190s
| Millennium |
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| 1st millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| Categories |
The190sdecade ran from January 1, 190, to December 31, 199.
Events
190
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- A part ofRomeburns; EmperorCommodusorders the city to be rebuilt, under the nameColonia Commodiana.
- In his rise to power,Lucius Septimias Severusis appointed as a Roman Council[1](later becoming emperor during theyear of the 5 emperors)
- ARoman roadcrosses theAlps,by theSimplon Pass.
China
[edit]- First year of theChupingera of the ChineseHan Dynasty.
- TheCampaign against Dong Zhuobegins. During theBattle of Xingyang,Cao Cao's army is defeated byDong Zhuo.
- Luoyangis burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved toChang'an.
Parthia
[edit]- Osroes II,controllingMedia,claims the throne of theParthian Empire.KingVologases IV of Parthiaputs down therebellionand restores order.
By topic
[edit]Art and Science
[edit]- Cleomedesteaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight.
Economic
[edit]- Egypt(under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.
- The percentage ofsilverin the Egyptiandenariusis lowered from 90% to 70%.
191
By place
[edit]Parthia
[edit]- KingVologases IV of Parthiadies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his sonVologases V.
China
[edit]- A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east ofHangu Passlaunches apunitive campaignagainst the warlordDong Zhuo,who seized control of the central government in189,and held the figureheadEmperor Xianhostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital fromLuoyangtoChang'an.Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han emperors, and then destroy Luoyang by fire, to leave behind nothing for the coalition.
- Battle of Jieqiao:Yuan Shaonarrowly defeatsGongsun Zan,in northernChina.
By topic
[edit]Art
[edit]- c. 191–192– The sculpture ofCommodusasHercules,fromEsquiline Hill,Rome,is made (it is now kept atPalazzo dei Conservatori,Rome).
Religion
[edit]- SerapionbecomesPatriarch of Antioch.
192
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- December 31– EmperorCommodusalarms theSenate,by appearing dressed as agladiatorfor his newconsulshiponJanuary 1.His mistressMarciafinds her name on the imperial execution list, and hires championwrestlerNarcissusto assassinate Commodus; theAntoninesDynasty ends.
- Civil waragain strikesAncient Rome(192–193).
China
[edit]- May 22–Lü Buassassinates warlordDong Zhuo,who has controlled the central government of theHan Dynasty(since189).
Vietnam
[edit]By topic
[edit]Arts and Science
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Syriac Christiansestablish an earlyChristiancommunity inKerala,India.
193
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- January 1–Year of the Five Emperors:TheRoman SenatechoosesPublius Helvius Pertinax,against his will, to succeed the lateCommodusas Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in theRoman army,and to suspend the food programs established byTrajan,provoking the ire of thePraetorian Guard.
- March 28–Pertinaxis assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire isauctionedoff;Marcus Didius Julianusthe highest bidder, offers 300 millionsestercesfor the throne. Roman governorsClodius Albinus(Britannia) andPescennius Niger(Syria) claim, with support of their troops, the imperial throne.
- April 14–Lucius Septimius Severusis proclaimed Emperor by his troops atCarnuntum,inPannonia Superior(Balkans). He marches with his army toRome.
- June 1– Septimius Severus enters the capital, and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000-man force from the Danubian legions, and gains control of theRoman Empire,beginning theSeveran dynasty.
- Battle of CyzicusandBattle of Nicaea(Asia Minor): Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius.
- In Britain,Clodius Albinusallies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title ofCaesar.British tribestake advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damageHadrian's Wall.Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by thelegionaries.
- Counterfeitingworkshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire.
- The Council of Rome, the pre-ecumenical council
China
[edit]- Last (4th) year ofChupingera of the ChineseHan dynasty.
- Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province:Cao Cao invadesTao Qian's Xu Province, holding him responsible for the death ofCao Song.
By topic
[edit]Commerce
[edit]- Thesilvercontent of the Romandenariusfalls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent underMarcus Aurelius.
194
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesarbecame aRoman Consul.
- Battle of Issus:Septimius Severus marches with his army (12legions) toCilicia,and defeatsPescennius Niger,Roman governor ofSyria.Pescennius retreats toAntioch,and is executed by Severus' troops.
- Septimius Severus besiegesByzantium(194–196); thecity wallssuffer extensive damage.
Asia
[edit]- Battle of Yan Province:WarlordsCao CaoandLü Bufight for control overYan Province;the battle lasts for over 100 days.
- First year of theXingpingera during theHan DynastyinChina.
By topic
[edit]Art and Science
[edit]Religion
[edit]195
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorSeptimius Severushas theRoman Senatedeify the previous emperorCommodus,in an attempt to gain favor with the family ofMarcus Aurelius.
- KingVologases Vand other eastern princes support the claims ofPescennius Niger.The Roman province ofMesopotamiarises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus marches to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians.
- The Roman province ofSyriais divided and the role ofAntiochis diminished. The Romans annex the Syrian cities ofEdessaandNisibis.Severus re-establishes his headquarters and thecoloniesthere.
- Lucius Septimius Bassianus(orCaracalla), age 7, changes his name toMarcus Aurelius Antoninus,to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius, and is given the titleCaesar.
- Clodius Albinus,who had been proclaimed emperor inBritain,crosses intoGaulwith his legions, while at the same time recruiting newsoldiers.He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men, according toCassius Dio.Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns toRome.
- Thedenariusis devalued by Severus. Thecoinnow contains only 50%precious metal.
China
[edit]- InChina,theXiongnufederation crosses theGreat Walland establishes itself inShanxiProvince.
- Last (2nd) year of theXingpingera during theHan Dynasty.
196
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorSeptimius Severusattempts to assassinateClodius Albinusbut fails, causing Albinus to retaliate militarily.
- EmperorSeptimius Severuscaptures and sacksByzantium;the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity.[3][4]
- In order to assure the support of theRoman legioninGermanyon his march toRome,Clodius Albinusis declaredAugustusby hisarmywhile crossingGaul.
- Hadrian's wallinBritainis partially destroyed.
China
[edit]- First year of theJian'an Era,during the reign of theXian Emperorof theHan.
- The Xian Emperor returns to war-ravagedLuoyangand seeks the protection of warlordCao Cao.He is advised to move the capital toXuchang;the emperor becomes apawnin the hands of the Chinesewarlords.
Korea
[edit]197
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- February 19–Battle of Lugdunum:EmperorSeptimius Severusdefeats the self-proclaimed emperorClodius AlbinusatLugdunum(modernLyon). Albinus commitssuicide;legionariessack the town.
- Septimius Severus returns toRomeand has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in theSenateexecuted. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the lateMarcus Aurelius.
- Septimius Severus forms newnavalunits, manning all thetriremesinItalywith heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificialcanalbetween theTigrisandEuphrates.
- Legio I,II,andIIIParthicaare levied by Septimius Severus for hisParthiancampaign.
- TheRoman armymarches east to repel a Parthian invasion ofMesopotamia;they loot the royal palace atCtesiphonand capture an enormous number of its inhabitants asslaves.
- Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province ofMesopotamiaunder an equestriangovernorcommanding twolegions.
- Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling theRoman empireby declaring a militarydictatorship.
Asia
[edit]- Battle of Wancheng:Zhang Xiulaunches a surprise attack atCao Cao.
- Yuan Shudeclares himself emperor of the short-lived Zhong dynasty.
- Sansangbecomes ruler of the Korean kingdom ofGoguryeo.[6]
By topic
[edit]Art and Science
[edit]- Galen'smajor work on medicines,Pharmacologia,is published.
Religion
[edit]198
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- January 28
- Publius Septimius Geta,son ofSeptimius Severus,receives the title ofCaesar.[7]
- Caracalla,son ofSeptimius Severus,is given the title ofAugustus.[8]
China
[edit]- Winter –Battle of Xiapi:The allied armies led byCao CaoandLiu BeidefeatLü Bu;afterward Cao Cao has him executed.[9]
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Marcus IsucceedsOlympianusasPatriarch of Constantinople(until211).
199
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Mesopotamiais partitioned into twoRoman provincesdivided by theEuphrates,Mesopotamia andOsroene.[10]
- EmperorSeptimius Severuslays siege to the city-stateHatrain Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.[11][12]
- Two newlegions,I ParthicaandIII Parthica,are formed as a permanentgarrison.[13]
China
[edit]- Battle of Yijing:Chinese warlordYuan ShaodefeatsGongsun Zan.
Korea
[edit]- GeodeungsucceedsSuro of Geumgwan Gaya,as king of theKoreankingdom ofGaya(traditional date).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Pope ZephyrinussucceedsPope Victor I,as the 15thpope.[14]
Significant people
[edit]- Septimius Severus,Roman Emperor
Births
190
- Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus,Roman praetorian prefect (d.243)
- Liu Yin(orXiuran), Chinese general of theShu Hanstate (d.269)
- Ma Su,Chinese general and strategist of the Shu Han state (d.228)
- Quintus Egnatius Proculus,Roman politician (approximate date)
- Wang Ji(orBoyu), Chinese general of theCao Weistate (d.261)
191
- Xin Xianying,Chinese noblewoman and advisor (d.269).[15]
192
- Cao Zhi(orKing Chen), Chinese prince and poet (d.232)
- Gordian II,Roman emperor (Year of the Six Emperors) (d.238)
193
- Luo Tong,Chinese official of theEastern Wustate (d.228)
- Zhang Wen,Chinese official of the Eastern Wu state (d.230)
194
195
- Cao Biao(orZhuhu), Chinese imperial prince (d.251)
- Gong Lu(orDexu), Chinese official and politician (d.225)
- He Yan(orPingshu), Chinese official and philosopher (d.249)
- Wang Su,Chinese official andConfucianscholar (d.256)
196
197
198
Deaths
190
- March 6–Liu Bian,Chinese emperor (poisoned byDong Zhuo) (b.176)
- Athenagoras of Athens,GreekChristianapologist (b.133)
- Julius of Rome,Roman politician (murdered byCommodus)
- Marcus Aurelius Cleander,Roman praetorian prefect
- Xun Shuang,Chinese politician and writer (b.128)[17]
- Zhou Bi,Chinese official (executed by Dong Zhuo)
- Emperor Seimuof Japan, according to legend.
191
- Bruttia Crispina,Roman empress (executed) (b.164)
- Han Fu,Chinese governor and warlord
- Hua Xiong,Chinese general (executed)
- Qiao Mao,Chinese official and warlord
- Sun Jian,Chinese general and warlord (b.155)
- Vologases IV,king of theParthian Empire
- Zhang Wen,Chinese official and general
192
- May 22–Dong Zhuo,Chinese general and warlord (d.134)
- December 31–Commodus,Roman emperor (b.161)
- Annia Fundania Faustina,Roman noblewoman
- Bao Xin,Chinese general and warlord (b.152)
- Cai Yong,Chinese official and calligrapher (b.132)
- Liu Dai,Chinese official, general and politician
- Lu Zhi,Chinese scholar and general (b.159)
- Wang Yun,Chinese official and politician (b.137)
- Yuan Yi,Chinese official and warlord
- Zhang Zhi,Chinese scholar and calligrapher
193
- March 28–Pertinax,Roman emperor (assassinated) (b.126)[18]
- June 1–Didius Julianus,Roman emperor (assassinated)
- Adrianus(orHadrian), Greeksophist,philosopher and writer
- Cao Song(orJugao), Chinese official and father ofCao Cao
- Liu Yu(orBo'an), Chinesenobleman,official and warlord
- Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus,Roman general and politician
194
- Liu Yan,Chinese warlord and governor
- Ma Midi,Chinese official and politician
- Pescennius Niger,Romanusurper(b.140)
- Tao Qian,Chinese warlord and governor (b.132)
195
- Fan Chou,Chinese general and politician
- Huangfu Song(orYizhen), Chinese general
- Liu Yao,Chinese warlord and governor (b.157)
- Lu Kang(orJining), Chinese politician (b.126)
- Xu Shao(orZi gian g), Chinese official (b.150)
- Ze Rong,Chinese warlord andBuddhistleader
- Zhang Miao,Chinese warlord and official
- Zhu Jun,Chinese general and official
196
- Beolhyu,Korean ruler ofSilla[5]
- Cao Bao,Chinese general and governor
- Chizhi Shizhu Hou,Chinese puppet ruler (b.150)
- Zhou Xin,Chinese official and politician
197
- February 19–Clodius Albinus,Roman general andusurper
- Cao Ang(orZixiu), eldest son ofCao Cao(b.177)
- Dian Wei,Chinese general serving under Cao Cao
- Gaius Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus,Roman politician
- Gogukcheon of Goguryeo,Korean ruler ofGoguryeo
- Guo Si(orGuo Duo), Chinese general andregent
- Li Jue,Chinese general serving underDong Zhuo
- Liu Chong,Chinese nobleman and Prince ofChen
- Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus,Roman statesman
- Yang Feng,Chinese general serving under Li Jue
198
- Li Jue,Chinese warlord andregent
- Liu Yao,Chinese governor and warlord (b.157)
- Mi Heng,Chinese musician and writer (b.173)
- Zhang Yang,Chinese official and warlord
199
- February 7
- Chen Ji,Chinese official, scholar and politician
- Gongsun Zan,Chinese general and warlord[19]
- Qin Yilu(orQin Yi), Chinese general
- Suro of Geumgwan Gaya,Korean ruler
- Tian Kai,Chinese official and general
- Yuan Shu,Chinese general and warlord[20]
References
[edit]- ^"Hadrian's Wall: Septimius Severus".English Heritage.Retrieved2024-01-07.
- ^Nicholls, Matthew C. (2011)."Galen and Libraries in the Peri Alupias".The Journal of Roman Studies.101:123–142.ISSN0075-4358.
- ^Jacobs, David (2015).Istanbul: A History.New Word City. p. 24.ISBN9781612309262.
- ^"Istanbul | History, Points of Interest, & Map".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved29 March2019.
- ^ab"List of Rulers of Korea".metmuseum.org.Retrieved21 April2019.
- ^"List of Rulers of Korea".metmuseum.org.Retrieved18 April2019.
- ^William Tabbernee; Peter Lampe (25 September 2008).Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate.Walter de Gruyter. p. 66.ISBN978-3-11-020859-7.
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- ^Bunson, Matthew (2002).Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire(2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 252.ISBN978-0-8160-4562-4.
- ^Erdkamp, Paul (2010).A Companion to the Roman Army.John Wiley and Sons. p. 272.ISBN978-1-4443-3921-5.
- ^Bunson, Matthew (2004).OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history.Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 986–987.ISBN978-1-59276-026-8.
- ^de Crespigny, Rafe(2007).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD.Leiden: Brill. p. 892.ISBN978-9-00415-605-0.
- ^Stephan Peter Bumbacher (2000).The Fragments of the Daoxue Zhuan: Critical Edition, Translation, and Analysis of a Medieval Collection of Daoist Biographies.Peter Lang. p. 218.ISBN978-3-631-36539-7.
- ^Goodman, Howard L. (2010).Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century Ad China.BRILL. p. 39.ISBN978-9004183377.
- ^Meijer, Fik (2004).Emperors Don't Die in Bed.Routledge. p. 66.ISBN978-1-134-38405-1.
- ^Huang, Hongquan (1988).Anthology of Song Dynasty Ci-poetry.People's Liberation Army Pub. House. p. 542.ISBN9787506506663.
- ^Léon, Wieger (1928). Werner, Edward Theodore Chalmers (ed.).China throughout the ages.Hsien Press. p. 449.