ofPorosowinPoland(modern-day Porazava inBelarus) is destroyed by fire.[51]
- May 22– The unrecognizedRepública Selvática– the "Jungle Republic" – is proclaimed by Peruvian Army Colonel Emilio Vizcarra in three provinces in Northern Peru located within theAmazon rainforest,Loreto,San MartínandUcayali.[54]The "republic" is reincorporated into Peru after Vizcarra's death on February 27, 1900.
- May 23– Major GeneralHenry W. Lawtonand his troops arrive inManolos,capital of the First Philippine Republic, after a 120-mile march in 20 days that has captured 28 towns with a loss of only six men.[51]
- May 24
- Jules Massenet'sCendrillon,the firstoperabased on the fairy tale ofCinderella,premieres inParisat the theater of theOpéra-Comique.
- The 80th birthday ofQueen Victoriais celebrated throughout the British Empire.[51]
- May 25
- Pope Leo XIIIissues the encyclicalAnnum sacrum,declaring 1900 to be a Holy Year and directing Roman Catholic churches worldwide to carry out the consecration of all human beings to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
- A fire in the Canadian city ofSaint John, New Brunswick,destroys 150 buildings and renders over 1,000 people homeless.[51]
- May 26– The guns of the British warship HMSScylla,commanded by Captain Percy Scott, hit their targets 56 out of 70 times after Percy and his crew solve the problem of aiming a ship cannon on rolling seas.[55]
- May 27
- Rangers F.C.,also known asGlasgowRangers and one of the most successful soccer teams in theScottish Football League,is incorporated.
- Maurice Ravelconducts the first public performance of hisShéhérazade, ouverture de féeriein Paris; it receives a critical reception.[56]
- May 28– GeneralVicente Álvarezforms the short-livedRepublic of Zamboangain thePhilippineson a peninsula on the island ofMindanao.The nation exists until 1903 when it is consolidated by the U.S. to the rest of the Philippine territory.
- May 29– The Spanish system of courts in the Philippines, closed since the American occupation began, is revived under U.S. sovereignty and regulation.[51]
- May 30– Female outlawPearl Hartrobs a stage coach 30 miles (48 km) southeast ofGlobe, Arizona.
- May 31
- TheHarriman Alaska Expeditionis launched.
- TheBloemfontein Conferencecommences betweenPaul KrugerandSir Alfred Milnerin theOrange Free State,but ends in failure after six days.[51]
June 1899[edit]
- June 2– American outlaws Robert L. Parker (Butch Cassidy) and Harry A. Longabaugh ( "The Sundance Kid") commit their first armed robbery as"The Wild Bunch",stopping aUnion Pacifictrain nearWilcox, Wyoming,with accomplicesHarvey LoganandElzy Lay,and steal more than $30,000 worth of cargo.
- June 3
- France's Court of Cassation orders a reopening of the1894 conviction for treason ofFrench Army CaptainAlfred Dreyfusafter evidence of a wrongful conviction is made public, and directs that Dreyfus be returned to France after five years of imprisonment on Devil's Island off of the coast of South America.[51]
- The United States and Spain resume diplomatic relations, as U.S. President McKinley receives the Duke of Arcos as the new Minister for Spain.[51]
- June 4– ThePresident of France,Émile Loubet,is assaulted at theLongchamp Racecoursewhile watching the annual Grand Steeplechase. His attacker, Fernand de Christiani, beats him with a cane while Loubet is sitting in the grandstand. De Christiani receives a four-year prison sentence nine days later.
- June 5– GeneralAntonio Luna,Commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, is assassinated along with his chief aide, ColonelPaco Román,after being lured toCabanatuanby PresidentEmilio Aguinaldo.
- June 6– The U.S. military government of the Philippines directs that the 1885Alien Contract Labor Law,which prohibits the importation of foreign workers into the United States, be applied to bringing persons other than Americans into the Philippines.
- June 7– TheAutomobile Club of America,the first automobile owners' association in the U.S., is founded by a group of racers attending a meeting at theWaldorf-Astoria Hotelin New York City, with a purpose of promoting "the sport of automobilism". It is incorporated on August 15.
- June 8
- TheFrederick Douglass Monument,the first statue in the U.S. to memorialize a specific African-American person, in unveiled inDouglass'shometown ofRochester, New York.
- Italian SaintGemma Galganiexperiencesstigmatain the form ofwoundscorresponding to those sustained byJesus Christduring hiscrucifixion;her family physician concludes that Galgani's stigmata were actually self-inflicted wounds from a sewing needle.[57]
- June 9– American boxerJames J. Jeffrieswins the world heavyweight bo xing championship when he knocks outCornish-bornBob Fitzsimmonsin the 11th round of a bout atConey Islandat Brooklyn, New York.[58]
- June 10
- Under the terms of theSamoa Tripartite Convention,Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States form a colonial government to administer aprotectorateover the islands ofSamoa,with each nation providing anadministrative consulto decide on the island's relations with foreign powers. The government lasts less than nine months, and Germany annexes the western part of Samoa on March 1, 1900, leaving the U.S. to control what is nowAmerican Samoa.
- French classical composerErnest Chaussondies at the age of 44, not long after his career begins to flourish, when his bicycle crashes into a brick wall as he is riding down a hill. The death is ruled to be an accident, although later biographers speculate that Chausson committed suicide.
- June 11–Pope Leo XIIIissues a declaration of theconsecrationof the entire human race, whether Christian or non-Christian, to theSacred Heart of Jesus.The consecration follows the issuance of his papalencyclicalAnnum sacrum,declaring1900to be aHoly Yearand directing all Roman Catholic churches in the world to implement thePrayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heartduring the period of June 9 to June 11, 1899. At this time, an estimated 1.6 billion people are on Earth.
- June 12
- TheNew Richmond tornadocompletely destroys the town ofNew Richmond, Wisconsin,killing 117 and injuring more than 200.
- France's Prime MinisterCharles Dupuyand his cabinet announce their resignations after losing a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies.[51]
- June 13– The village ofHerman, Nebraska,with a population of 319, is destroyed by a tornado and 40 people are killed.[51][59]
- June 14–Hiram M. Hiller Jr.,William Henry Furness IIIand Alfred Craven Harrison Jr. set off on their third research expedition to gather archeological, cultural, zoological, and botanical specimens for museums, with a focus on South Asia and Australia.
- June 15
- Sweden's Department of Foreign Affairs hosts a conference for delegates from Germany, Denmark, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Russia and Sweden to make agreements on fishing in theArctic Ocean,theBaltic Seaand theNorth Sea.[60]
- Cycle & Carriage,one of the largest companies inSingapore,is founded.
- June 16– The United States and Barbados sign a trade treaty.[51]
- June 17–David Hilbertcreates the modern concept ofgeometry,with the publication of his bookGrundlagen der Geometrie,released on this date atGöttingen.[61]
- June 18– The Federación Libre de Trabajadores is created inPuerto Ricoby anarchistsSantiago Iglesias,Ramón Romero Rosa and Eduardo Conde as aresistance movement against the United States.
- June 19
- TheAnglo-Egyptian Sudanis created in northeast Africa to be as a territory to be administered jointly by Egypt and the United Kingdom, through an Egyptian governor-general appointed with consent of the UK, although in practice it becomes administered as part of the British Empire. The arrangement will continue for more than 50 years until the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy in 1952 and the granting of independence to the Republic of Sudan in 1956.
- Edward Elgar'sEnigma Variations(Variations on an Original Theme,Op. 36) are premiered atSt James's Hallin London conducted byHans Richter;the work rapidly attracts international acclaim.[62]
- June 20
- Voters in the British colony ofNew South Walesoverwhelmingly approve a resolution to join the proposedFederation of Australia.[63]
- The right-wing nationalist movementAction Françaiseis formed in France
- June 21– "Treaty 8",the most comprehensive of the elevenNumbered Treaties,is signed between the British Crown on behalf of Canada, with variousCreegroups of theFirst Nations(Kapawe'no,Sucker Creek Cree,Driftpile,Swan River), ceding 320,000 square miles (830,000 km2) of land in the northern parts ofAlberta,Saskatchewan,andBritish Columbia,as well as a portion of theNorthwest Territories,to the Canadian government.
- June 22–Pierre Waldeck-Rousseauforms a new government to becomePrime Minister of France.[63]
- June 23
- William H. Thompkins,Dennis Bell,Fitz LeeandGeorge H. Wantonare awarded theMedal of Honorfor their heroism in theSpanish–American Warduring the rescue of a stranded landing party while under enemy fire. The four men, all members of theBuffalo Soldiersof the U.S. Army, become the last African-Americans to be selected for the Medal of Honor for more than half a century.[64]
- The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) and the Russian Empire sign a Declaration of Jurisdiction, Trade and Navigation at Bangkok.[65]
- June 24
- Spaincedes its last Pacific Ocean colonies, theCaroline Islands(now part of theFederated States of Micronesia,the Ladrone islands of Ladrone(now part of theMariana Islands), andPalau,toGermany.[63]
- TheAustralia national rugby union teamplays its first game,a 13-3 loss to at team representing Great Britain.
- June 25– ThreeDenvernewspapers publish a story (later proved to be a fabrication) that the Chinese government under theGuangxu Emperoris going to demolish theGreat Wall of China.
- June 26–Joseph Chamberlain,the BritishSecretary of State for the Colonies,sets into motion theSecond Boer Warafter receiving an appeal from the BritishCape Colonyin South Africa to help British subjects oppressed in theTransvaal Republic.Chamberlain declares "We have reached a critical point in the history of the Empire," and war begins on October 11.[66]
- June 27
- Thepaperclipis patented byJohan Vaaler,a Norwegian inventor.[67]
- A. E. J. Collins,a 13-year-old schoolboy, completes four afternoons ofcricketwith the highest-ever recorded individual score, 628not outs.Collins never playsfirst-class cricketand is killed in action in 1914 during World War One, but his record will stand for 117 years until a 15-year old boy in India,Pranav Dhanawadescores 1,009 not out in 2016.
- June 28– InNigeria,British authorities publicly hang King Ologbosere Irabor outside of the courthouse atBenin City,days after he was captured and convicted of ordering the massacre of a party dispatched by the British consul.[68]
- June 29– The mayor ofMuskegon, Michigan,James Balbirnie, is assassinated by a disappointed office-seeker, J. W. Tayer, who then kills himself.[63]
- June 30– 'Mile-a-Minute Murphy' earns his nickname after he becomes the first man to ride a bicycle for one-mile (1.6 km) in under a minute, onLong Islandwhile being paced by a Long Island Railroad engine. Murphy pedals his bike one mile in 57.8 seconds for an average speed of 62.28 miles per hour.[63]
July 1899[edit]
- July 1
- TheInternational Council of Nursesis founded in London, at a meeting of the Matron's Council of Great Britain and Ireland.[69]
- The German domestic appliance companyMieleis founded.
- July 2–Pope Leo XIIIvenerates four missionaries who were executed in Asia asmartyrsof the Roman Catholic Church.Jean-Charles Cornaywill be canonized as a saint in 1988, whilePaul Liu Hanzuo,Peter LieouandLouis Gabriel Taurin Dufressewill be canonized 100 years after their veneration byPope John Paul IIon October 1, 2000.
- July 3– Swiss-born American boxerFrank Ernewins the world lightweight championship by defeating championGeorge "Kid" Lavignein a decision after 20 rounds inBuffalo, New York.
- July 4– The most famous skeleton of adinosaurever found intact, aDiplodicus,is discovered at the Sheep Creek Quarry in the western United States nearMedicine Bow, Wyoming.The expedition team, financed byAndrew Carnegiefor theCarnegie Museum of Natural HistoryinPittsburghand led by William Harlow Reed, bestows the name "Dippy"on theDiplodicus carnegii,which becomes well known after Carnegie has plaster cast replicas made for donation to museums all over the world. The diplodicus dinosaurs are estimated to have roamed in North America more than 152,000,000 years ago.[70]
- July 5
- InChicago,the firstjuvenile court in the United States,the Cook County Circuit Court Juvenile Justice Division, hears its first cases with R. S. Tuthill as its judge.[71]
- The 1895 Trade and Navigation agreement between the Japanese and Russian empires goes into effect, with each country was given "a full freedom of ship and cargo entrance to all places, ports, and rivers on the other country's territory."[72]
- July 6– An assassin attempts to killMilan Obrenović,who had been King of Serbia before abdicating in 1889, and had more recently been appointed by his son,King Alexander,as Commander-in-chief of the Serbian Army. General Obrenović is uninjured, but begins a campaign to seek out and arrest the radicals in Serbia.
- July 7–The Great Lakes Towing Company(GLT), later part of The Great Lakes Group, is incorporated byJohn D. RockefellerandWilliam G. Matherto acquire more than 150tugboatsto control shipping in four of the North AmericanGreat Lakes(Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Superior) and quickly builds a monopoly on Great Lakes traffic.
- July 8– TheLorelei Fountain,sculpted byErnst Herterfrom white marble, is unveiled inThe Bronxin New York City across from the Bronx County Courthouse.
- July 9– The Latin American Plenary Council, called by Pope Leo XIII on December 25 for the Roman Catholic bishops of lands in Central America and South America to address the question of "how to guard the interests of the Latin race", closes inRomeafter six weeks. The bishops agree that Catholics should not "to celebrate with heretics" (specifically, non-Catholics) in religious ceremonies or to attend heretic church services, on pain of excommunication; that every republic in Latin America should have "a truly Catholic University" for education in the "sciences, literature and the good arts"; that missionary work to the Indian populations is "the grave duty of the ecclesiastical as well as civil authority to carry civilization to the tribes that remain faithless"; and that priests should be encouraged to study at the Pius Latin American Seminary in Rome.[73]
- July 10
- British colonial authorities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan give control of theRed Seaport ofSuakintoSudan,after having agreed on January 19 that Egypt would have the right to administer commerce there.
- TheAllegan meteorite,a 50 lb (23 kg)H chondritecrashes to Earth and lands insouthwestern Michigan's Allegan Countyin the U.S.
- July 11– InTurininItaly,Giovanni Agnelliand eight investors form the Italian automobile manufacturerF.I.A.T.(FabbricaItalianaAutomobiliTorino, the Italian Automobile Manufacturers of Turin), producers of theFiatmotor vehicles.
- July 12– The British freight shipCity of Yorksinks after striking reefs atRottnest Island,off the coast ofWestern Australia,due to a misunderstanding of signal flare fired fromthe island's lighthouse.The ship, which was nearing the end of a 90-day voyage from the U.S. (San Francisco) toFremantle, Western Australia,evacuates its 26 crew in two lifeboats, but one of the boats overturns and 11 men, including Captain Phillip Jones, drown.
- July 13– A tornado kills 13 people in the U.S. village ofHerman, Nebraska.
- July 14– The firstRepublic of Acreis declared by former Spanish journalistLuis Gálvez Rodríguez de Ariasin the Amazon jungle in South America, and lasts for nine months.
- July 15
- Japan's first comprehensive copyright law takes effect and, on the same day, Japan agrees to join theBerne Conventionon respect of copyright laws of other nations.
- GeneralEmilio Aguinaldo,who has commanded the Filipino resistance against the Spanish government, informs the U.S. Army GeneralThomas M. Andersonthat he intends to assume authority for the Philippine Islands in areas conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards.[74]
- July 16– The first soccer football game inEl Salvadorbetween two organized teams takes place at the Campo Marte field inSanta Ana,where a local team hosts a team of players fromSan Salvador.The Santa Ana team wins, 2 to 0.[75]
- July 17
- NEC Corporationis organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.
- In theBattle of Togbao,the FrenchBretonnet–Braunmission is destroyed, in the North African kingdom ofChad,by the warlordRabih az-Zubayr.
- TheAnglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigationtakes effect, endingextraterritorialityand the unequal status of Japan in foreign commerce.[76]
- July 18– The patent for the firstsofa bed(a foldable bed frame that can be stored under the cushions of a couch) is taken out by African-American inventorLeonard C. Bailey.He receives U.S. Patent No. 629,286 on June 2, 1900.
- July 19– U.S. Secretary of WarRussell A. Algersubmits his resignation at the request of U.S. President McKinley, following public outrage over theUnited States Army beef scandal,in which the War Department purchased tainted beef for soldiers during the Spanish-American War.
- July 20
- A white lynch mob inTallulah, Louisianacarries out the killing of five white Italian shopkeepers fromSicilywho have opened stores in the town to sell produce and meat, after accusations that the Sicilians were driving the American stores out of business. None of the suspects in the lynching are prosecuted.[77]
- Park Row BuildinginNew York Cityis completed and becomes the world's tallest building, a title it holds until1908.
- July 21– TheNewsboys' striketakes place, when the Newsies of New York go on strike (untilAugust 2).[78]
- July 22– The torture and lynching of Frank Embree takes place in the town ofFayette, Missouri,after Embree, a black 19-year-old man, is accused by a mob of raping a white 14-year-old girl. Shortly after Embree has received 100 lashes from a whip, a photographer takes Embree's photo, followed by another one after Embree's hanging.[79]
- July 23– The U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. retires its short-livedcable carsystem, the day after Columbia Railway Company converts exclusively to electric powered cars
- July 24– In the first trade treaty signed by the U.S. after the passage of theDingley Act,which authorizes the U.S. President to negotiate reductions of tariffs up to 20% if the other side does the same, France and the United States sign an agreement for a 20% reduction of France's existing tariffs on 635 of 654 specific items, in return for the U.S. reduction between 5% and 20% of duty fees on 126 items.[80]
- July 25– France's Minister of War levies out punishments against officers who participated in theDreyfus affair,removing GeneralGeorges-Gabriel de Pellieuxfrom his duties as Military Governor of Paris, and removing GeneralOscar de Négrierfrom the War Council.[81]
- July 26– ThePresident of the Dominican Republic,dictatorUlises Heureaux,is assassinated during a visit to the city ofMoca.Vice PresidentWenceslao Figuereosucceeds to the office.[78]
- July 27– Gold is discovered inNome, Alaska,leading to theNome Gold Rush.[82]
- July 28– TheAll Cubans,a team of professional baseball players from Cuba, begins a barnstorming tour of the U.S. with games against white and black teams, starting with a 12-4 win over a local team atWeehawken, New Jersey
- July 29– The first international Peace Conference ends, with the signing of theFirst Hague Convention.
- July 30– TheHarriman Alaska Expeditionends successfully.
- July 31–Duke of York Island,offAntarctica,is discovered by explorerCarsten Borchgrevinkand the BritishSouthern Cross Expedition.[83]
August 1899[edit]
- August 1–A hurricanedestroys all but nine homes in the small U.S. town ofCarrabelle, Florida
- August 2– The first attack on an offshore oil installation in the United States takes place off the coast ofSanta Barbara, CalifornianearMontecito,when a mob of outraged citizens demolishes an oil rig.[84]
- August 3– TheJohn Marshall Law Schoolis founded in Chicago.
- August 4– Japan rescinds its policy ofextraterritorialityprivileges to western nations that had operatedconsular courtsto try cases against western nationals under western law.[85]TheBritish Court for Japancloses at the end of the year.
- August 5– Automotive mechanicHenry Ford,with the help of 12 investors, incorporates theDetroit Automobile Company.While the company will fail after 17 months, it establishesDetroit,Michigan,as the site for U.S. car manufacturing and the mistakes learned help Ford have more success with theFord Motor Company.[86]
- August 6– NearStratford, Connecticut,36 people are killed when a trolley falls off of a trestle and lands upside down in a pond 40 feet below.[87]On the same day, the collapse of a ferry dock inMount Desert Island, Maine,drowns 20-people.
- August 7
- The retrial of French Army CaptainAlfred Dreyfusopens atRennes.
- Governance of the island ofGuam,under the administration of theUnited States Department of the Navy,begins withAdmiral Richard P. Learyas the first U.S. Naval Governor.[88]
- August 8– TheSan Ciriaco hurricanestrikesPuerto Rico,recently annexed by the United States, and leaves 250,000 people homeless.[89]The official death toll is later listed as 3,369 people.[90]
- August 9– TheSeats for Shop Assistants Act 1899is given royal assent in the United Kingdom, providing, for the first time, a respite for workers required to remain standing for long periods of time.
- August 10–Marshall "Major" Taylorwins the world 1-mile (1.6 km) professional cycling championship inMontreal,securing his place as the firstAfrican Americanworld champion in any sport.[91]
- August 11– The "Black Heavyweight Championship"of bo xing is won byFrank Childsin a six-round win overKlondike Haynes.
- August 12– South African Republic GeneralJan Smutsmakes a final initiative to avert the outbreak of what will become theSecond Boer Warwith Britain, meeting inPretoriawith the British charge d'affaires,Conyngham Greene.[92]
- August 13– The battle for the Philippine city ofAngelesbegins when the U.S. Army's VIII Corps, led by Major GeneralArthur MacArthur Jr.,fights Philippine forces led by Brigadier General Maximino Hizon. The U.S. captures the area, the future site ofClark Air Force Base,by August 16.[93]
- August 14– French attorneyFernand Laboriis wounded in an assassination attempt while serving as the defense lawyer for in the retrial of CaptainAlfred Dreyfus.
- August 16
- Hobson City, Alabama,the oldest exclusively African American municipality in the United States, is incorporated inCalhoun Countywith a population of 400 black residents.[94]As of 2020, the town remains 92% African American. At the time, only two other "all black" towns exist in the U.S.,Lincolnville, South CarolinaandPrinceton, North Carolina.[95]
- Western outlawTom "Black Jack" Ketchumis badly wounded in a poorly-planned attempt to commit a train robbery by himself. He is captured the next day, has an arm amputated, and is executed in a poorly-planned hanging in 1901.[96]
- August 17
- EmperorGojong of Koreaissues the 9-article International Declaration declaring that, as "the great emperor of Korea", he has "infinite military authority" as well as absolute power to enact laws.[97]
- TheSan Ciriaco hurricanemakes landfall inNorth Carolina'sOuter Banks,completely destroying the town ofDiamond City.
- August 18
- Llest Colliery explosion at Pontyrhyl in theSouth Wales coalfieldof the U.K. kills 19 miners.[98]
- Rasmus Midgettof theUnited States Life-Saving Servicesingle-handedly saves the 10 surviving crew of the freighter SSPriscilla
- August 19– A bill to construct the proposed Dortmund-Rhine Canal in Germany, supported by Kaiser Wilhelm II, failed overwhelmingly in the lower house of parliament, with 225 against and only 147 in favor.[99]
- August 20– TheKiram–Bates Treatyis signed in thePhilippinesbyJamalul Kiram II,Sultan of Sulu,and U.S. Army Brigadier GeneralJohn C. Bates,with U.S. forces recognizing the autonomy of local governments in theSulu Archipelago(within theMindanaoisland group) in return for the Sultan's assistance in suppressing attacks on U.S. forces.
- August 21–Sir Edmund Antrobus,owner of the land on Salisbury Plain upon whichStonehengestands in England, offers to sell the land to the British government for £125,000.[100]After Sir Edmund's death in 1915, his brother Cosmo will have the land auctioned for £6,600.[101][102]
- August 22– The earliest major motorcycle race in the U.S. takes place at the Harford Avenue Colosseum inBaltimore,Maryland,with three teams of motor-powered tandem bicycles competing. The team of Henri Fournier and Charles Henshaw wins the race.[103]
- August 23
- InDarien, Georgia,the "Delegal riot" takes place when hundreds of armed African-American residents surround theMcIntosh CountyJail to prevent the transfer of Henry Delegal, a black man charged with rape, to prevent the possibility of Delegal being lynched.[104]The Georgia State militia is sent in to disband the rioters (21 of whom are convicted of inciting a riot) and to oversee Delegal's safe transfer. Delegal is later acquitted of the rape charge.[105][106][107]
- The first ship-to-shore test of a wireless radio transmission is made from the U.S. lightshipLV 70with the sending of Morse code signals to a receiving station near San Francisco. The tests are made over 17 days with the ship also sending carrier pigeons to carry the message transmitted in order to verify the accuracy of the transmission.[108]
- August 24– France's Minister of Commerce,Alexandre Millerand,decrees a change in regulations to extend the right toworkers' compensationto cover all profit-making establishments.[109]
- August 25– Two convicted murderers, Cyrus A. Brown and Matthew Craig, become the first white men to be legally executed in the modern-day U.S. state ofOklahoma.The two are hanged together atMuskogeein the Creek Nation section of the U.S.Indian Territory.[110]
- August 27– U.S. engineers, aided by local Sudanese workers, complete the installation of the prefabricatedAtbararailroad bridge over theNile RivernearKhartoumafter outbidding British construction companies, marking a turning point in British leadership worldwide in construction.Lord Kitchener,commander of the British Army force in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, remarks at the ceremony, "... as Englishmen failed, I am delighted that our cousins across the Atlantic stepped in. This bridge is due to their energy, ability and power to turn out work of magnitude in less time than anybody else. I congratulate the Americans on their success in the erection of a bridge in the heart to Africa."[111]
- August 28– At least 512 people are killed when a debris hill from theSumitomoBesshi copper mineatNiihama,Shikoku,Japan, collapses after heavy rain; 122 houses, a smelting factory, hospital and many other facilities are destroyed.[112]
- August 29– GeneralJuan Isidro Jimenes,whose ship had stopped inCubawhile he was on his way toSanto Domingoto become the newPresident of the Dominican Republic,is arrested by order of U.S. Military GovernorLeonard Woodafter coming ashore atSantiago de Cuba.[113]Jimenes would soon be released and would become the President on November 15, 1899.
- August 30– After taking over the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic,Santiago de los Caballeros,revolutionists proclaimHoracio Vásquezas the Central American nation's President in rebel-controlled territory. At the same time in the capital atSanto Domingo,PresidentWenceslao Figuereosteps down after only five weeks in office and prepares to leave the city as the rebels approach.[114]
- August 31– TheOlympique de Marseilleassociation football club is founded inFrance.[115]
September 1899[edit]
- September 1– TheNationaltheatret,Norway's national theater, is inaugurated
- September 2– In the Battle of Karari at Sudan between the British Army, led by Lord Kitchener, and Sudanese troops commanded by the Mahdi Khalifa Abdullah, 11,000 Sudanese are killed and 1,600 wounded.[116]
- September 3–An 8.2 magnitude earthquakeshakes the area aroundYakutat BayinAlaska.
- September 4–Thomas B. Reed,Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, resigns his seat in Congress and the Speaker's office in protest over U.S. President McKinley's support of war with Spain.
- September 5
- The first labor and management agreement inDenmarkis reached between the Danish Federation of Trade Unions and the Danish Employers' Confederation.[117]
- GeneralHoracio Vasquez,leader of a revolution against theDominican Republic's President Wenceslao Figuereo, arrives at the capital, Santo Domingo and forms a provisional government.
- September 7– The first parade of automobiles in U.S. history takes place atNewport, Rhode Island.[118]
- September 8–Eduardo López de Romañais inaugurated as the President of Peru.[102]
- September 9– In the retrial of his court-martial, French Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus is again found guilty of treason and sentenced to serve the remaining 10 years of his prison sentence on Devils Island.[102]
- September 10– A week after an 8.2 magnitude quake strikes Alaska,a stronger, 8.5 magnitude earthquakeshakesYakutat Bay.
- September 11–Northern Arizona Universityis founded in Flagstaff in the Arizona Territory of the United States, as Northern Arizona Normal School, with 23 students and two professors. More than a century later, the university will have almost 30,000 students and 1,100 full time faculty.
- September 12– American boxerTerry McGovernwins the world bantamweight title by knocking out British boxerPedlar Palmerin the first round at the Westchester Athletic Club in New York.
- September 13
- Halford Mackinder,Cesar Ollier and Josef Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian, at (5,199 m or 17,057 ft), the highest peak ofMount Kenya.[119]
- The French Army invades the Sultanate of Zinder inNigerand kills the ruler, Amadou Kouran Daga.[120]
- September 14
- GeneralCipriano Castrodefeats the Venezuelan Army at the battle ofTocuyitoand prepares to march to Caracas to overthrow PresidentIgnacio Andrade.
- Real estate agentHenry Blissis struck by an electric-powered taxicab and fatally injured after stepping off of a trolley at the intersection ofWest 74th Streetand Central Park West in New York City, becoming the first person in the U.S. to killed by an automobile.
- September 15– Preparing for an attack on Britain'sCape ColonyinSouth Africafrom the neighboringTransvaalRepublic, British Army ColonelRobert Baden-Powellarrives at the border town ofMafekingand begins recruiting volunteers and stockpiling munitions to prepare foran attack and siege.[121]
- September 16– In the second annual1899 VFL Grand Finalchampionship game of theVictorian Football League,defending champFitzroynarrowly retains the title overSouth Melbourne,27 to 26.
- September 17– The strange career of Australian banditJohn Francis Peggotty,a diminutive holdup man said to have ridden on an ostrich, ends in the town ofMeningie, South Australiawhen Peggotty's intended victim shoots both the bandit and the ostrich. The body of the ostrich is found, but Peggotty is never seen again.[122]
- September 18
- Rail transport is inaugurated in Koreawith the opening of theGyeongin RailwayfromIncheon(at the time called Chemulp'o) toYeongdeungpo(a town located across the Han River fromSeoul).[123]
- Scott Joplin'sMaple Leaf Ragis registered for copyright, asragtimemusic enjoys mainstream popularity in the United States.
- September 19
- CaptainAlfred Dreyfusis pardoned in France by the Ministry of War.[102]He will be released from prison atRennesthe following day[102]but not fully exonerated until1906.
- The patent for the firstwater meteris granted toEdwin Ford,the water superintendent forHartford City, Indiana.
- September 21
- A special session of theOrange Free State's parliament, theVolksraad,meets at Bloemfontein in South Africa to discuss war with the British Empire. At the same time, three British transports depart from Bombay in India with troops to the Cape Colony in South Africa.[124]
- The Dominion Line steamerScotsmansinks in theStrait of Belle Islein Canada, killing 15 women and children.
- September 22
- Elections are held in Swedenfor the 230-seats of the Riksdag (formerly 182 seats). The Lantmanna Party retains majority control.[124]
- Following a court-martial in Spain, AdmiralPatricio Montojo,who had surrendered the Philippines to U.S. AdmiralGeorge Deweyto end theSpanish–American War,is relieved of all commands and placed on the reserve list.[124]
- September 23– Austria's Chancellor,Prince Franz von Thun,and his cabinet of ministers all resign.[124]
- September 24– A crowd of several thousand men inLondondisrupts an anti-war demonstration inTrafalgar Squareand shouts down the Peace Association speakers as well as hurling "decayed apples and eggs and other missiles."[125]
- September 25– A Serbian court sentences 30 people convicted for conspiracy to attempt to assassinate the formerKing Milan,with the two main leaders being sentenced to death and 10 others getting 20 year prison sentences.[124]
- September 26– General Manuel Guzman Alvarez of theVenezuelanstate of Sucrejoins with GeneralCipriano Castroin a revolt against the Venezuelan government.[124]
- September 27– Former U.S. President Benjamin Harrison concludes his special assignment of arguing in favor of Britain before the Anglo-Venezuelan arbitration tribunal.[124]
- September 28
- Austrian auto designerFerdinand Porscheattracts worldwide attention when his first car, thePorsche P1,wins the Berlin Road Race with such speed that he crosses the finish line 18 minutes ahead of the second-place finisher.
- New Zealand's parliament approves a proposal to send troops to support Britain'sCape Colonyin South Africa, while the Orange Free State parliament votes to support theSouth African Republic(the Transvaal), aswar between the British and the Dutchappears imminent.[124]
- September 29– TheVeterans of Foreign Wars(VFW) is founded in the U.S. bySpanish–American Warveteran James C. Putnam as the American Veterans of Foreign Service.[126]
- September 30
- The1899 Ceram earthquakekills 3,864 people onSeram Island(part of the modern-day Maluku province of Indonesia) through a tsunami after a 7.8 magnitude earthquake strikes at 1:42 in the morning local time. According to a subsequent investigation, the villages of Paulohy-Samasuru and Mani, with a combined population of 2,400 people, are swept away by a 29 foot (8.8 m) wave.[127]
- InMilwaukee,minor league baseball executive Harry Quinn announcesan 8-team rival to baseball's 12-team National League,the "American Baseball Association" with an eastern division (New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington) and a western division (Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee and Detroit).[128]
October 1899[edit]
- October 1
- Possession of theMariana Islandsin the South Pacific Ocean is formally transferred from Spain to Germany, which purchased the archipelago (with the exception ofGuam) from Spain for 837,500 German gold marks (equivalent at this time to $4,100,000) and become part ofGerman New Guineauntil the end of World War One.[129]
- Felipe Agoncillo,dispatched by the Philippine Revolutionary government to lobby for independence, meets in Washington with U.S. President McKinley and his attempt to be part of peace talks between the United States and Spain is rejected.[130]
- October 2– The Serbian government ends the state of siege in Belgrade that followed the attempted assassination of Serbia's former King Milan.[124]
- October 3– The boundary dispute betweenVenezuelaandBritish Guiana(modern-dayGuyana) is resolved by a binding award from the International Tribunal of Arbitration of five neutral jurists agreed upon by the United Kingdom and the United Venezuelan States.[131]
- October 4– The South African Republic issues an order to "all White inhabitants" within its protectorate, theKingdom of Swaziland,to evacuate the area, with the exception of property owners eligible for active military service. British subjects inside Swaziland are evicted and escorted to the border with the Portuguese East African colony ofMozambique.
- October 5– The 7,000Zulumineworkers in the Witwatersrand of the South African Republic are assembled by mine recruiter John Sidney Marwick atJohannesburgso that they can be transported home before war breaks out with Britain.[132]
- October 6– The War Office of the UK alerts the administrators of the 79,000-man British Army Reserve to prepare for drafting of soldiers in preparation for war in South Africa.[133]
- October 7– U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinley,Canada's Prime MinisterWilfrid Laurierand Mexico's Foreign MinisterIgnacio Mariscalare hosted at the U.S. city of Chicago for its Autumn Festival.[134]
- October 8– TheSouth African Republic(ZAR) telegraphs a three-day ultimatum to the U.K., demanding an arbitration of issues and a pullback of troops from the borders between the ZAR and the adjoining Cape Colony, Natal and Bechuanaland by October 11.[135]
- October 9– TheHanover Congressof theSocial Democratic Party of Germanybegins inHanoverand lasts until October 14.
- October 10– TheFrench Sudanin west Africa is divided into two smaller administrative units, Middle Niger (which later becomes the nations of Niger and Gambia) and Upper Senegal (which becomes the nations of Senegal and Mali)
- October 11– In South Africa, theSecond Boer Warbetween the United Kingdom and theBoersof theTransvaalandOrange Free Statebegins as the Boers invade the Britishcolony of Natal.
- October 12– The Sultan of Turkey issues a decree promising reforms to the persecution of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.[124]
- October 13– TheSecond Boer Warextends into the BritishBechuanaland Protectorate(modern-dayBotswana) as thesiege of Mafekingbegins.
- October 14– The Boer invasion of the Cape Colony begins with thesiegeofKimberley.
- October 15– French Army officerFerdinand de Béhagleis put to death by Sudanese warlordRabih az-Zubayr,prompting a French expedition to be led against Rabih.
- October 16–A Chinese Honeymoon,the firstmusicalto run for more than 1,000 performances, is performed for the first time, making its debut at the Theatre Royal inHanley, Staffordshirebefore moving to London.
- October 17– TheThousand Days' War(La Guerra de los Mil Días) begins in the South American nation inColombiaasColombian Liberal Partysoldiers led by GeneralRafael Uribe Uribe,with the support of aid from Venezuela, begin a fight against the government of National Party presidentManuel Antonio Sanclemente.The war will continue for 1,130 days until November 21, 1902.
- October 18– TheBoxer Rebellionbegins in China as theBattle of Senluo Templeis fought in China'sShandongprovince between more than 4,000 Imperial Chinese Army troops and at least 1,000 rebels from theSociety of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.[136]
- October 19
- In Worcester, Massachusetts, 17-year-oldRobert H. Goddardreceives his inspiration to develop the first rocket capable of reaching outer space, after viewing his yard from high in a tree and imagining "how wonderful it would be to make some device which had even the possibility of ascending to Mars, and how it would look on a small scale, if sent up from the meadow at my feet."[137]
- Boer troops commanded byJohannes Kockcapture the railway station in the British Natal colony town ofElandslaagteand cut the telegraph line between the British Army headquarters at Ladysmith and the British station atDundee.
- October 20– In the first major clash of theSecond Boer War,theBattle of Talana Hill(nearDundee, Natal), theBritish Armydrives the Boers from a hilltop position, but with heavy casualties, including their commanding general SirPenn Symons.
- October 21– TheBattle of Elandslaagteis fought in Britain's Natal colony as the British Army recaptures the railway station from Boers, then proceeds toward the fortress ofLadysmith.South African GeneralJan Kockis fatally wounded in the battle and dies 10 later while imprisoned at Ladysmith.[138]
- October 22– In Spain, an advertisement runs in the sports magazineLos Deportes,paid for by Swiss immigrantHans Gamper,announces that Gamper is seeking to create a soccer football team forBarcelona.[139]The organizational meeting takes place at the Sociedad Los Deportes on November 29, attracting 11 players who formFutbol Club Barcelona.
- October 23
- ThePhilippine Independent Churchis formed at a conference inPaniquifor the purpose of separating from theRoman Catholic Church.
- The Empire of Austria holds its first automobile race. It is won inViennaby Baron Theodor von Liebig, driving anNW Rennzweiercar.
- October 24
- The sinking of the shipCisnerosby theColombian NavywarshipHérculesdrowns more than 200 Liberal rebels during theBattle of Magdalena Riverin northernColombia.[140]
- President Steyn of the South African Republic proclaims the annexation of the northern portion of theCape Colonyabove the Vaal River.[138]
- October 25
- José Manuel Pando,a member of thethree-member junta that has governedBoliviasince April 12, becomes the newpresident.
- Elisara Alaalamuais installed as the newTui Manuʻaor Paramount Chief of theSamoan islandofTaʻū.
- October 26
- Indirect fire,a shooting technique based on calculating azimuth and inclination to aim a weapon at an enemy that cannot be hit by direct fire, is used for the first time in battle.[141]British gunners in theSecond Boer War,using the techniques developed by Russian Lieutenant Colonel K. G. Guk, fire a cannon on a high trajectory toward the Boer Army, with the objective of having the shell coming down on the enemy.
- Voting takes place in Switzerlandfor the 147-member National Council.
- The foundering of the British steamerZurichoff of the coast of Norway kills 16 of the 17 crew aboard, with only the captain surviving.[138]
- October 27– Louise Masset, an unmarried mother, murders her 3-year old son in a bathroom at theDalston Junction railway stationinLondon.She will be found guilty on December 18 and hanged at Newgate Prison three weeks later on January 9.[142]
- October 28– TheSwaziland Commandounit of theSouth African RepublicArmy, with 200 burghers, attacks and burns the British police post at Kwaliweni during theSecond Boer War.Warned by Swaziland's KingNgwane V,the 20 policemen are able to evacuate the post office and flee toIngwavuma,which the Commandos attack next.[143]
- October 29– TheBattle of Kounoends after two days inFrench Equatorial Africaat the village of Kouno, nearFort-Archambaultin what is nowChad,as French Army CaptainÉmile Gentilleads a force of 344 troops against a much larger force of 2,700 Sudanese Arabs, led by the warlordRabih az-Zubayr.Gentil routs the Sudanese, but at the cost of 46 deaths and more than 100 wounded.[144]
- October 30– In a key engagement in theSecond Boer War,theBattle of Ladysmithbegins as British troops at the Ladysmith fort in thecolony of Natalattempt to make a preemptive strike against a larger force of South African Republic and Orange Free State troops that is gradually surrounding the fort. After sustaining 400 casualties and having 800 men captured, the British retreat back to the fort wherea 118-day siegebegins on November 2.
- October 31– TheHouse of Commons of the United Kingdomunveils thestatueofOliver Cromwell,commissioned in honor of the former Lord Protector of theCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
November 1899[edit]
- November 1– A spokesman for theWhite Houseannounces that U.S. Vice PresidentGarret Hobartwill not return to public life and reveals that Hobart has serious health problems.[145][146]Hobart had retired to his home inPaterson, New Jersey,shortly after having been assigned the duty of telling War SecretaryRussell Algerto resign. On November 21, Hobart becomes the fourth U.S. Vice President to die in office.
- November 2– Thesiege of Ladysmithbegins in Britain's Natal colony in South Africa, as armies of the two Boer republics (theSouth African Republicand theOrange Free State) cut telegraph lines connecting Ladysmith to the British colony, and try over the next 118 days to starve out the British force.[138]The British defenders will hold the fort without surrendering, despite disease and starvation, until thesiege is broken on February 28, 1900by a force led by British Army GeneralRedvers Buller.
- November 3– The first championship bo xing bout to be filmed for motion pictures is fought between challengerTom Sharkeyand heavyweight championJames J. Jeffries.Jeffries wins in 25 rounds at an indoor arena atConey Island, New York,withAmerican Mutoscope and Biographfilming the action.[147]
- November 4– TheAlpha Sigma Tausorority, which has chapters at 83 colleges and universities in the U.S. as of 2022, is founded inYpsilanti, Michigan.
- November 5
- The U.S. Army, commanded by Major General Arthur MacArthur, wins the battle to capture the Philippine Republic's capital atAngeles City,after nearly three months of fighting that began on August 10. It also captures the Philippine stronghold ofMagalang,which had been defended by Major GeneralServillano Aquino.
- TheBelgian Antarctic Expedition,led byAdrien de Gerlache,is concluded asRVBelgicasails intoAntwerpharbor.
- November 6
- The firstPackardluxury automobile is produced at company's plant inWarren, Ohio.[148]
- The firstBroadwayplay based on Arthur Conan Doyle's detectiveSherlock Holmesdebuts at theGarrick Theateras a production ofWilliam Gillette.
- The Boers begin the shelling of the British settlement atMafeking.[138]
- November 7
- Representatives of the U.S., the UK and Germany sign a treaty in Washington for arbitration of Samoa's claims for damages, with King Oscar of Sweden and Norway agreeing to become the neutral arbitrator.[138]
- Theflash-lamp,the first to use electricity to ignite photographers'magnesium flash powder,is awarded as U.S. patent 636,492 toJoshua Lionel Cohen.While flash powder had been in use since 1887, the ignition was more dangerous because it had to be performed manually.
- (October 26Old Style) –Anton Chekhov'sUncle Vanyareceives its Russian metropolitan première at theMoscow Art Theatre,withKonstantin Stanislavskidirecting and playing the rôle of Astrov, andOlga Knipperas Yeléna.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uncle_Vanya_MAT.jpg/350px-Uncle_Vanya_MAT.jpg)
- November 8– TheNew York Zoological Societyopens theBronx Zoological Parkto the public inNew York City.
- November 9
- The first British transport of supplemental troops arrives at Cape Town to enter theSecond Boer Waragainst the South African Republic.[138]
- The Boer attack on Ladysmith is repulsed by British artillery, with the Boers sustaining 800 killed and wounded.[138]
- November 10– At the age of 20, Sir Ranbir Singh is invested with full ruling powers over theprincely state of JindinBritish India,after having ascended the throne as Maharaja of Jind on March 7, 1877, at the age of 8.[149]
- November 11– TheBattle of San Jacintois fought in the Philippines, with the U.S. 33rd Volunteer Infantry forcing Philippine Army General Manuel Tinio's troops to retreat. The battle demonstrates the limitations to the heavy, wheel-mountedGatling gun,in uneven territory.
- November 12
- Philippine Federation PresidentEmilio Aguinaldoabolishes the federal government system in the Philippines as the U.S. Army makes further incursions into Filipino-controlled territory, and moves his capital toBayambang.
- The city ofPuerto CabelloinVenezuelasurrenders to General Cipriano Castro after heavy fighting.[138]
- November 13
- Philippine President Aguinaldo dissolves the remains of the Filipino regular army and moves to a strategy ofguerrilla warfareagainst the U.S. occupational forces.[150]
- China'sHunanprovince opens to foreign trade for the first time.[138]
- InColombia'sThousand Days' War,theBattle of Bucaramangaends with a victory over the Colombian Army against an attack by Liberal Party rebels, who suffer 1,000 killed and 500 wounded.[151]
- November 14– The first aerial crossing of theMediterranean Seais made byLouis Capazzaand Alphonse Fondère in Capazza's balloonGabizos.The group departsMarseillesin France at 4:30 in the morning and arrives at 11:00 a.m. on the island ofCorsica.
- November 15– TheAmerican Line'sSSSt. Paulbecomes the firstocean linerto report her imminent arrival bywireless telegraphy,whenMarconi's station atThe Needlescontacts her 66 nautical miles (122 km) off the coast of England.
- November 16– A British Army train carrying troops is wrecked in South Africa nearEstcourtby the Boers, and 56 men are taken prisoner, including war correspondentWinston Churchill.[138]
- November 17– "Naval Station, Honolulu"is established by the U.S. Department of the Navy with 85 acres (34 ha) on the island ofOahuin the recently annexed Territory of Hawaii. With construction and dredging over the next 12 years, the strategic base is later named for its location onPearl Harbor.
- November 18– On the final game of its season, theHarvard Universitycollege football team, having a record of 10 wins (nine by shutout) and no defeats, hosts its rival,Yale University(7-1-0) and plays to a scoreless tie before 35,000 fans. Although Harvard's 1899 streak of defeating every opponent is ended by the tie, the Crimson team will be selected retroactively (and recognized by the NCAA Record Book) as the 1899 mythical national champion by theHelms Athletic Foundation.
- November 19– In theSecond Boer War,the Boers redeploy 4,000 of the 8,000 troops assigned to theSiege of Mafeking,because of the heavy resistance by the British defenders.
- November 20
- Aston Villa F.C.and theOrange Free Statenational soccer football team play a friendly match despite the ongoingSecond Boer Warbetween the United Kingdom and the Orange Free State. The Orange Free State had been touring Britain at the time that the War broke out. Aston Villa wins, 7 to 4.[152]
- Germany's KaiserWilhelm IIand his family arrive inLondonat the invitation ofQueen Victoria's government and are greeted by cheering crowds.[153]
- British Lieutenant-GeneralJohn Frencharrives at theColesbergin the Cape Colony front to coordinate the defense of the British colonies in South Africa against the Boer attack and conducts a series of distracting maneuvers that succeed in preventing the South African Republic from attempting an invasion of the Cape Colony.[154]
- November 21– The Boers cut off all telegraph lines and seize the railway connectingEstcourtto the rest of theCape Colony.[155]
- November 22– American serial killerMartin Stickleskills his first random victim, shooting a former neighbor, William B. Shanklin, then burning down Shanklin's house.
- November 23– The U.S. Department of the Post Office applies the same charges for mail from Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam as are used in the other 46 U.S. states.[155]
- November 24–Eleonora de Cisneros,the first American-trained opera singer in the U.S., makes her debut for theMetropolitan Operacompany, appearing as Rossweisse at the Met's production of Wagner'sDie WalküreinChicago.[156]
- November 25– TheBattle of Umm Diwaykarat,a decisive British andEgyptianvictory ends theMahdist Warin theSudan,as the Khalifa of Sudan,Abdallahi ibn Muhammad,is killed. The Sudanese sustain 1,000 casualties, while the Anglo-Egyptian force commanded by GeneralReginald Wingatehas three killed and 23 wounded.
- November 26–Elections are held in the Kingdom of Portugalfor the 138 seats of theCâmara dos Senhores Deputados.Prime MinisterJosé Luciano de Castro'sPartido Progressistaincreases its majority, winning 91 of the seats.[157]
- November 27– The Ottoman Empire grants Germany's Deutsche Bank the concession to finance the construction of theBaghdad Railway,following a visit by Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople in 1898 as a guest of SultanAbdul Hamid II.[158]
- November 28
- The British Army sustains heavy losses (471 casualties) in theBattle of Modder River,whichLord Methuendescribes as "one of the hardest and most trying fights in the annals of the British Army", despite routing the Boers.[155]
- The Philippine Republic capital atBayambangsurrenders as the government flees the Fourth Cavalry of the U.S. Army.
- November 29– TheFC Barcelonaassociation football(soccer) club is founded inSpain.[159]
- November 30
- The first women to serve, in uniform, in the armed forces of any nation begins service as part of theCanadian MilitiaExpeditionary Force toCape Townto serve in theBoer War.Georgina Fane Popeand three other women are enlisted as army nurses. "There was nothing new about female nurses serving in the military; they had done so in numerous campaigns since the Revolutionary War, but in every instance as civilian auxiliaries."[160]
- The BritishSecretary of State for the Colonies,Joseph Chamberlain,makes a controversial public speech atLeicesterproposing "a new Triple Alliance between the Teutonic race and the two great trans-Atlantic branches of the Anglo-Saxon race which would become a potent influence on the future of the world," with the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany agreeing to work together.[161]
December 1899[edit]
- December 2
- Philippine–American War–Battle of Tirad Pass( "The Filipino Thermopylae" ): GeneralGregorio del Pilarand his troops are able to guard the retreat of Philippine PresidentEmilio Aguinaldo,before being wiped out.
- During thenew moon,a near-grandconjunctionof theclassical planetsand severalbinocularSolar Systembodies occur. The Sun, Moon,Mercury,MarsandSaturnare all within 15° of each other, withVenus5° ahead of this conjunction andJupiter15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction areUranus(technically visible unaided inpollution-free skies),CeresandPallas.
- Rebel Venezuelan General Jose Manuel Hernandez captures the city ofMaracaiboin his revolt against Cipriano Castro's government, but is only able to hold it for 15 days.[155]
- December 4– As the 56th U.S. Congress holds its first session, David B. Henderson (Republican-Iowa) is elected Speaker of the House. The House refuses permission for Brigham H. Roberts (Democrat-Utah) to take the oath of office as a U.S. Representative, pending investigation of allegations ofbigamy.[155]
- December 5– Germany's cabinet agrees to repeal a Prussian law that had prohibited the creation of political societies or clubs.[155]
- December 6– A lynch mob inMaysville, Kentuckyforces its way into the county jail to seize an African-American indicted for murder, tortures him and then burns him to death.[155]
- December 9– An explosion kills 32 coal miners at the Carbon Hill mines inCarbonado, Washington.[155]
- December 10
- Four-month-oldSobhuza IIbegins his 82-year reign asKing of Swaziland,on the death of his father,Ngwane V;his grandmotherLabotsibeni Mdluliserves as queen regent.
- Battle of Stormberg:The British Army makes a disastrous attempt to surprise the Boer position in Natal and suffers the loss of 687 officers and men.[155]
- The college fraternityDelta Sigma Phiis founded at theCity College of New York,by Charles A. Tonsor Jr. and Meyer Boskey.
- December 11
- Second Boer War:Battle of Magersfontein– Boers defeat British forces trying to relieve theSiege of Kimberley.
- Philippine-American War: Filipino General Tierona surrenders the province of Cagayan to U.S. Navy Captain McCalla of the USSNewark.[155]
- December 13– General French routs Boer troops that had been advancing into the Cape Colony towardNoupoort.[155]
- December 14– Walther Hauser is electedPresident of Switzerlandby the Swiss Federal Assembly.[155]
- December 15
- Battle of Colenso:Britain's General Buller loses 1,097 officers and men in a fight against the Boers in Natal, the third serious British reverse in South Africa in this "Black Week".[155]
- Glasgow School of Artopens its new building, the most notable work of Scottish architectCharles Rennie Mackintosh.[162]
- The Republican National Committee votes to hold its 1900 national convention inPhiladelphia,to start on June 19, 1900.[155]
- December 16– TheAssociation footballclubA.C. Milanis founded in Italy.
- December 18
- The British War Office sends Lord Roberts to South Africa to become the new commander of British forces in the Second Boer War, with Lord Kitchener to be second in command, and announces that 100,000 additional men will be sent.[155]
- U.S. Army General Lawton is killed by a Filipino sniper near San Mateo on Luzon island.[155]
- Stock prices fall drastically at the New York exchanges and the Produce Exchange Trust Company fails.[155]
- December 19– New York City's clearinghouse banks pool together a $10,000,000 loan fund to prevent further failures of companies.[155]
- December 20– The U.S. government arrests nine customs officials inHavanaon charges of collusion to defraud the government.[163]
- December 21– U.S. Army GeneralLeonard Woodarrives inHavanato become the newGovernor-General of Cuba.[163]
- December 22
- More than 40 schoolchildren fromBelgiumdrown in the capsizing of a boat near the French town ofFrelinghienon theRiver Lysthat serves a boundary between Belgium and France.[163]
- A fire kills 16 children inQuincy, Illinois.[163]
- December 23
- Forty coal miners are killed in an explosion nearBrownsville, Pennsylvania.[163]
- SirReginald Wingateis appointed as the new BritishGovernor-GeneralofAnglo-Egyptian Sudan.[163]
- December 24– The wreck of the British steamshipAriostooff the coast ofHatteras, North Carolinain the U.S. drowns 21 of the crew.[163]
- December 26– Pinnacle Rock, abalancing rockinCumberland Gapon the Tennessee and Kentucky border in the U.S., falls down.[164]
- December 28– The bodies of the officers and men killed on the 1898 explosion of the battleshipUSSMaineare reinterred at theArlington National Cemetery.[163]
- December 29– The British Royal Navy cruiser HMSMagicienneseizes the German steamer,BundesrothatDelagoa Bayin Portuguese East Africa (modern-day Mozambique) on grounds that German officers and men are being brought to supplement the Boer Army. TheBundesrothis then escorted toDurbanin Britain's Natal Colony.[163]
- December 30– General Wood completes the appointment of a cabinet of ministers composed of Cuban residents, with Diego Tamayo, Luis Esterez, Juan B. Hernandez, Enrique Varona, Jose R. Villaton and Ruiz Rivera taking office.[163]
- December 31
- The German government and KaiserWilhelm IIdeclare that the20th centurywill begin on January 1, 1900.[163]In most of the world, however, December 31, 1899 is not the last day of the19th century,which also includes the year1900.
- Retrospectively, day zero for dates inMicrosoft Excel(similar toJanuary 1, 1970being day zero forUnix time). This is to ensure backwards compatibility withLotus 1-2-3,which had a bug misinterpreting 1900 as a leap year.[165][166][167]
Date unknown[edit]
- Riro,last of theKings of Easter Island,on a visit toValparaíso,Chile,dies either from alcohol poisoning, or an assassination plot by the Chilean government.[168]
- TheNorth Carolina General Assemblyincorporates the town ofManteo,which was originally laid out as theDareCounty seat in1870.
- Oxobeef stock cubesare introduced, byLiebig's Extract of Meat Company.
- Giros-Loucheur Group, predecessor ofVinci,a worldwideconstructionandinfrastructureindustry, founded inFrance.[citation needed]
- Timken Roller Bearing Company,predecessor of worldwide parts brandTimken,is founded inMissouri,United States.[169]
- Chineseoracle bonesfrom the former capital site ofYinxuare identified by academicWang Yirongas carryingShang dynastywriting.
- Alfred R. Tucker's title in the Anglican Communion is changed from Bishop of Equatorial Africa toBishop of Uganda.[170]
- The1899–1923 cholera pandemicbegins, spreading toEurope,AsiaandAfrica(Old World). It was preceded by the1846–1860 cholera pandemicinRussia.
Births[edit]
January[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/P%C3%A1ger_Antal-1.jpg/100px-P%C3%A1ger_Antal-1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Max_Theiler_nobel.jpg/100px-Max_Theiler_nobel.jpg)
- January 1–Jack Beresford,British Olympic rower (d.1977)
- January 3–Karl Diebitsch,German fashion designer (1985)
- January 6
- Alphonse Castex,French rugby union player (d.1969)
- Heinrich Nordhoff,German automotive engineer (d.1968)
- Elsie Steele,British supercentenarian (d.2010)
- January 7–Francis Poulenc,French composer (d.1963)
- January 8–S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike,4thPrime Minister of Sri Lanka(d.1959)
- January 11–Eva Le Gallienne,English actress (d.1991)
- January 12–Paul Hermann Müller,Swiss chemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1965)
- January 14
- Fritz Bayerlein,German general (d.1970)
- Carlos Romulo,Filipino diplomat (d.1985)
- January 15–Goodman Ace,American actor, comedian and writer (d.1982)
- January 17
- Al Capone,American gangster (d.1947)
- Nevil Shute,English-born novelist (d.1960)
- January 20–Kenjiro Takayanagi,Japanese television development pioneer (d.1990)
- January 21
- Gyula Mándi,Hungarian footballer and manager (d.1969)
- John Bodkin Adams,British physician acquitted of murder (d.1983)
- January 23–Tom Denning, Baron Denning,English lawyer, judge andMaster of the Rolls(d.1999)
- January 25–Paul-Henri Spaak,31stPrime Minister of Belgiumand international statesman (d.1972)
- January 27–Béla Guttmann,Hungarian-born Association football coach (d.1981)
- January 29–Antal Páger,Hungarian actor (d.1986)
- January 30–Max Theiler,South African virologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1972)
February[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Caf%C3%A9_Filho.jpg/100px-Caf%C3%A9_Filho.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mildred_Trotter_%281899-1991%29.jpg/100px-Mildred_Trotter_%281899-1991%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ram%C3%B3n_Novarro%2C_circa_1934_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ram%C3%B3n_Novarro%2C_circa_1934_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LilianBounds1951.jpg/100px-LilianBounds1951.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Erich_K%C3%A4stner_1961.jpg/100px-Erich_K%C3%A4stner_1961.jpg)
- February 2–Herbie Faye,American actor (d.1980)
- February 3
- Café Filho,18thPresident of Brazil(d.1970)
- Lao She,Chinese author (d.1966)
- Doris Speed,British actress (d.1994)
- Mildred Trotter,American forensic anthropologist (d.1991)
- February 4–Virginia M. Alexander,African-American physician (d.1949)[171]
- February 6–Ramon Novarro,Mexican-born American actor (k.1968)
- February 7–Earl Whitehill,American baseball player (d.1954)
- February 10–Cevdet Sunay,5thPresident of Turkey(d.1982)
- February 15
- Georges Auric,French composer (d.1983)
- Lillian Disney,American artist (d.1997)
- Gale Sondergaard,American actress (d.1985)
- February 17
- Jibanananda Das,Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist inBengali(d.1954)
- Leo Najo,American baseball player (d.1978)
- February 18–Sir Arthur Bryant,British historian (d.1985)
- February 19–Ehrenfried Pfeiffer,German scientist (d.1961)
- February 22
- Joseph Le Brix,French aviator, naval officer (d.1931)
- Margarito Flores García,MexicanRoman Catholicpriest, martyr and saint (d.1927)
- George O'Hara,American actor (d.1966)
- Ian Clunies Ross,Australian scientist (d.1959)
- Dechko Uzunov,Bulgarian painter (d.1986)
- February 23–Erich Kästner,German writer (d.1974)
- February 24–Mikhail Gromov,Soviet aviator (d.1985)
- February 26
- Alec Campbell,Australian WWI soldier, last Australian Gallipoli veteran (d.2002)
- Max Petitpierre,member of the Swiss Federal Council (d.1994)
- February 27–Charles Best,Canadian medical scientist (d.1978)
March[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Frederik_IX_%28cropped%29_-_Det_Kongelige_Bibliotek_%28KE062449%29.jpg/100px-Frederik_IX_%28cropped%29_-_Det_Kongelige_Bibliotek_%28KE062449%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg/100px-Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lavrenti-Beria.jpg/100px-Lavrenti-Beria.jpg)
- March 4–Harry R. Wellman,University of Californiapresident (d.1997)
- March 8
- Eric Linklater,American author (d.1974)
- Elmer Keith,American rancher, author, and firearms enthusiast (d.1984)
- March 10–Maxwell Maltz,American cosmetic surgeon, author ofPsycho-Cybernetics(d.1975)
- March 11– KingFrederik IX of Denmark(d.1972)
- March 13–John Hasbrouck Van Vleck,American physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1980)
- March 18–Jean Goldkette,French-born musician (d.1962)
- March 21–Panagiotis Pipinelis,Prime Minister of Greece (d.1970)
- March 24–Dorothy C. Stratton,American director of the SPARS during World War II (d.2006)
- March 25–Burt Munro,New Zealand motorcycle racer (d.1978)
- March 27–Gloria Swanson,American actress (d.1983)
- March 28
- August Anheuser Busch Jr.,American founder of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery Company (d.1989)
- Harold B. Lee,11th president ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(d.1973)
- March 29
- James V. Allred,American politician, 33rd Governor of Texas (d.1959)
- Lavrentiy Beria,Soviet official (d.1953)
April[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Walter_Lantz%2C_Boxoffice_Barometer%2C_1939.jpg/100px-Walter_Lantz%2C_Boxoffice_Barometer%2C_1939.jpg)
- April 1–Gustavs Celmiņš,Latvian fascist leader (d.1968)
- April 3–Maria Redaelli-Granoli,Italian supercentenarian, oldest person in Europe (d.2013)
- April 4–Hillel Oppenheimer,German-born Israeli botanist (d.1971)
- April 5
- Nicolae Cambrea,Romanian general (d.1976)
- Elsie Thompson,American supercentenarian (d.2013)
- April 7–Robert Casadesus,French pianist (d.1972)
- April 9–Hans Jeschonnek,German general (d.1943)
- April 16–Osman Achmatowicz,Polish chemist (d.1988)
- April 19–George O'Brien,American actor (d.1985)
- April 20–Alan Arnett McLeod,Canadian soldier (d.1918)
- April 21–Percy Lavon Julian,American scientist (d.1975)
- April 22–Vladimir Nabokov,Russian-born American writer (d.1977)
- April 23–Bertil Ohlin,Swedish economist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1979)
- April 24–Oscar Zariski,Russian mathematician (d.1986)
- April 26–John Fearns Nicoll,British colonial governor (d.1981)
- April 27–Walter Lantz,American animator, creator ofWoody Woodpecker(d.1994)
- April 29
- Duke Ellington,African-American jazz musician, bandleader (d.1974)
- Mary Petty,American illustrator (d.1976)
May[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Astaire%2C_Fred_-_Never_Get_Rich.jpg/100px-Astaire%2C_Fred_-_Never_Get_Rich.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Suzanne_Lenglen_1922_%28instant%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/100px-Suzanne_Lenglen_1922_%28instant%29_%28cropped%29_3.jpg)
- May 3–Aline MacMahon,American actress (d.1991)
- May 6–Billy Cotton,British entertainer, bandleader (d.1969)
- May 8
- Arthur Q. Bryan,American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio personality (d.1959)
- Friedrich Hayek,Austrian economist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1992)
- May 10–Fred Astaire,American singer, dancer and actor (d.1987)
- May 12–Indra Devi,Baltic-born yogi and actress (d.2002)
- May 15–Jean-Étienne Valluy,French general (d.1970)
- May 17–Carmen de Icaza,Spanish writer (d.1979)
- May 18–Ronald Armstrong-Jones,Welsh barrister (d.1966)
- May 20–John Marshall Harlan II,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1971)
- May 23–Jeralean Talley,American supercentenarian (d.2015)
- May 24
- Suzanne Lenglen,French tennis player (d.1938)
- Kazi Nazrul Islam,Bangladeshinational poet (d.1976)
- May 26–Ruth Bird,English historian and schoolteacher. (d.1987)
- May 30–Irving Thalberg,American film producer (d.1936)
June[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Portrait_of_Fritz_Albert_Lipmann_%281899-1986%29%2C_Biochemist_%282551001689%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Fritz_Albert_Lipmann_%281899-1986%29%2C_Biochemist_%282551001689%29.jpg)
- June 1–Edward Charles Titchmarsh,British mathematician (d.1963)
- June 2–Lotte Reiniger,German-born silhouette animator (d.1981)
- June 3–Georg von Békésy,Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1972)
- June 4–Arthur Barker,American criminal, son ofMa Barker(d.1939)
- June 9–Signe Amundsen,Norwegian operatic soprano (d.1987)
- June 10–Ruth Poll,American lyricist and music publisher (d.1955)[172][173]
- June 11–Yasunari Kawabata,Japanese writer, recipient of theNobel Prize in Literature(d.1972)
- June 12–Fritz Albert Lipmann,American biochemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(d.1986)
- June 13–Carlos Chávez,Mexican composer (d.1978)
- June 16–Helen Traubel,American soprano (d.1972)
- June 18–John Warburton,British actor (d.1981)
- June 24–Bruce Marshall,Scottish writer (d.1987)
- June 25–Arthur Tracy,American singer (d.1997)
- June 26
- Odus Mitchell,American football player and coach (d.1989)
- Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia(d.1918)[174]
- June 27–Juan Trippe,American airline pioneer, entrepreneur (d.1981)
- June 29–Edward Twining,British diplomat, Governor of North Borneo and of Tanganyika (d.1967)
- June 30
- Madge Bellamy,American actress (d.1990)
- Harry Shields,American jazz clarinettist (d.1971)
July[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/George_Cukor_-_1946.jpg/100px-George_Cukor_-_1946.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/James_cagney_promo_photo_%28cropped%2C_centered%29.jpg/100px-James_cagney_promo_photo_%28cropped%2C_centered%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/100px-ErnestHemingway.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg/100px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg)
- July 1
- Thomas A. Dorsey,American musician (d.1993)
- Charles Laughton,English-American stage, film actor (d.1962)
- Konstantinos Tsatsos,President of Greece (d.1987)
- July 4–Austin Warren,American literary critic, author and professor of English (d.1986)
- July 5–Marcel Achard,French playwright, scriptwriter (d.1974)
- July 6–Susannah Mushatt Jones,American supercentenarian, Last remaining American born in the 19th century (d.2016)
- July 7
- George Cukor,American film director (d.1983)
- Jesse Wallace,American naval officer, 29thGovernor of American Samoa(d.1961)
- July 10–John Gilbert,American actor (d.1936)
- July 11
- E. B. White,American writer (d.1985)
- Frank R. Walker,American admiral (d.1976)
- July 12–E. D. Nixon,African-American civil rights leader and union organizer (d.1987)
- July 15–Seán Lemass,Taoiseach of Ireland (d.1971)
- July 16–Božidar Jakac,Slovene Expressionist, Realist and Symbolist painter, printmaker, art teacher, photographer and filmmaker (d.1989)
- July 17–James Cagney,American actor and dancer (d.1986)
- July 18
- Felipe Pinglo Alva,Peruvian composer (d.1938)
- Floyd Stahl,American collegiate athletic coach (d.1996)
- July 20–Paul Christoph Mangelsdorf,American botanist and agronomist (d.1989)
- July 21
- Hart Crane,American poet (suicide1932)[175]
- Ernest Hemingway,American author, journalist (suicide1961)
- July 22– KingSobhuza II of Swaziland(d.1982)
- July 23–Gustav Heinemann,President of West Germany(d.1976)
- July 24–Chief Dan George,Canadian actor, writer and tribal chief of theTsleil-Waututh First Nation(d.1981)
- July 29
- Walter Beall,American baseball player (d.1959)
- Alice Terry,American film actress (d.1987)
August[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PL_Travers.jpg/100px-PL_Travers.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/100px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg)
- August 1–Kamala Nehru,Spouse ofPrime Minister of India(d.1936)
- August 4–Ezra Taft Benson,13th president ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(d.1994)
- August 9
- Paul Kelly,American stage, film actor (d.1956)
- P. L. Travers,Australian-born British actress, journalist and author (d.1996)
- August 13–Alfred Hitchcock,British-born American film director (d.1980)
- August 14–Alma Reville,English screenwriter and film editor, wife of director Alfred Hitchcock (d.1982)
- August 16–Glenn Strange,American actor (d.1973)
- August 17–Janet Lewis,American novelist and poet (d.1998)
- August 19–Colleen Moore,American actress (d.1988)
- August 24
- Jorge Luis Borges,Argentine writer (d.1986)
- Albert Claude,Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1983)
- August 26–Rufino Tamayo,Mexican painter (d.1991)[176]
- August 27
- C. S. Forester,English novelist (d.1966)
- Byron Foulger,American actor (d.1970)
- August 28
- Charles Boyer,French actor (d.1978)
- Béla Guttmann,Hungarian footballer and coach (d. 1981)[177]
- Vernon Huber,American rear admiral; 36thGovernor of American Samoa(d.1967)
- August 29–Lyman Lemnitzer,American general (d.1988)
- August 30–Ray Arcel,American bo xing trainer (d.1994)
- August 31–Boots Adams,American business magnate, president ofPhillips Petroleum Company(d.1975)
September[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet.jpg/100px-Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jimmie_Davis_1962.jpg/100px-Jimmie_Davis_1962.jpg)
- September 1
- Andrei Platonovich Klimentov,Russian-born Soviet writer (d.1951)
- Takuma Nishimura,Japanese general (d.1951)
- September 3–Macfarlane Burnet,Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.1985)
- September 8–May McAvoy,American actress and singer (d.1984)
- September 9
- Brassaï,French photographer (d.1984)
- Waite Hoyt,American baseball player (d.1984)
- September 11–Jimmie Davis,American politician and musician, Governor of Louisiana (d.2000)
- September 13–Corneliu Zelea Codreanu,Romanian fascist politician, leader of theIron Guard(d.1938)
- September 17–Harold Bennett,British actor (d.1981)
- September 18–Ida Kamińska,Polish-Jewish actress, playwright and translator (d.1980)
- September 21–Frederick Coutts,8th General of The Salvation Army (d.1986)
- September 23–Tom C. Clark,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1977)
- September 24–Bessie Braddock,British politician (d. 1970)[178]
October[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Franz_Jonas_1965.jpg/100px-Franz_Jonas_1965.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NBogolyubov.jpg/100px-NBogolyubov.jpg)
- October 1–Ernest Haycox,American writer (d.1950)
- October 3–Gertrude Berg,American actress (d.1966)[179]
- October 4
- October 5–George, Duke of Mecklenburg,head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d.1963)
- October 9–Bruce Catton,American Civil War historian, Pulitzer Prize winner (1954) (d.1978)
- October 19–Miguel Ángel Asturias,Guatemalan writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1974)
- October 22–Nikolay Bogolyubov,Soviet and Russian actor (d.1980)
- October 24
- Burr Shafer,American cartoonist (d.1965)
- László Bíró,Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen (d.1985)
- October 29–Akim Tamiroff,Armenian actor (d.1972)
- October 30–Katarina Marinič,Sloveniansupercentenarian (d.2010)
November[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pat-O%27Brien-1931.jpg/100px-Pat-O%27Brien-1931.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg/100px-Iskander_Mirza.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei_%287738%29.jpg/100px-Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei_%287738%29.jpg)
- November 5–Forrest Lewis,American actor (d.1977)
- November 6–Feng Zhanhai,Chinese military leader, government official (d.1963)
- November 7
- Yitzhak Lamdan,Russian-born Israeli poet, columnist (d.1954)
- Stanisław Swianiewicz,Polish economist and historian (d.1997)
- November 11–Pat O'Brien,American actor (d.1983)
- November 13
- Vera Caspary,American screenwriter, novelist, playwright (d.1987)
- Iskander Mirza,1st president of Pakistan (d.1969)
- November 15–Avdy Andresson,Estonian Minister of War in Exile (d.1990)
- November 17–Douglas Shearer,American film sound engineer (d.1971)
- November 18–Eugene Ormandy,Hungarian-American conductor (d.1985)
- November 19–Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei,Shia Ayatollah (d.1992)
- November 21–Jobyna Ralston,American actress (d.1967)
- November 22
- Gualtiero De Angelis,Italian actor and voice actor (d.1980)
- Hoagy Carmichael,American composer, pianist, singer, actor and bandleader (d.1981)
- November 23–Manuel dos Reis Machado,Brazilian martial arts master (d.1974)
- November 24–Soraya Tarzi,Afghan feminist, queen (d.1968)
- November 26
- Mona Bruns,American stage, film, radio and television actress (d.2000)
- Richard Hauptmann,German murderer ofCharles Lindbergh Jr.(d.1936)
- Maurice Rose,American general (d.1945)
- November 29–Emma Morano,Italian supercentenarian, oldest Italian ever, last surviving person born in the 1800s (d.2017)
December[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg/100px-Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg/100px-Martin_Luther_King_Sr%2C_c1977-81.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Humphrey_Bogart_1940.jpg/100px-Humphrey_Bogart_1940.jpg)
- December 1–Gaetano Lucchese,American gangster, Boss of theLucchese crime family(d.1967)
- December 2
- John Barbirolli,English conductor (d.1970)
- Ray Morehart,American baseball player (d.1989)
- December 3–Hayato Ikeda,Prime Minister of Japan (d.1965)
- December 4–Sam Newfield,American film director (d.1964)
- December 8–John Qualen,Canadian-American actor (d.1987)
- December 9–Jean de Brunhoff,French writer (d.1937)
- December 11–Joan Stevenson AbbottRRC,Australian World War II army hospital matron (d.1975)
- December 14–DeFord Bailey,American country musician (d.1982)
- December 15–Harold Abrahams,British athlete (d.1978)
- December 16
- Noël Coward,English actor, playwright and composer (d.1973)
- Aleksander Zawadzki,formerPresident of Poland(d.1964)
- December 18–Peter Wessel Zapffe,Norwegian author and philosopher (d.1990)
- December 19–Martin Luther King Sr.,American Baptist pastor, missionary, and early figure in thecivil rights movement(d.1984)
- December 20
- Finn Ronne,Norwegian-American explorer (d.1980)
- John Sparkman,American politician (d.1985)
- December 25
- Humphrey Bogart,American actor (d.1957)
- Frank Ferguson,American actor (d.1978)
- December 28–Eugeniusz Bodo,Polish actor (d.1943)
- December 29–Nie Rongzhen,Chinese Communist military leader (d.1992)
- December 31–Friedrich Panse,German psychiatrist (d.1973)
Date unknown[edit]
- Otto Klemperer,German physicist (d.1987)
- Nureddine Rifai,25thPrime Minister of Lebanon(d.1980)
Deaths[edit]
January–February[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Alfred_Sisley_photo_full.jpg/110px-Alfred_Sisley_photo_full.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paul_Julius_Reuter_1869.jpg/110px-Paul_Julius_Reuter_1869.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emma_Hardinge_Britten_1884.png/110px-Emma_Hardinge_Britten_1884.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antonio_luna_small.jpg/110px-Antonio_luna_small.jpg)
- January 1–William Hugh Smith,72, Governor of Alabama during Reconstruction, 1868 to 1870, former Alabama legislator who joined the Union Army
- January 10
- Jonathan B. Turner,93, U.S. educational reformer and champion of land grant universities, co-founder of the University of Illinois
- William A. Russell,67, U.S. Congressman and industrialist who was the first president of the International Paper Company
- January 13–Nelson Dingley Jr.,66, U.S. politician and Congressman for Maine since 1881, author of theDingley Actfor increased tariffs
- January 14–Nubar Pasha,74, the firstPrime Minister of Egypt(1878–79, 1884–88 and 1894–95)
- January 17–Jedediah Hotchkiss,70, American military cartographer for the Confederacy during the American Civil War
- January 23–Romualdo Pacheco,77, the only HispanicGovernorof the U.S. state of California (in 1875); (b.1831)
- January 29–Alfred Sisley,59, Frenchimpressionistlandscape painter, died of throat cancer (b.1839)
- January 30–Harry Bates,48, British sculptor (b.1850)
- January 31–Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma,29, princess consort of Bulgaria, from complications of childbirth (b.1870)
- February 6
- Leo von Caprivi,Chancellor of Germany (b.1831)
- Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha(b.1874)
- February 11–Teuku Umar,Leader of Acehnese Rebellion (b.1854)
- February 16–Félix Faure,President of France (b.1841)
- February 18–Sophus Lie,Norwegian mathematician; seeLie group.(b.1842)
- February 23–Gaëtan de Rochebouët,Prime Minister of France (b.1813)
- February 25–Paul Reuter,German-born news agency founder (b.1816)
March–April[edit]
- March 3–William P. Sprague,American politician from Ohio (b.1827)
- March 6– PrincessKaʻiulani,last monarch of Hawaii (b.1875)
- March 12–Sir Julius Vogel,Premier of New Zealand (b.1835)
- March 18–Othniel Charles Marsh,American palaeontologist (b.1831)
- March 20–Martha M. Place,American murderer, first woman executed in theelectric chair(b.1849)
- March 24–Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin,Swiss national, international women's rights activist, pacifist (b.1826)
- April 1–Charles C. Carpenter,American admiral (b.1834)
- April 5–T. E. Ellis,Welsh politician (b.1859)
- April 6–Garret Parry,Irish piper (b.1847)
- April 7–Pieter Rijke,Dutch physicist (b.1812)
- April 11–Lascăr Catargiu,4-time prime minister of Romania (b.1823)
- April 16–Emilio Jacinto,Filipino poet, revolutionary (b.1875)
- April 22
- Sir John Mowbray, 1st Baronet,British MP andFather of the House of Commonssince 1898 (b. 1815)
- Johann Köler,Estonian painter (b.1826)
- April 24–Richard J. Oglesby,U.S. politician, three-time Governor of Illinois for whom the town ofOglesby, Illinoisis named (b. 1824)
- April 26–Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart,Minister-President of Austria, 1871 (b.1824)
- April 30–Lewis Baker,U.S. politician and diplomat (b. 1832)
May–June[edit]
- May 16–William Nast,German-born religious leader and founder of the German Methodist Church in the U.S. (b. 1807)
- May 19–Charles R. Buckalew,American politician and diplomat (b. 1821)
- May 24–William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher,British law lord (b.1817)
- May 25–Emilio Castelar y Ripoll,President of the First Spanish Republic (b.1832)
- June 3–Johann Strauss Jr.,Austrian composer (b.1825)
- June 4–Eugenio Beltrami,Italian mathematician (b.1835)
- June 5–Antonio Luna,Filipino general (assassinated) (b.1866)
- June 7–Augustin Daly,American theatrical impresario, playwright (b.1838)
- June 10–Ernest Chausson,French composer (b.1855)
July–August[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg/110px-Robert_Bunsen_02.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/General_Gregorio_del_Pilar_1.jpg/110px-General_Gregorio_del_Pilar_1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FRANCES_LAUGHTON_MACE_A_woman_of_the_century_%28page_493_crop%29.jpg/110px-FRANCES_LAUGHTON_MACE_A_woman_of_the_century_%28page_493_crop%29.jpg)
- July 1–Sir William Flower,British museum curator and surgeon (b.1831)
- July 2– GeneralHoratio Wright,79, American engineer, U.S. Army officer in the American Civil War, Chief of Engineers for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (b. 1820)
- July 4–Sir Alexander Armstrong,81, Irish-born physician, Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer (b. 1818)
- July 10
- Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia,28, Tsarevich and heir to the throne of Russia as younger brother of Nicholas II (b. 1871)
- Albert Grévy,French statesman andGovernor-General of Algeria1879-1881 (b. 1823)
- July 16
- Margaretta Riley,British botanist (b.1804)
- William Preston Johnston,68, American college administrator and first president ofTulane University(b. 1831)
- July 18–Horatio Alger Jr.,American writer (b.1832)
- July 20–Frances Laughton Mace,American poet (b.1836)[180]
- July 21–Robert G. Ingersoll,American politician (b.1833)
- July 27–Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa,German chess-master (b.1818)
- August 4–Karl, Freiherr von Prel,German philosopher (b.1839)
- August 9
- Sir Edward Frankland,British chemist (b.1825)
- Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia,Russian Grand Duke, younger brother ofNicholas II of Russia(b.1871)
- August 16–Robert Bunsen,German chemist (b.1811)
September–October[edit]
- September 2–Ernest Renshaw,British tennis player (b.1861)
- September 12–Cornelius Vanderbilt II,American railway magnate (b.1843)
- September 13–Sarah Warren Keeler,American educator of the deaf-mute (b.1844)
- September 17–Charles Alfred Pillsbury,American industrialist (b.1842)
- September 28–Giovanni Segantini,Italian painter (b.1858)
- October 2
- Emma Hardinge Britten,British writer (b.1823)
- Percy Pilcher,British aviation pioneer, glider pilot (b.1866)
- October 7–Deodato Arellano,Filipino Propagandist (b.1844)
- October 14
- Anna Cabot Lowell Quincy Waterston,American diarist (b.1812)
- Nicolai Hanson,Norwegian zoologist and Antarctic explorer (b.1870)
- October 22–Ella Hoag Brockway Avann,American educator (b.1853)
- October 23–Sir Penn Symons,British general (died of wounds) (b.1843)
- October 25–Grant Allen,Canadian science writer and novelist (b.1848)
- October 30
- Sir Arthur Blomfield,British architect (b.1829)
- William Henry Webb,American industrialist, philanthropist (b.1816)
- October 31–Anton Berindei,Wallachian-born Romanian general and politician (b.1838)
November–December[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Garret_Augustus_Hobart.jpg/118px-Garret_Augustus_Hobart.jpg)
- November 16
- Vincas Kudirka,Lithuanian doctor, poet and national hero (b.1858)
- Julius Hermann Moritz Busch,German publicist (b.1821)
- November 21–Garret Hobart,24thVice President of the United States(b.1844)
- November 23–Thomas Henry Ismay,British owner of the White Star Line (b.1837)
- November 24–Abdallahi ibn Muhammad,Sudanese political, religious leader (killed in battle) (b.1846)
- November 28–Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione(b.1837)
- December 2–Gregorio del Pilar,Filipino general (killed in battle) (b.1875)
- December 10– KingNgwane Vof Swaziland (b.1876)
- December 19–Henry Ware Lawton,American general (killed in action) (b.1843)
- December 22
- Pascual Ortega PortalesChilean painter (b.1839)
- Dwight L. Moody,American evangelist (b.1837)
- Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster,British landowner and politician (b.1825)
- December 30
- Eugène Bertrand,65, French comedian and opera house director (b.1834)
- December 31
- Jane Mitchel,Irish nationalist (b. c. 1820)
- Carl Millocker,57, Viennese composer (b.1842)
- Manuel Carrillo Tablas,77, Mexican philanthropist and mayor of Orizaba (b.1822)
Date unknown[edit]
- Ellen Morton Littlejohn,American quilter (b. c.1826)
- Arthur Morgan (Red Dead),American gunslinger and gang member (b.1863)
References[edit]
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