1904 United States presidential election in Georgia
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Elections in Georgia |
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The1904 United States presidential election in Georgiatook place on November 8, 1904, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to theElectoral College,who voted forpresidentandvice president.
Following Reconstruction,Georgiawould be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen, doing so in the early 1870s.[1]This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantialCivil WarUnionistsentiment – chieflyFanninbut also to a lesser extentPickens,GilmerandTowns.[2]The Democratic Party served as the guardian ofwhite supremacyagainst a Republican Party historically associated with memories ofReconstruction,and the main competition becameDemocratic primaries,which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.[3]
However, politics after the first demobilization by acumulative poll taxwas chaotic. Third-party movements, chiefly thePopulist Party,gained support amongstpoor whitesand the remaining black voters in opposition tothe planter elite.[4]The fact that Georgia had already substantially reduced its poor white and black electorate two decades ago, alongside pressure from urban elites in Atlanta,[4]and the decline of isolationism due to the success of theSpanish–American War,[5]meant the Populist movement substantially faded in the late 1890s.[6]However, Populism would revive in 1904 when it became clear a conservative would be nominated by the Democratic Party,[7]whilst Watson did not find it difficult to get a somewhat demoralized party’s nomination overWilliam V. Allen.
Georgia was won by theDemocraticnominees, formerChief Judge of New York Court of AppealsAlton B. Parkerand his running mate, formerUS SenatorHenry G. DavisofWest Virginia.They defeated theRepublicannominees, incumbent PresidentTheodore RooseveltofNew Yorkand his running mateCharles W. FairbanksofIndiana.Parker won the state by a landslide margin of 45.39%.
Populistcandidate and Georgia nativeThomas E. Watsonwould campaign in the state in August, but as Georgia had not voted Republican even during Reconstruction neither major party candidate visited the state. Watson would collapse from his campaigning at the end of September,[8]No polls were taken until October 29, by which time the state was naturally viewed as certain for Parker.[9]Parker would eventually win Georgia with over five-eighths of the vote, although he declined by about three percent from William Jennings Bryan’s performance four years previously. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt and Watson ran a very close race for second, with the President edging the Populist for this position. Watson's 17.28% of the vote in Georgia was the largest percentage the Populists won in a state during the 1904 presidential election.[10]
Results[edit]
1904 United States presidential election in Georgia[11] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | Alton B. Parker | 83,466 | 63.72% | 13 | |
Republican | Theodore Roosevelt(incumbent) | 24,004 | 18.33% | 0 | |
People's | Thomas E. Watson | 22,635 | 17.28% | 0 | |
Prohibition | Silas C. Swallow | 685 | 0.52% | 0 | |
Socialist | Eugene V. Debs | 196 | 0.15% | 0 |
Results by county[edit]
County | Alton Brooks Parker[12] Democratic |
Theodore Roosevelt[12] Republican |
Thomas Edward Watson[12] Populist |
Various candidates[12] Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Appling | 554 | 62.04% | 237 | 26.54% | 96 | 10.75% | 6 | 0.67% | 317 | 35.50% | 893 |
Baker | 511 | 94.45% | 8 | 1.48% | 22 | 4.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 489[a] | 90.39% | 541 |
Baldwin | 494 | 81.65% | 15 | 2.48% | 92 | 15.21% | 4 | 0.66% | 402[a] | 66.45% | 605 |
Banks | 474 | 44.30% | 199 | 18.60% | 388 | 36.26% | 9 | 0.84% | 86[a] | 8.04% | 1,070 |
Bartow | 791 | 59.25% | 406 | 30.41% | 126 | 9.44% | 12 | 0.90% | 385 | 28.84% | 1,335 |
Berrien | 889 | 81.34% | 68 | 6.22% | 122 | 11.16% | 14 | 1.28% | 767[a] | 70.17% | 1,093 |
Bibb | 2,117 | 88.47% | 236 | 9.86% | 21 | 0.88% | 19 | 0.79% | 1,881 | 78.60% | 2,393 |
Brooks | 429 | 69.98% | 102 | 16.64% | 81 | 13.21% | 1 | 0.16% | 327 | 53.34% | 613 |
Bryan | 259 | 56.80% | 125 | 27.41% | 71 | 15.57% | 1 | 0.22% | 134 | 29.39% | 456 |
Bulloch | 596 | 71.55% | 54 | 6.48% | 171 | 20.53% | 12 | 1.44% | 425[a] | 51.02% | 833 |
Burke | 657 | 87.02% | 52 | 6.89% | 42 | 5.56% | 4 | 0.53% | 605 | 80.13% | 755 |
Butts | 531 | 72.64% | 80 | 10.94% | 116 | 15.87% | 4 | 0.55% | 415[a] | 56.77% | 731 |
Calhoun | 345 | 87.56% | 19 | 4.82% | 30 | 7.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 315[a] | 79.95% | 394 |
Camden | 380 | 54.76% | 312 | 44.96% | 2 | 0.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 68 | 9.80% | 694 |
Campbell | 308 | 54.32% | 40 | 7.05% | 210 | 37.04% | 9 | 1.59% | 98[a] | 17.28% | 567 |
Carroll | 1,187 | 54.13% | 400 | 18.24% | 585 | 26.68% | 21 | 0.96% | 602[a] | 27.45% | 2,193 |
Catoosa | 281 | 61.22% | 120 | 26.14% | 44 | 9.59% | 14 | 3.05% | 161 | 35.08% | 459 |
Charlton | 207 | 86.97% | 31 | 13.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 176 | 73.95% | 238 |
Chatham | 2,645 | 87.52% | 363 | 12.01% | 6 | 0.20% | 8 | 0.26% | 2,282 | 75.51% | 3,022 |
Chattahoochee | 107 | 54.87% | 62 | 31.79% | 24 | 12.31% | 2 | 1.03% | 45 | 23.08% | 195 |
Chattooga | 472 | 49.74% | 378 | 39.83% | 80 | 8.43% | 19 | 2.00% | 94 | 9.91% | 949 |
Cherokee | 622 | 50.78% | 246 | 20.08% | 342 | 27.92% | 15 | 1.22% | 280[a] | 22.86% | 1,225 |
Clarke | 773 | 76.61% | 118 | 11.69% | 114 | 11.30% | 4 | 0.40% | 655 | 64.92% | 1,009 |
Clay | 270 | 62.36% | 47 | 10.85% | 116 | 26.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 154[a] | 35.57% | 433 |
Clayton | 333 | 59.25% | 59 | 10.50% | 169 | 30.07% | 1 | 0.18% | 164[a] | 29.18% | 562 |
Clinch | 285 | 63.19% | 141 | 31.26% | 23 | 5.10% | 2 | 0.44% | 144 | 31.93% | 451 |
Cobb | 1,171 | 68.40% | 220 | 12.85% | 316 | 18.46% | 5 | 0.29% | 855[a] | 49.94% | 1,712 |
Coffee | 571 | 63.16% | 267 | 29.54% | 64 | 7.08% | 2 | 0.22% | 304 | 33.63% | 904 |
Colquitt | 446 | 59.23% | 62 | 8.23% | 236 | 31.34% | 9 | 1.20% | 210[a] | 27.89% | 753 |
Columbia | 189 | 56.76% | 2 | 0.60% | 138 | 41.44% | 4 | 1.20% | 51[a] | 15.32% | 333 |
Coweta | 1,070 | 83.27% | 160 | 12.45% | 49 | 3.81% | 6 | 0.47% | 910 | 70.82% | 1,285 |
Crawford | 314 | 85.09% | 4 | 1.08% | 48 | 13.01% | 3 | 0.81% | 266[a] | 72.09% | 369 |
Dade | 217 | 73.06% | 37 | 12.46% | 40 | 13.47% | 3 | 1.01% | 177[a] | 59.60% | 297 |
Dawson | 207 | 37.98% | 260 | 47.71% | 67 | 12.29% | 11 | 2.02% | -53 | -9.72% | 545 |
De Kalb | 759 | 57.28% | 213 | 16.08% | 343 | 25.89% | 10 | 0.75% | 416[a] | 31.40% | 1,325 |
Decatur | 985 | 75.42% | 182 | 13.94% | 130 | 9.95% | 9 | 0.69% | 803 | 61.49% | 1,306 |
Dodge | 688 | 85.79% | 98 | 12.22% | 16 | 2.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 590 | 73.57% | 802 |
Dooly | 986 | 81.22% | 107 | 8.81% | 118 | 9.72% | 3 | 0.25% | 868[a] | 71.50% | 1,214 |
Dougherty | 475 | 91.35% | 45 | 8.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 430 | 82.69% | 520 |
Douglas | 230 | 35.71% | 133 | 20.65% | 278 | 43.17% | 3 | 0.47% | -48[a] | -7.45% | 644 |
Early | 466 | 66.95% | 12 | 1.72% | 214 | 30.75% | 4 | 0.57% | 252[a] | 36.21% | 696 |
Echols | 159 | 92.98% | 12 | 7.02% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 147 | 85.96% | 171 |
Effingham | 370 | 74.00% | 47 | 9.40% | 54 | 10.80% | 29 | 5.80% | 316[a] | 63.20% | 500 |
Elbert | 877 | 83.13% | 6 | 0.57% | 167 | 15.83% | 5 | 0.47% | 710[a] | 67.30% | 1,055 |
Emanuel | 519 | 51.74% | 94 | 9.37% | 388 | 38.68% | 2 | 0.20% | 131[a] | 13.06% | 1,003 |
Fannin | 456 | 44.71% | 504 | 49.41% | 48 | 4.71% | 12 | 1.18% | -48 | -4.71% | 1,020 |
Fayette | 260 | 54.97% | 59 | 12.47% | 147 | 31.08% | 7 | 1.48% | 113[a] | 23.89% | 473 |
Floyd | 1,692 | 71.15% | 466 | 19.60% | 192 | 8.07% | 28 | 1.18% | 1,226 | 51.56% | 2,378 |
Forsyth | 455 | 42.72% | 357 | 33.52% | 248 | 23.29% | 5 | 0.47% | 98 | 9.20% | 1,065 |
Franklin | 486 | 42.11% | 207 | 17.94% | 453 | 39.25% | 8 | 0.69% | 33[a] | 2.86% | 1,154 |
Fulton | 5,781 | 73.66% | 1,766 | 22.50% | 240 | 3.06% | 61 | 0.78% | 4,015 | 51.16% | 7,848 |
Gilmer | 550 | 47.01% | 617 | 52.74% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.26% | -67 | -5.73% | 1,170 |
Glascock | 117 | 27.79% | 11 | 2.61% | 290 | 68.88% | 3 | 0.71% | -173[a] | -41.09% | 421 |
Glynn | 501 | 58.67% | 316 | 37.00% | 32 | 3.75% | 5 | 0.59% | 185 | 21.66% | 854 |
Gordon | 525 | 50.10% | 323 | 30.82% | 192 | 18.32% | 8 | 0.76% | 202 | 19.27% | 1,048 |
Greene | 451 | 49.56% | 201 | 22.09% | 252 | 27.69% | 6 | 0.66% | 199[a] | 21.87% | 910 |
Gwinnett | 1,219 | 55.23% | 132 | 5.98% | 845 | 38.29% | 11 | 0.50% | 374[a] | 16.95% | 2,207 |
Habersham | 681 | 59.06% | 229 | 19.86% | 225 | 19.51% | 18 | 1.56% | 452 | 39.20% | 1,153 |
Hall | 1,135 | 57.41% | 190 | 9.61% | 635 | 32.12% | 17 | 0.86% | 500[a] | 25.29% | 1,977 |
Hancock | 482 | 75.08% | 31 | 4.83% | 124 | 19.31% | 5 | 0.78% | 358[a] | 55.76% | 642 |
Haralson | 349 | 29.65% | 477 | 40.53% | 336 | 28.55% | 15 | 1.27% | -128 | -10.88% | 1,177 |
Harris | 689 | 79.75% | 80 | 9.26% | 91 | 10.53% | 4 | 0.46% | 598[a] | 69.21% | 864 |
Hart | 482 | 59.21% | 93 | 11.43% | 233 | 28.62% | 6 | 0.74% | 249[a] | 30.59% | 814 |
Heard | 361 | 77.80% | 9 | 1.94% | 84 | 18.10% | 10 | 2.16% | 277[a] | 59.70% | 464 |
Henry | 464 | 59.41% | 64 | 8.19% | 239 | 30.60% | 14 | 1.79% | 225[a] | 28.81% | 781 |
Houston | 768 | 88.48% | 78 | 8.99% | 19 | 2.19% | 3 | 0.35% | 690 | 79.49% | 868 |
Irwin | 658 | 59.87% | 342 | 31.12% | 82 | 7.46% | 17 | 1.55% | 316 | 28.75% | 1,099 |
Jackson | 964 | 43.11% | 33 | 1.48% | 1,233 | 55.14% | 6 | 0.27% | -269[a] | -12.03% | 2,236 |
Jasper | 613 | 85.02% | 50 | 6.93% | 58 | 8.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 555[a] | 76.98% | 721 |
Jefferson | 379 | 37.94% | 489 | 48.95% | 121 | 12.11% | 10 | 1.00% | -110 | -11.01% | 999 |
Johnson | 257 | 38.13% | 59 | 8.75% | 355 | 52.67% | 3 | 0.45% | -98[a] | -14.54% | 674 |
Jones | 498 | 79.68% | 89 | 14.24% | 36 | 5.76% | 2 | 0.32% | 409 | 65.44% | 625 |
Laurens | 878 | 56.87% | 390 | 25.26% | 272 | 17.62% | 4 | 0.26% | 488 | 31.61% | 1,544 |
Lee | 285 | 61.82% | 63 | 13.67% | 113 | 24.51% | 0 | 0.00% | 172[a] | 37.31% | 461 |
Liberty | 242 | 38.54% | 245 | 39.01% | 141 | 22.45% | 0 | 0.00% | -3 | -0.48% | 628 |
Lincoln | 195 | 54.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 163 | 45.53% | 0 | 0.00% | 32[a] | 8.94% | 358 |
Lowndes | 888 | 72.91% | 289 | 23.73% | 34 | 2.79% | 7 | 0.57% | 599 | 49.18% | 1,218 |
Lumpkin | 525 | 63.18% | 253 | 30.45% | 53 | 6.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 272 | 32.73% | 831 |
Macon | 465 | 63.87% | 180 | 24.73% | 82 | 11.26% | 1 | 0.14% | 285 | 39.15% | 728 |
Madison | 733 | 77.90% | 49 | 5.21% | 154 | 16.37% | 5 | 0.53% | 579[a] | 61.53% | 941 |
Marion | 247 | 54.53% | 51 | 11.26% | 154 | 34.00% | 1 | 0.22% | 93[a] | 20.53% | 453 |
McDuffie | 196 | 40.50% | 4 | 0.83% | 283 | 58.47% | 1 | 0.21% | -87[a] | -17.98% | 484 |
McIntosh | 144 | 42.86% | 190 | 56.55% | 2 | 0.60% | 0 | 0.00% | -46 | -13.69% | 336 |
Meriwether | 765 | 68.30% | 98 | 8.75% | 253 | 22.59% | 4 | 0.36% | 512[a] | 45.71% | 1,120 |
Miller | 174 | 59.39% | 1 | 0.34% | 118 | 40.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 56[a] | 19.11% | 293 |
Milton | 263 | 58.84% | 25 | 5.59% | 158 | 35.35% | 1 | 0.22% | 105[a] | 23.49% | 447 |
Mitchell | 511 | 63.01% | 145 | 17.88% | 155 | 19.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 356[a] | 43.90% | 811 |
Monroe | 462 | 69.47% | 36 | 5.41% | 163 | 24.51% | 4 | 0.60% | 299[a] | 44.96% | 665 |
Montgomery | 593 | 69.03% | 121 | 14.09% | 141 | 16.41% | 4 | 0.47% | 452[a] | 52.62% | 859 |
Morgan | 512 | 79.50% | 67 | 10.40% | 44 | 6.83% | 21 | 3.26% | 445 | 69.10% | 644 |
Murray | 270 | 43.90% | 252 | 40.98% | 86 | 13.98% | 7 | 1.14% | 18 | 2.93% | 615 |
Muscogee | 1,522 | 88.28% | 164 | 9.51% | 6 | 0.35% | 32 | 1.86% | 1,358 | 78.77% | 1,724 |
Newton | 928 | 68.14% | 354 | 25.99% | 73 | 5.36% | 7 | 0.51% | 574 | 42.14% | 1,362 |
Oconee | 198 | 36.07% | 99 | 18.03% | 245 | 44.63% | 7 | 1.28% | -47[a] | -8.56% | 549 |
Oglethorpe | 719 | 86.11% | 5 | 0.60% | 101 | 12.10% | 10 | 1.20% | 618[a] | 74.01% | 835 |
Paulding | 402 | 32.90% | 341 | 27.91% | 479 | 39.20% | 0 | 0.00% | -77[a] | -6.30% | 1,222 |
Pickens | 347 | 27.80% | 810 | 64.90% | 87 | 6.97% | 4 | 0.32% | -463 | -37.10% | 1,248 |
Pierce | 354 | 69.82% | 73 | 14.40% | 77 | 15.19% | 3 | 0.59% | 277[a] | 54.64% | 507 |
Pike | 662 | 68.32% | 92 | 9.49% | 214 | 22.08% | 1 | 0.10% | 448[a] | 46.23% | 969 |
Polk | 653 | 43.07% | 689 | 45.45% | 174 | 11.48% | 0 | 0.00% | -36 | -2.37% | 1,516 |
Pulaski | 605 | 87.94% | 29 | 4.22% | 54 | 7.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 551[a] | 80.09% | 688 |
Putnam | 573 | 96.63% | 3 | 0.51% | 16 | 2.70% | 1 | 0.17% | 557[a] | 93.93% | 593 |
Quitman | 119 | 69.59% | 35 | 20.47% | 17 | 9.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 84 | 49.12% | 171 |
Rabun | 364 | 74.44% | 121 | 24.74% | 4 | 0.82% | 0 | 0.00% | 243 | 49.69% | 489 |
Randolph | 551 | 78.05% | 87 | 12.32% | 68 | 9.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 464 | 65.72% | 706 |
Richmond | 1,816 | 65.82% | 174 | 6.31% | 754 | 27.33% | 15 | 0.54% | 1,062[a] | 38.49% | 2,759 |
Rockdale | 434 | 62.63% | 133 | 19.19% | 124 | 17.89% | 2 | 0.29% | 301 | 43.43% | 693 |
Schley | 243 | 66.94% | 55 | 15.15% | 64 | 17.63% | 1 | 0.28% | 179[a] | 49.31% | 363 |
Screven | 430 | 64.47% | 25 | 3.75% | 210 | 31.48% | 2 | 0.30% | 220[a] | 32.98% | 667 |
Spalding | 905 | 84.90% | 142 | 13.32% | 13 | 1.22% | 6 | 0.56% | 763 | 71.58% | 1,066 |
Stewart | 429 | 67.67% | 155 | 24.45% | 50 | 7.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 274 | 43.22% | 634 |
Sumter | 918 | 82.04% | 159 | 14.21% | 41 | 3.66% | 1 | 0.09% | 759 | 67.83% | 1,119 |
Talbot | 484 | 82.74% | 74 | 12.65% | 26 | 4.44% | 1 | 0.17% | 410 | 70.09% | 585 |
Taliaferro | 377 | 54.48% | 184 | 26.59% | 130 | 18.79% | 1 | 0.14% | 193 | 27.89% | 692 |
Tattnall | 621 | 54.05% | 171 | 14.88% | 350 | 30.46% | 7 | 0.61% | 271[a] | 23.59% | 1,149 |
Taylor | 309 | 56.80% | 63 | 11.58% | 170 | 31.25% | 2 | 0.37% | 139[a] | 25.55% | 544 |
Telfair | 781 | 92.54% | 44 | 5.21% | 14 | 1.66% | 5 | 0.59% | 737 | 87.32% | 844 |
Terrell | 630 | 81.29% | 77 | 9.94% | 67 | 8.65% | 1 | 0.13% | 553 | 71.35% | 775 |
Thomas | 862 | 53.81% | 374 | 23.35% | 357 | 22.28% | 9 | 0.56% | 488 | 30.46% | 1,602 |
Towns | 338 | 36.34% | 417 | 44.84% | 174 | 18.71% | 1 | 0.11% | -79 | -8.49% | 930 |
Troup | 891 | 78.23% | 20 | 1.76% | 220 | 19.32% | 8 | 0.70% | 671[a] | 58.91% | 1,139 |
Twiggs | 378 | 88.52% | 30 | 7.03% | 19 | 4.45% | 0 | 0.00% | 348 | 81.50% | 427 |
Union | 419 | 41.69% | 466 | 46.37% | 114 | 11.34% | 6 | 0.60% | -47 | -4.68% | 1,005 |
Upson | 468 | 56.66% | 77 | 9.32% | 280 | 33.90% | 1 | 0.12% | 188[a] | 22.76% | 826 |
Walker | 858 | 59.42% | 512 | 35.46% | 71 | 4.92% | 3 | 0.21% | 346 | 23.96% | 1,444 |
Walton | 877 | 58.43% | 245 | 16.32% | 373 | 24.85% | 6 | 0.40% | 504[a] | 33.58% | 1,501 |
Ware | 635 | 78.20% | 158 | 19.46% | 4 | 0.49% | 15 | 1.85% | 477 | 58.74% | 812 |
Warren | 220 | 42.15% | 75 | 14.37% | 221 | 42.34% | 6 | 1.15% | -1[a] | -0.19% | 522 |
Washington | 976 | 57.41% | 195 | 11.47% | 529 | 31.12% | 0 | 0.00% | 447[a] | 26.29% | 1,700 |
Wayne | 417 | 73.81% | 89 | 15.75% | 54 | 9.56% | 5 | 0.88% | 328 | 58.05% | 565 |
Webster | 165 | 65.22% | 53 | 20.95% | 35 | 13.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 112 | 44.27% | 253 |
White | 297 | 42.80% | 179 | 25.79% | 218 | 31.41% | 0 | 0.00% | 79[a] | 11.38% | 694 |
Whitfield | 569 | 44.63% | 427 | 33.49% | 217 | 17.02% | 62 | 4.86% | 142 | 11.14% | 1,275 |
Wilcox | 501 | 67.98% | 194 | 26.32% | 39 | 5.29% | 3 | 0.41% | 307 | 41.66% | 737 |
Wilkes | 622 | 74.94% | 6 | 0.72% | 198 | 23.86% | 4 | 0.48% | 424[a] | 51.08% | 830 |
Wilkinson | 539 | 80.69% | 37 | 5.54% | 90 | 13.47% | 2 | 0.30% | 449[a] | 67.22% | 668 |
Worth | 529 | 50.53% | 272 | 25.98% | 241 | 23.02% | 5 | 0.48% | 257 | 24.55% | 1,047 |
Totals | 83,772 | 64.11% | 23,794 | 18.21% | 22,220 | 17.01% | 881 | 0.67% | 59,978 | 45.90% | 130,667 |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Mickey, Robert W.;Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972,p. 76ISBN1400838789
- ^Phillips, Kevin P.;The Emerging Republican Majority,pp. 208, 210ISBN9780691163246
- ^Springer, Melanie Jean;How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000,p. 155ISBN022611435X
- ^abMickey, Robert W.; ‘The Beginning of the End for Authoritarian Rule in America:Smith v. Allwrightand the Abolition of the White Primary in the Deep South, 1944-1948’;Studies in American Political Development,Vol. 22 (Fall 2008), pp. 143-182.
- ^Coleman, Kenneth;Georgia History in Outline,p. 85ISBN0820304670
- ^Perman, Michael;Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908;p. 274ISBN0807860255
- ^Woodward, Comer Vann;Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel(1963), p. 357
- ^See ‘The Fireman and Elks’;Passaic Daily News,September 30, 1904, p. 4
- ^‘Forecasts of Presidential Election’;Montgomery Advertiser,October 29, 1904, pp. 13-14
- ^"1904 Presidential Election Statistics".Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.RetrievedMarch 5,2018.
- ^Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas;1904 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia
- ^abcdGéoelections;Popular Vote at the Presidential Election for 1904(.xlsx file for €15)