1910–11 United States Senate elections
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36 of the 92 seats in theUnited States Senate 47 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the elections: Democratic gainDemocratic hold Republican gainRepublican hold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The1910–11 United States Senate electionwere held on various dates in various states. As theseU.S. Senateelections were prior to the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendmentin 1913, senators were primarily chosen bystate legislatures.Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1910 and 1911, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due tolegislative deadlock.[1]However, some states had already begun direct elections during this time.Oregonpioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after,Nebraskafollowed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party'sprimaryor in conjunction with ageneral election.
In these elections, terms were up for the senators inClass 1.In conjunction withwinning controlof the House of Representatives for the first time since the1892 elections,Democrats flipped 9 Senate seats. This was not enough to flip the Senate, but significantly narrowed the margin of Republican control.
In New York and Florida, the legislature failed to elect until after the beginning of the62nd Congresson March 4. Special elections were held in six states: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, and West Virginia.
Result Summary[edit]
Senate party division, 62nd Congress (1911–1913):
- Majority party:Republican(50 seats)
- Minority party:Democratic(40 seats)
- Other parties: 0
- Vacant: 2
- Total seats: 92
Four seats were added in early 1912 for new states: Arizona (which elected 2 Democrats) and New Mexico (which elected 2 Republicans).
Change in composition[edit]
Before the elections[edit]
At the beginning of 1910.
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||
| D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 |
| D17 | D18 | D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 Ala. Ran |
D25 Fla. Ran |
D26 La.(sp) Ran |
| R57 W.Va.(reg) Ran |
R58 Wis. Ran |
R59 Wyo. Ran |
D33 Va. Ran |
D32 Texas Ran |
D31 Tenn. Ran |
D30 N.D.(sp) Ran |
D29 Miss.(sp) Retired |
D28 Miss.(reg) Ran |
D27 Md. Ran |
| R56 W.Va.(sp) Retired |
R55 Wash. Retired |
R54 Vt. Ran |
R53 Utah Ran |
R52 R.I. Retired |
R51 Pa. Ran |
R50 Ohio Ran |
R49 N.D.(reg) Ran |
R48 N.Y. Ran |
R47 N.J. Ran |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R37 Del. Ran |
R38 Ind. Ran |
R39 Maine Ran |
R40 Mass. Ran |
R41 Mich. Ran |
R42 Minn. Ran |
R43 Mo. Retired |
R44 Mont. Retired |
R45 Neb. Ran |
R46 Nev. Ran |
| R36 Conn. Ran |
R35 Calif. Retired |
R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 |
| R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 |
| R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | ||||
Elections results[edit]
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||
| D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 |
| D17 | D18 | D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 Ala. Re-elected |
D25 Ind. Gain |
D26 La.(sp) Elected[c] |
| D36 Tenn. Hold |
D35 Ohio Gain |
D34 N.J. Gain |
D33 Neb. Gain |
D32 Mont. Gain |
D31 Mo. Gain |
D30 Miss.(sp) Hold |
D29 Miss.(reg) Hold |
D28 Md. Re-elected |
D27 Maine Gain |
| D37 Texas Re-elected |
D38 Va. Re-elected |
D39 W.Va.(reg) Gain |
D40 W.Va.(sp) Gain |
V1 Fla. D Loss |
V2 N.Y. R Loss |
R51 Wyo. Re-elected |
R50 Wis. Re-elected |
R49 Wash. Hold |
R48 Vt. Re-elected |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R37 Del. Re-elected |
R38 Mass. Re-elected |
R39 Mich. Hold |
R40 Minn. Re-elected |
R41 Nev. Re-elected |
R42 N.D.(reg) Re-elected |
R43 N.D.(sp) Gain |
R44 Pa. Re-elected |
R45 R.I. Hold |
R46 Utah Re-elected |
| R36 Conn. Hold |
R35 Calif. Hold |
R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 |
| R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 |
| R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | ||||
Beginning of the next Congress[edit]
| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | ||||
| D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 | D8 | D7 |
| D17 | D18 | D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 | D26 |
| D36 | D35 | D34 | D33 | D32 | D31 | D30 | D29 | D28 | D27 |
| D37 | D38 | D39 | D40 Fla. Appointed |
V1 Colo. D Loss[d] |
V2 | R50 | R49 | R48 | R47 |
| Majority → | R46 | ||||||||
| R37 | R38 | R39 | R40 | R41 | R42 | R43 | R44 | R45 | |
| R36 | R35 | R34 | R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 |
| R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 |
| R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | ||||
| Key |
|
|---|
Race summaries[edit]
Special elections during the 61st Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1910 or in 1911 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
James Gordon | Democratic | 1909(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelectedFebruary 23, 1910.[2] Democratic hold. |
|
| Louisiana (Class 3) |
John Thornton | Democratic | 1910(Appointed) | Interim appointeeelectedDecember 6, 1910.[3] |
|
| North Dakota (Class 3) |
William E. Purcell | Democratic | 1910(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911. Republican gain. Winner took office February 11, 1911, upon resigning from the U.S. House. |
|
| West Virginia (Class 2) |
Davis Elkins | Republican | 1910(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senatorelectedFebruary 1, 1911. Democratic gain. |
|
In this election, the winner were seated in the 63rd Congress, starting March 4, 1913.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | John H. Bankhead | Democratic | 1907(Appointed) 1907(special) |
Incumbentre-electedearlyJanuary 17, 1911,for the term beginning March 4, 1913. |
|
Races leading to the 62nd Congress[edit]
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1911; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| California | Frank P. Flint | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 10, 1911.[8] Republican hold. |
|
| Connecticut | Morgan Bulkeley | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent lost renomination and re-election. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] Republican hold. |
|
| Delaware | Henry A. du Pont | Republican | 1906 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 25, 1911.[9] |
|
| Florida | James Taliaferro | Democratic | 1899(special) 1905(Appointed) 1905(special) |
Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. New senator was appointed to begin the term. |
|
| Indiana | Albert J. Beveridge | Republican | 1899 1905 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] Democratic gain. |
|
| Maine | Eugene Hale | Republican | 1881 1887 1893 1899 1905 |
Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] Democratic gain. |
|
| Maryland | Isidor Rayner | Democratic | 1904 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 18, 1910.[8] |
|
| Massachusetts | Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican | 1893 1899 1905 |
Incumbentre-electedJanuary 18, 1911.[8][13] |
|
| Michigan | Julius C. Burrows | Republican | 1895(special) 1899 1905 |
Incumbent lost renomination. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] Republican hold. |
|
| Minnesota | Moses E. Clapp | Republican | 1901(special) 1905 |
Incumbentre-electedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] |
|
| Mississippi | Hernando Money | Democratic | 1897(Appointed) 1899 1904 |
Incumbent retired. New senatorelected earlyJanuary 21, 1908.[15] Democratic hold. |
|
| Missouri | William Warner | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] Democratic gain. |
|
| Montana | Thomas H. Carter | Republican | 1895 1901(Lost) 1905 |
Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedMarch 2, 1911. Democratic gain. |
|
| Nebraska | Elmer Burkett | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[8][5] Democratic gain. |
|
| Nevada | George S. Nixon | Republican | 1905 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 24, 1911, ratifying the popular selection made in 1910 state elections.[8] |
|
| New Jersey | John Kean | Republican | 1899 1905 |
Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 25, 1911.[8] Democratic gain. |
|
| New York | Chauncey Depew | Republican | 1899 1905 |
Incumbent ran for re-election, butlegislature failed to elect. Republican loss. A new senator was elected late, see below. |
|
| North Dakota | Porter J. McCumber | Republican | 1899 1905 |
Incumbentre-electedJanuary 17, 1911.[8] |
|
| Ohio | Charles W. F. Dick | Republican | 1904(special) 1904 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelectedJanuary 10, 1911. Democratic gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania | George T. Oliver | Republican | 1909(special) | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 11, 1911.[8] |
|
| Rhode Island | Nelson W. Aldrich | Republican | 1881(special) 1886 1892 1898 1905 |
Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 18, 1911. Republican hold. |
|
| Tennessee | James B. Frazier | Democratic | 1905(special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelectedJanuary 23, 1911. Democratic hold. |
|
| Texas | Charles Allen Culberson | Democratic | 1899 1905 |
Incumbentre-electedJanuary 24, 1911. |
|
| Utah | George Sutherland | Republican | 1905 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 17, 1911. |
|
| Vermont | Carroll S. Page | Republican | 1908(special) | Incumbentre-electedOctober 18, 1910. |
|
| Virginia | John W. Daniel | Democratic | 1887 1893 1899 1904 |
Incumbentre-electedJanuary 25, 1910. Incumbent died June 29, 1910. A new senator was appointed to finish the term, and reappointed to begin the new term. The new senator was subsequently elected to finish the new term.[21] |
|
| Washington | Samuel H. Piles | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelectedJanuary 17, 1911.[8][6] Republican hold. |
|
| West Virginia | Nathan B. Scott | Republican | 1899 1905 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelectedFebruary 1, 1911.[8][6] Democratic gain. |
|
| Wisconsin | Robert M. La Follette | Republican | 1905 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 24, 1911.[8][6] |
|
| Wyoming | Clarence D. Clark | Republican | 1905 | Incumbentre-electedJanuary 24, 1911.[8][6] |
|
Elections during the 62nd Congress[edit]
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1911 after March 4; ordered by date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| New York (Class 1) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect, see above. New senatorelected lateMarch 31, 1911on the sixty-fourth ballot. Democratic gain. |
| ||
| Iowa (Class 2) |
Lafayette Young | Republican | 1911(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senatorelectedApril 12, 1911. Republican hold. |
|
| Florida (Class 1) |
Nathan P. Bryan | Democratic | 1911(Appointed) | Interim appointeeelected lateApril 18, 1911. |
|
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Joseph M. Terrell | Democratic | 1910(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senatorelectedJuly 12, 1911. Democratic hold. |
|
Alabama[edit]
DemocratJohn H. Bankheadwas re-elected early January 17, 1911[7]for the 1913 term.
California[edit]
Incumbent SenatorFrank P. Flint,who had beenelected in 1905,retired. RepublicanJohn D. Worksreceived a plurality of votes cast at a Republican state primary. RepublicanA. G. Spalding,however, carried a majority of the legislative districts represented by Republicans.[7]In the legislature, Works was elected January 10, 1911, with 92 votes over Spalding's 21 votes, and a scattering of votes for various Democrats.[8][7]
Connecticut[edit]
Republican incumbentMorgan Bulkeley,who had been electedin 1905,lost renomination in a Republican legislative caucus 113–64 toGeorge P. McLean.
McLean was then elected January 17, 1911, with 177 votes to DemocratHomer Stille Cummings's 110 votes.[8][7]
Delaware[edit]
First-term RepublicanHenry A. du Pontwas re-elected January 25, 1911.[9]He beat DemocratWillard Saulsbury Jr..
Henry A. du Pont(Republican) 31 votes- Willard Saulsbury Jr.(Democratic) 21 votes[7]
Saulsbury would beelected in 1913to the other Delaware senate seat. Du Pont wouldlose re-election in 1916,the first popular Senate election in Delaware.
Florida[edit]
In June 1910, incumbent DemocratJames Taliaferrolost a non-binding primary to former GovernorNapoleon B. Browardfor the term which started on March 4, 1911.[23]Broward died in October.[24]In early February 1911,Nathan P. Bryanwon a non-binding primary for the seat, defeating William A. Blount 19,991 to 19,381.[25]The governor then appointed Bryan to fill the vacancy.[26]
In April 1911, theFlorida Legislatureunanimously elected Bryan to the remainder of the term.[27]
Georgia (special)[edit]
Three-term DemocratAlexander S. Claydied November 13, 1910, and Democratic former-Governor of GeorgiaJoseph M. Terrellwas appointed November 17, 1910, to continue the term, pending a special election.
DemocraticGovernor of GeorgiaM. Hoke Smithwon the July 12, 1911, special election to finish the term that would end in 1915.
- M. Hoke Smith(Democratic) 155 votes
- Joseph M. Terrell(Democratic) 51 votes
- W.A. Covington(Democratic) 6 votes
- Thomas E. Watson7 votes
- John M. Holder(Democratic) 1 vote[11]
Smith had just begun his gubernatorial term July 1, 1911, when he was elected to the Senate. Although formally elected and qualified, Smith chose not to take office until November 16, 1911, so he could continue being Governor of Georgia.[28]
Smith would later bere-elected in 1914and would serve through 1921.
Indiana[edit]
![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=vi){kind=small} | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Iowa (special)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Louisiana (special)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Maine[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Maryland[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2022) |
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80 members of theMaryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Isidor Raynerwon election by an unknown margin for the Class 1 seat.[29]
Massachusetts[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Michigan[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Minnesota[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Mississippi[edit]
Mississippi (regular)[edit]
Three-term DemocratHernando Moneyretired from the class 1 seat. In 1908 theMississippi legislaturehad already unanimously elected Democratic congressmanJohn Sharp Williamsearly for the next term.[15]
Mississippi (special)[edit]
Three-term DemocratAnselm J. McLaurindied December 22, 1909, and DemocratJames Gordonwas appointed December 27, 1909, to continue the term pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate. The day after his appointment to the class 2 seat, he was identified as a former fugitive who had been sought as a suspect in the conspiracy to assassinate PresidentAbraham Lincoln.Gordon was listed in 1865 by the United States government as a fugitive, and a reward of $10,000 had been offered for his capture, dead or alive. Later that year, he was ruled out of the suspects.[30]Gordon then admitted that he had met withJohn Wilkes BoothinMontrealin March 1865, and had discussed plans to kidnap Lincoln, but denied any discussion of murder.[31]
A plurality of legislators backed thewhite supremacistJames K. Vardaman,but the fractured remainder sought to thwart his extreme racial policies. A majority united behind Percy to block Vardaman, instead electing DemocratLeRoy PercyFebruary 23, 1910, to finish the term that would end in 1913.[2]
Percy would later lose renomination in 1912 to the next term.
Missouri[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Montana[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
DemocratHenry L. Myerswas elected on the 80th joint ballot by the Montana state legislature, winning 53 votes to incumbent RepublicanThomas H. Carter's 45. Carter had led on the first ballot with 31 votes to DemocratThomas J. Walsh's 28.
Nebraska[edit]
Democratic nomineeGilbert Hitchcockdefeated Republican incumbent SenatorElmer Burkettby a very narrow margin of 9.16%.
Gilbert Hitchcockwas the first Democrat ever to have won a United States Senate seat fromNebraskaand he was the first non-Republican to have won a United States Senate seat fromNebraskasinceWilliam Vincent Allenin1893.
Nevada[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
New Jersey[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
New York[edit]
 | |||||||||||||||||
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201 members of the New York Assembly 101 votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||
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Republican incumbentChauncey M. Depewhad beenre-elected to this seat in 1905,and his term would expire on March 3, 1911. At theState election in November 1910,John Alden Dixwas elected Governor, the first Democrat to hold the position since 1894. Democrats also unexpectedly carried the state legislative elections, and controlled both the Senate and the Assembly. The134th New York State Legislaturemet from January 4 to October 6, 1911, inAlbany, New York.Democratic Ex-Lieutenant GovernorWilliam F. Sheehanannounced his candidacy on December 30, 1910. Before the State election, when a Democratic victory seemed to be improbable, Sheehan had made an agreement withTammany HallleaderCharles Francis Murphythat the Tammany men would support Sheehan for the U.S. Senate. TheDemocraticcaucus met on January 16 and nominated Sheehan overEdward M. ShepardandD. Cady Herrick.TheRepublicancaucus met on January 16 and re-nominated Chauncey M. Depew unanimously.
From January 17 through March 3, the legislature was deadlocked through 39 ballots, with anti-Tammany Democrats led by newly elected State SenatorFranklin Delano Rooseveltrefusing to support Sheehan. On March 3, 1911, Depew's term ended.
The deadlock continued over another 19 ballots despite the vacant seat. Democrats then held a new caucus and nominatedJames A. O'Gorman,a justice of theNew York Supreme Court.O'Gorman was elected over Depew on March 31, 1911.
| Candidate | Party | 64th joint ballot Mar 31 |
|---|---|---|
| Chauncey M. Depew | Republican | 80 |
| James A. O'Gorman
|
Democratic | 112
|
North Dakota[edit]
North Dakota (special)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
North Dakota (regular)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Ohio[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Pennsylvania[edit]
The Pennsylvania election was held January 17, 1911. IncumbentGeorge T. Oliverwas re-elected by thePennsylvania General Assembly.[32]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | George T. Oliver(Incumbent) | 181 | 70.43% | |
| Democratic | J. Henry Cochran | 35 | 13.62% | |
| Democratic | Julian Kennedy | 25 | 9.73% | |
| Democratic | James B. Riley | 3 | 1.17% | |
| Republican | William Flinn | 2 | 0.78% | |
| Democratic | William H. Berry | 1 | 0.39% | |
| Democratic | George W. Guthrie | 1 | 0.39% | |
| Socialist | Joseph E. Cohen | 1 | 0.39% | |
| N/A | Not voting | 8 | 3.11% | |
| Total votes | 257 | 100% | ||
Rhode Island[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Tennessee[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Texas[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Utah[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Vermont[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Virginia[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
Washington[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(November 2020) |
West Virginia[edit]
West Virginia (regular)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(September 2020) |
West Virginia (special)[edit]
| This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(September 2020) |
Wisconsin[edit]
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Wisconsin (Class 1) |
Robert M. La Follette | Republican | 1905 | Incumbent re-electedJanuary 24, 1911.[33] |
|
Wyoming[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^asRepublican Conference Chairman
- ^asDemocratic Conference Chairman
- ^Appointee elected
- ^Charles J. Hughes Jr.(D-Colorado) died January 11, 1911, and the seat was vacant until theJanuary 15, 1913 electionof DemocratCharles S. Thomas.
References[edit]
- ^"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)".National Archives and Records Administration.February 8, 2022.
- ^abc"VARDAMAN'S DEFEAT RELIEF TO SENATORS".The New York Times.February 24, 1910. p. 4.
- ^"THORNTON CHOSEN SENATOR".The New York Times.December 7, 1910. p. 1.
- ^abUnited States Senators Chosen, 1910,p. 439.
- ^abcdefghijUnited States Senators Chosen, 1911,p. 457.
- ^abcdefghijklmUnited States Senators Chosen, 1911,p. 458.
- ^abcdefghiUnited States Senators Chosen, 1911,p. 455.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx"The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1912".New York: The Press Publishing Co. (The New York World). 1911. p. 200.
- ^ab"du PONT, Henry Algernon - Biographical Information".bioguide.congress.gov.RetrievedDecember 21,2017.
- ^"Our Campaigns - FL US Senate - Appointment Race - Feb 22, 1911".ourcampaigns.RetrievedDecember 21,2017.
- ^abcdefUnited States Senators Chosen, 1911,p. 456.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 01, 1910".ourcampaigns.RetrievedDecember 21,2017.
- ^Garraty, John A. (1953).Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography.pp.280–283.
- ^United States Senators Chosen, 1911,pp. 456–457.
- ^abcRhoades, Henry Eckford; McPherson, Edward; Schem, A. J.; Ottarson, F. J.; Cleveland, John F.; Greeley, Horace (1909). "United States Senators Chosen — 1908".The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1909.New York:The Tribune Association.p. 315 – viaHathi Trust Digital Library.
- ^"Pledges Devotion to Public Service: Senator Hitchcock Accepts New Honors in Speech to Legislature in Joint Convention".Lincoln, Nebraska:Lincoln Daily News. January 18, 1911. p. 1.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NE US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1910".ourcampaigns.RetrievedJune 24,2023.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NV US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1910".ourcampaigns.RetrievedDecember 21,2017.
- ^United States Senators Chosen, 1911,pp. 457–458.
- ^abUnited States Senators Chosen, 1910,p. 440.
- ^Byrd,p. 178.
- ^"Our Campaigns - WV US Senate Race - Mar 03, 1911".ourcampaigns.RetrievedDecember 21,2017.
- ^"Taliaferro is Beaten: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Wins Senatorship in Florida".The Watchman and Southron.Sumter, SC. June 15, 1910. p. 6.
- ^"Ex-Gov. Broward Dead: One of America's Most Forceful and Picturesque Figures Passes; On Eve of being U.S. Senator".Baltimore Sun.Baltimore, MD. October 2, 1910. p. 2.
- ^"New Senator From Florida".San Juan Islander.Friday Harbor, WA. February 17, 1911. p. 2.
- ^"New U.S. Senator".Nashville Tennessean.Nashville, TN. February 16, 1911. p. 6.
- ^"The Hon. Nathan P. Bryan was formally elected Florida's United States Senator by both branches of the Florida legislature Tuesday afternoon. No other name was presented, and the vote for Mr. Bryan was unanimous -- thanks to the primary".St. Lucie County Tribune.Fort Pierce, FL. April 21, 1911. p. 4.
- ^"GOVERNOR AND SENATOR, TOO; Hoke Smith to Hold On to State Job Until December".The New York Times.July 13, 1911. p. 3.RetrievedNovember 27,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 01, 1910".ourcampaigns.RetrievedNovember 5,2022.
- ^"NEW SENATOR ONCE FUGITIVE.; Gordon Was Suspected of Complicity in Killing of Lincoln".The New York Times.December 29, 1909. p. 1.RetrievedNovember 30,2020.
- ^Tidwell, William A. (1988).Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln.University Press of Mississippi. pp. 405–410.
- ^Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007)."Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006".The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.Wilkes University.
- ^"La Follette Named. Vote is a Triumph".Oshkosh Northwestern.January 24, 1911. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 7,2023– viaNewspapers.
Sources[edit]
- Byrd, Robert C.(October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.).The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992.United States Senate Historical Office(volume 4 Bicentennial ed.).Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office.ISBN9780160632563– viaGoogle Books.
- Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007)."Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006".The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.Wilkes University.
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