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Wikimedia Commons has media related to1933.
1933(MCMXXXIII) was acommon year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendar,the 1933rd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 933rd year of the2nd millennium,the 33rd year of the20th century,and the 4th year of the1930sdecade.
Events
[edit]January
[edit]
- January 11– SirCharles Kingsford Smithmakes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
- January 17– TheUnited States Congressvotes in favour ofPhilippinesindependence, against the wishes of U.S. PresidentHerbert Hoover.[1]
- January 28– "Pakistan Declaration":Choudhry Rahmat Alipublishes (inCambridge,UK) a pamphlet entitledNow or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?,in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls "Pakstan";this influences thePakistan Movement.[2]
- January 30
- Nazi PartyleaderAdolf Hitleris appointedChancellor of Germanyby President of GermanyPaul von Hindenburg.[3]
- Édouard Daladierforms a government in France[4]in succession toJoseph Paul-Boncour.He is succeeded on October 26 byAlbert Sarrautand on November 26 byCamille Chautemps.
February
[edit]
- February 1–Adolf Hitlergives his "Proclamation to the German People" in Berlin.
- February 3– Adolf Hitler gives a secret speech to his military leaders, outlining his plans to rearm Germany in defiance of theTreaty of Versaillesand to adopt a policy ofLebensraumin eastern Europe.[5]
- February 5– Amutinystarts on theRoyal Netherlands Navycoastal defence shipDe Zeven Provinciënin theDutch East Indies.After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft, killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender.
- February 6–7– Officers on theUSSRamaporecord a 34-meter high sea wave in the Pacific Ocean.
- February 9–The King and Country debate:TheOxford Unionstudent debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country."[6]
- February 10– The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the firstsinging telegram.[7]
- February 15– InMiami,Giuseppe Zangaraattempts to assassinate President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt,but instead fatally wounds theMayor of Chicago,Anton Cermak.
- February 17– TheBlaine Actpasses theUnited States Senate,submitting the proposedTwenty-first Amendment to the Constitutionto the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, endingprohibition in the United States.
- February 23– TheImperial Japanese Armyinvades Rehe provincein northern China.
- February 27–Reichstag fire:Germany's parliament building in Berlin, theReichstag building,is set on fire under controversial circumstances.[8]The following day, theReichstag Fire Decreeis passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties.
- February 28–English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33:TheEngland cricket teamwinsThe Ashesusing the controversialbodylinetactic.[9]
March
[edit]- March 2–King Kong:TheoriginalKing Kongfilm,directed byMerian C. Cooperdebuts inNew York City.The movie became the firstfeature filmto usestop-motion animationmodels.
- March 3–1933 Sanriku earthquake:A powerful earthquake andtsunamihitHonshū,Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people.
- March 4
- Franklin D. Roosevelt(FDR) issworn inas the 32nd president of the United States, beginning his "first 100 days".About theGreat Depression,he proclaims "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself" in his inauguration speech. It is the last timeInauguration Dayin the United States occurs on March 4.
- TheParliament of Austriais suspended because of a quibble over procedure;ChancellorEngelbert Dollfussinitiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin ofAustrofascism.
- March 5
- TheGreat Depression:PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdeclares a "Bank holiday",closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends onMarch 13).
- March 1933 German federal election:TheNazi Partygains 43.9% of the votes.
- March 7– The real-estate trading board gameMonopolyis invented in the United States.
- March 10– The 6.4 Mw Long Beach earthquakeshakesSouthern Californiawith a maximumMercalli intensityof VIII (Severe), killing 115 people.
- March 12–Great Depression:Franklin Delano Rooseveltaddresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his "Fireside chats".
- March 14– Indonesian Association football clubPersib Bandungis founded as Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond.
- March 15
- TheDow Jones Industrial Averagerises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.
- Austrian ChancellorEngelbert Dollfusskeeps members of theNational Councilfrom convening, starting theAustrofascistdictatorship.
- March 20
- Dachau,the firstNazi concentration camp,is completed in Germany (it opensMarch 22to hold political prisoners).
- First of a series of meetings in the United States called by Jewish organizations calling for an internationalanti-Nazi boycottin response to the persecution of German Jews.
- Giuseppe Zangara,the attempted assassin ofFranklin D. Roosevelt,is executed by theelectric chair.
- March 22– President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act known as theCullen–Harrison Act,allowing the manufacture and sale of "3.2 beer" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines.[10]
- March 23–Gleichschaltung:TheReichstagpasses theEnabling Act,makingAdolf Hitlereffectively thedictatorof Germany.[11]
- March 27– Japan announces it will leave theLeague of Nations(due to a cancellation period of exactly two years, the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935).[12]
- March 29– Welsh journalistGareth Jonesmakes the first report in the West of theHolodomorfamine genocide in Ukraine.
- March 31– TheCivilian Conservation Corpsis established, with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
April
[edit]- April 1– The recently electedNazis(underJulius Streicher) organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.[13]
- April 2– As a member of theEnglish cricket team touring New Zealand, 1933,batsmanWally Hammondscores a record 336 runs in a test match atEden Park,Auckland.[9]
- April 3
- An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand).
- The first flight overMount Everestis made by the BritishHouston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition,led by theMarquis of Clydesdale,and funded byLucy, Lady Houston.[14]
- April 4– American airshipAkroncrashes off the coast ofNew Jersey,killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this date (and until1950).
- April 5
- TheInternational Court of JusticeinThe Haguedecides thatGreenlandbelongs to Denmark, and condemnsNorwegian landings on eastern Greenland.Norway submits the decision.
- United States PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltdeclares a national emergency and issuesExecutive Order 6102,making it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold orbullion.
- April 7
- Sale of some beer is legalized in the United States under the Cullen-Harrison Act of March 22, eight months before the full repeal ofProhibitionin December.[15]
- TheLaw for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Serviceis passed in Germany, the first law of the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents).[16]
- April 11– AviatorBill Lancastertakes off from Lympne in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to theCape of Good Hope,but vanishes (his body is not found in theSahara Desertuntil1962).[17]
- April 13– TheChildren and Young Persons Actis passed in theUnited Kingdom.[18]
- April 21–Nazi Germanyoutlaws thekosherritualshechita.
- April 24
- Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germanybegins with the seizure of the Bible Students' office inMagdeburg.
- Jewish physicians in Nazi Germany are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many to give up their practices.[19]
- April 26– TheGestaposecret policeis established in Nazi Germany byHermann Göring.
- April 27– TheStahlhelmveterans' organization joins theNaziparty in Germany.
May
[edit]- May 2–Gleichschaltung:Adolf Hitlerprohibitstrade unions.
- May 3
- In theIrish Free State,Dáil Éireannabolishes theoath of allegianceto theBritish Crown.
- Nellie Tayloe Rossbecomes the first woman to be named director of theUnited States Mint.
- May 5– The detection byKarl Janskyof radio waves from the center of theMilky WayGalaxy is reported inThe New York Times.The discovery leads to the birth ofradio astronomy.
- May 8–Mohandas Gandhibegins a 3-weekhunger strike,because of the mistreatment of the lower castes inIndia.
- May 10–Chaco War:Paraguayformally declares war onBolivia.[20]
- May 17–Vidkun QuislingandJohan Bernhard Hjortform theNasjonal Samling(the National Gathering Party) of Norway.
- May 18–New Deal:PresidentFranklin Delano Rooseveltsigns an act creating theTennessee Valley Authority.
- May 26– TheNaziParty in Germany introduces a law to legalizeeugenicsterilization.
- May 27
- New Dealin the United States: TheFederal Securities Actis signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with theFederal Trade Commission.
- TheCentury of ProgressWorld's Fairopens in Chicago.
June
[edit]- June – TheHolodomorfamine-genocide inUkrainereaches its peak, with 30,000 deaths from human-made starvation each day.[21]The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born this year is 7.3 years.[22]
- June 5– TheU.S. Congressabrogates the United States use of thegold standard,by enacting a joint resolution[citation needed]nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- June 6– The firstdrive-in movie theateropens inPennsauken Township,nearCamden, New Jersey.
- June 12– TheLondon Economic Conferenceis held.
- June 17–Union Station massacre:InKansas City, Missouri,Pretty Boy Floydkills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended to rescue, captured bank robberFrank Nash.
- June 22–Nazi Germanyoutlaws theSocial-Democratic Party(SPD).[23]
- June 25– Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against thepersecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany.
- June 26– TheAmerican Totalisator Companyunveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine, at theArlington Parkrace track near Chicago and the founding of20th Century Pictures.
July
[edit]- July 1
- TheLondon Passenger Transport Boardbegins operation.
- Business Plot:Smedley Butlerbecomes involved in a coup attempt led by Gerald MacGuire against the President of the United StatesFranklin Delano Rooseveltwhich fails (according to his testimony in 1934).
- July 4–Gandhiis sentenced to prison in India.
- July 6– The firstMajor League Baseball All-Star Gameis played atComiskey Parkin Chicago.
- July 8– The firstrugby uniontest matchis played between theWallabies of Australiaand theSpringboks of South Africa,at Newlands inCape Town.
- July 14– InNazi Germany:
- Formation of new political parties is forbidden.[11]
- TheLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspringis enacted,[24]allowingcompulsory sterilizationof citizens suffering from a list of allegedgenetic disorders.
- July 15
- TheFour-Power Pactis signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.[9]
- TheInternational Left Opposition(ILO) is renamed the International Communist League (ICL).
- July 20–Reichskonkordat:Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (laterPope Pius XII) signs an accord with Germany.
- July 22
- Wiley Postbecomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing atFloyd Bennett FieldinBrooklyn,New York, after traveling eastbound 15,596 mi (25,099 km) in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.
- "Machine Gun Kelly"andAlbert Bateskidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.
August
[edit]- August 1– The Blue Eagle emblem of theNational Recovery Administrationin the United States is displayed publicly for the first time.
- August 2– The StalinWhite Sea–Baltic Canal,a 227kmship canalconstructed usingforced labourin theSoviet Union,opens, connecting theWhite SeawithLake Onegaand theBaltic.
- August 7–Simele massacre:More than 3,000AssyrianIraqis are killed byIraqigovernment troops.
- August 12–Winston Churchillmakes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German rearmament.[25]
- August 14– Loggers cause aforest firein theCoast RangeofOregon,later known as the first forest fire of theTillamook Burn.It is extinguished onSeptember 5,after destroying 240,000 acres (970 km2).
- August 25– TheDiexi earthquakeshakesMao County,Sichuan,China and kills 9,000 people.
- August 30– German-Jewish philosopherTheodor Lessingis shot in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně),Czechoslovakia,dying the following day.
September
[edit]- September 12
- Alejandro Lerrouxforms a new government in Spain.
- Leó Szilárd,waiting for a red light onSouthampton RowinBloomsbury,conceives the idea of thenuclear chain reaction.
- September 26– Ahurricanedestroys the town ofTampico,Mexico.
October
[edit]- October 1–Engelbert Dollfuss,leader of theFatherland's Frontin Austria, is seriously injured in a failed assassination attempt.
- October 7–Air Franceis formed by the merger of five French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes.
- October 10–1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion:A bomb destroys aUnited AirlinesBoeing 247on a transcontinental flight in mid-air nearChesterton, Indiana,killing all 7 on board, in the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.
- October 12– The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks onAlcatrazis acquired by theUnited States Department of Justice,which plans to incorporate the island into itsFederal Bureau of Prisonsas apenitentiary.
- October 14– Germany announces its withdrawal from theLeague of Nationsand the World Disarmament Conference, after the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defence armaments under the Versailles Treaty.
- October 14–16– Thenew constitutionofEstoniais approved only on thethird consecutive referendum.
- October 16–Parricidescommitted in the United States byVictor Licatalead to calls for the legal prohibition ofcannabis.
- October 17– ScientistAlbert Einsteinarrives in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee fromNazi Germany,and takes up a position at theInstitute for Advanced Study,Princeton, New Jersey.
November
[edit]- November 5– SpanishBasque peoplevote for autonomy.
- November 8–New Deal:U.S. PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltunveils theCivil Works Administration,an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
- November 11–Dust Bowl:InSouth Dakota,a very strongdust storm( "the great black blizzard" ) stripstopsoilfrom desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms this year).
- November 12– Japan Precision Optical Industry, predecessor of the globalCanoncameraandphotocopierbrandis founded in Japan.[26]
- November 16
- The United States and theSoviet Unionestablish formaldiplomatic relations.
- American aviatorJimmie Angelbecomes the first foreigner to see theAngel FallsinVenezuela(they are named after him).
- November 19–Second Spanish Republic:General elections result in a victory by the right-wing parties.
- November 22– TheFu gian People's Governmentis declared inFu gian Province,China.
December
[edit]- December 5– TheTwenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitutionis ratified, repealingProhibition.
- December 15– The 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, making alcohol legal in the United States.
- December 17– Thefirst NFL Championship gamein American football is played. TheChicago Bearsdefeat theNew York Giants23–21.
- December 21–Newfoundlandreturns toCrown colonystatus, following financial collapse.[25]
- December 23–Lagny-Pomponne rail accident:A train crash inLagny,France kills over 200.
- December 26
- December 29– Members of theIron GuardassassinateIon Gheorghe Duca,prime minister ofRomania.
Date unknown
[edit]- Turkeyconcludes a treaty with the creditors of the formerOttoman Empireto schedule the payments in Paris (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years).
- The first datedInter-School Christian Fellowshipgroup is started in Australia atNorth Sydney Boys High School,with the group continuing into the 21st century.
- TheAdélaïde Concerto,a spurious work attributed toWolfgang Amadeus Mozart,is published as "edited" (actually composed) byMarius Casadesus.
- TheAdvisory Committee of Experts on Slaveryis created by theLeague of Nations.[27]
Births
[edit]January
[edit]
- January 1–Joe Orton,English playwright (d.1967)[28]
- January 2–On Kawara,Japanese conceptual artist (d.2014)
- January 6–Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov,Russian cosmonaut (d.2003)
- January 7–Diane Leather,English athlete (d.2018)
- January 8
- Supriya Devi,Indian Bengali actress (d.2018)
- Charles Osgood,American radio and television commentator (d.2024)
- January 12–Liliana Cavani,Italian film director and screenwriter
- January 13–Tom Gola,American basketball player (d.2014)[29]
- January 14–Stan Brakhage,American filmmaker (d.2003)
- January 15–Ernest J. Gaines,American author (d.2019)
- January 16–Susan Sontag,American author (d.2004)
- January 17
- Dalida,French singer (d.1987)
- Shari Lewis,American ventriloquist (d.1998)
- Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan,French U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (d.2003)
- January 18
- David Bellamy,English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist (d.2019)
- John Boorman,English film director
- January 21–Habib Thiam,Senegal politician (d.2017)
- January 23
- Bill Hayden,Australian politician, 21stGovernor-General of Australia(d.2023)
- Chita Rivera,American actress, dancer (d.2024)
- January 25–Corazon Aquino,11thPresident of the Philippines(d.2009)
- January 27–Nikolai Fadeyechev,Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and teacher (d.2020)
- January 28–Jack Hill,American film director
February
[edit]
- February 2–Tony Jay,English-American actor and voice artist (d.2006)
- February 5–Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann,Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and priest (d.2017)
- February 8
- Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria,Austro-Hungarian royal (d.2017)
- Elly Ameling,Dutch soprano
- February 12–Costa-Gavras,Greek-born director, writer
- February 13
- Paul Biya,2ndPresident of Cameroon
- Kim Novak,American actress
- Emanuel Ungaro,French fashion designer (d.2019)[30]
- February 14–Madhubala,Indian actress (d.1969)
- February 17–Syed Sajjad Ali Shah,13th Chief Justice of Pakistan (d.2017)
- February 18
- Yoko Ono,Japanese-born singer, artist and widow ofJohn Lennon
- SirBobby Robson,English soccer player, manager (d.2009)
- Frank Moores,secondPremier of Newfoundland and Labrador(d.2005)
- February 21–Nina Simone,African-American singer (d.2003)[31]
- February 22
- Katharine, Duchess of Kent,British royal, musician and patron of the arts
- Christopher Ondaatje,Ceylonese-born travel writer, biographer and philanthropist[32]
- February 26–Lubomyr Husar,Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d.2017)
- February 28–Charles Vinci,American weightlifter (d.2018)
March
[edit]
- March 3
- Tomas Milian,Cuban-American-Italian actor (d.2017)
- Lee Radziwill,American socialite, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (d.2019)
- March 7–Jackie Blanchflower,Northern Irish footballer (d.1998)[33]
- March 12–Jesús Gil,Spanish right-wing politician, construction businessman and football team owner (d.2004)
- March 13–Mike Stoller,American songwriter
- March 14
- Sir Michael Caine,English actor and author
- René Felber,Swiss Federal Councillor (d.2020)
- Quincy Jones,African-American music producer, composer
- March 15–Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.2020)[34]
- March 18–Unita Blackwell,African-American civil rights activist (d.2019)
- March 19–Philip Roth,American novelist (d.2018)[35]
- March 22–Abolhassan Banisadr,1stPresident of Iran(d.2021)
April
[edit]
- April 1
- Dan Flavin,American artist (d.1996)
- Claude Cohen-Tannoudji,French physicist andNobellaureate
- April 5–Frank Gorshin,American actor (Batman) (d.2005)
- April 6–Henryk Niedźwiedzki,Polish boxer (d.2018)
- April 7–Wayne Rogers,American actor (M*A*S*H) (d.2015)
- April 9
- Jean-Paul Belmondo,French actor (d.2021)
- Gian Maria Volonté,Italian actor (d.1994)
- April 12
- Montserrat Caballé,Catalan operatic soprano (d.2018)
- Ben Nighthorse Campbell,American politician
- April 14–Yuri Oganessian,Russian nuclear physicist
- April 15
- Roy Clark,American country musician (d.2018)
- Elizabeth Montgomery,American actress (Bewitched) (d.1995)
- April 19–Jayne Mansfield,American actress (d.1967)
- April 25–Jerry Leiber,American composer (d.2011)
- April 26
- Carol Burnett,American actress, singer and comedian
- Arno Allan Penzias,German-born physicist andNobellaureate (d.2024)[36]
- Filiberto Ojeda Ríos,Puerto Rican activist (d.2005)
- April 29
- Mark Eyskens,Prime Minister of Belgium
- Rod McKuen,American singer, songwriter and poet (d.2015)
- Willie Nelson,American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, producer, author, poet and activist
- April 30–Vittorio Merloni,Italian entrepreneur (d.2016)
May
[edit]
- May 3
- James Brown,African-American soul musician (I Got You (I Feel Good)) (d.2006)
- Steven Weinberg,American physicist andNobellaureate (d.2021)
- May 5–Ratnasiri Wickremanayake,2-time prime minister of Sri Lanka (d.2016)
- May 7
- Johnny Unitas,American football player (d.2002)
- Nexhmije Pagarusha,Albanian singer and actress (d.2020)
- May 10–Barbara Taylor Bradford,English writer[37]
- May 11–Louis Farrakhan,African-American Muslim leader
- May 14–Siân Phillips,Welsh actress
- May 21–Maurice André,French trumpeter (d.2012)
- May 22–Chen Jingrun,Chinese mathematician (d.1996)
- May 23–Joan Collins,English actress
- May 24–Don Taxay,American numismatist and historian (disappeared.1977)
- May 29–Helmuth Rilling,German conductor
June
[edit]
- June 1
- Charlie Wilson,American politician (d.2010)[38]
- Haruo Remeliik,1st president of Palau (d.1985)
- June 2–Sasao Gouland,governor ofChuuk State,Micronesia (d. 2011)[39]
- June 3–Celso Torrelio,58th president of Bolivia (d.1999)
- June 4–Godfried Danneels,Belgian cardinal (d.2019)
- June 6–Heinrich Rohrer,Swiss physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.2013)
- June 8–Joan Rivers,American actress, comedian, and television host (d.2014)
- June 10–F. Lee Bailey,American lawyer (d.2021)
- June 11–Gene Wilder,American actor (d.2016)
- June 12–Eddie Adams,American photographer and photojournalist (d.2004)
- June 13–Sven-Olov Sjödelius,Swedish sprint canoeist (d.2018)
- June 14
- Svetlin Rusev,Bulgarian artist (d.2018)
- Henri, Count of Paris,French noble (d.2019)
- June 15–Mohammad-Ali Rajai,2nd president of Iran, 47th prime minister of Iran (d.1981)
- June 17–Maurice Stokes,American basketball player (d.1970)
- June 19–Viktor Patsayev,Russian cosmonaut (d.1971)
- June 20–Danny Aiello,American actor (d.2019)
- June 21–Bernie Kopell,American actor and comedian
- June 22–Dianne Feinstein,American politician, Senator and mayor ofSan Francisco(d.2023)
- June 23–Abel Alier,South Sudanese politician and judge
- June 24
- Sam Jones,American basketball player (d.2021)
- Ngina Kenyatta,First Lady of Kenya
- June 25
- James Meredith,American civil rights activist and writer
- Hong Sook-ja,South Korean politician, feminist
- Álvaro Siza,Portuguese architect
- June 26–Claudio Abbado,Italian conductor (d.2014)[40]
- June 28–V. Sasisekharan,Indian molecular biologist
- June 30–Lea Massari,Italian actress
July
[edit]
- July 3
- Carmen Barbará,Spanish comics artist, illustrator
- Lidy Stoppelman,Dutch figure skater
- July 6–Reza Davari Ardakani,Iranian philosopher
- July 7–Murray Halberg,New Zealand runner (d.2022)
- July 9–Oliver Sacks,English-bornneurologist(d.2015)
- July 11
- Joyce Piliso-Seroke,South-African educator, activist, feminist and community organizer
- György Czakó,Hungarian figure skater (d.2023)
- July 14
- Franz, Duke of Bavaria,German royal
- Dumaagiin Sodnom,13th prime minister of Mongolia
- July 15
- Julian Bream,English guitarist and lutenist (d.2020)
- Guido Crepax,Italian comics artist (d.2003)
- M. T. Vasudevan Nair,Indian writer[41]
- July 16
- Julian A. Brodsky,American businessman
- Gheorghe Cozorici,Romanian actor (d.1993)
- July 17–Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici,9th prime minister of Malta (d.2022)
- July 18
- Syd Mead,American industrial and conceptual designer (d.2019)[42]
- Jean Yanne,French humorist and film actor and director (d.2003)
- Yevgeny Yevtushenko,Russian poet (d.2017)[43]
- July 19–Michel Lévêque,French diplomat and politician
- July 20–Cormac McCarthy,AmericanPulitzer Prize-winning author (d.2023)
- July 23–Richard Rogers,Italian-born British architect (d.2021)
- July 29–Lou Albano,Italian-American professional wrestler, manager and actor (d.2009)
August
[edit]
- August 1–Dom DeLuise,American actor, comedian (d.2009)
- August 2–Tom Bell,English actor (d.2006)
- August 4–Anthony Anenih,Nigerian politician (d.2018)
- August 6–Suchinda Kraprayoon,19thPrime Minister of Thailand
- August 7
- Elinor Ostrom,American economist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (d.2012)
- Jerry Pournelle,American science fiction writer (d.2017)[44]
- August 10
- Silvia Caos,Cuban-Mexican actress (d.2006)
- Doyle Brunson,American poker player (d.2023)
- August 11–Jerry Falwell,American evangelist, conservative political activist (d.2007)
- August 14
- Robert Harold Porter,Canadian businessman, farmer and politician (d.2018)
- Richard R. Ernst,Swiss chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.2021)
- August 16
- Julie Newmar,American actress
- Stuart Roosa,American astronaut (d.1994)
- Ricardo Blume,Peruvian-Mexican actor and theater director (d.2020)
- August 17–Gene Kranz,AmericanNASAFlight Director
- August 18
- Roman Polanski,Polish film director
- Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh,Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d.2018)
- August 20
- George J. Mitchell,American lawyer, businessman, author and politician[45]
- Don Fuqua,American politician and member of theUnited States House of Representativesfrom 1963 to 1987
- August 21–Dame Janet Baker,English mezzo-soprano
- August 23–Robert Curl,American chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.2022)[46]
- August 24–Guillermo Bredeston,Argentine actor (d.2018)
- August 25–Tom Skerritt,American actor
- August 29–Arnold Koller,Swiss Federal Councillor
September
[edit]
- September 1
- T. Thirunavukarasu,Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d.1982)
- Conway Twitty,American country music artist (d.1993)
- September 2–Mathieu Kérékou,5thPresident of Benin(d.2015)
- September 10
- Yevgeny Khrunov,Russian cosmonaut (d.2000)
- Karl Lagerfeld,German fashion designer, artist (d.2019)[47]
- September 11–William Luther Pierce,AmericanNeo-Naziandfar-rightactivist (d.2002)
- September 13–Mahant Swami Maharaj(b. Vinu Patel), Indian Hindu guru
- September 14–Hillevi Rombin,Swedish athlete, model andMiss Universe 1955(d.1996)
- September 15–Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos,Spanish conductor (d.2014)
- September 17
- Arsenio Corsellas,Spanish actor (d.2019)
- Chuck Grassley,American politician
- Evelyn Kawamoto,American competition swimmer (d.2017)
- Dorothy Loudon,American actress and singer (d.2003)
- September 18
- Scotty Bowman,Canadian ice hockey coach
- Robert Blake,American actor (d.2023)
- Fred Willard,American actor and comedian (d.2020)
- September 19–David McCallum,Scottish-born actor (d.2023)
- September 21–Anatoly Krutikov,Russian footballer and manager (d.2019)
- September 24–Raffaele Farina,Italian cardinal, archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- September 25–Hubie Brown,American basketball coach, broadcaster
- September 27
- Kathleen Nolan,American actress
- Will Sampson,American actor (d.1987)
- September 29–Samora Machel,President of Mozambique(d.1986)[48]
- September 30
- Ajitesh Bandopadhyay,Indian actor, playwright and director (d.1983)
- Cissy Houston,American singer
- Dirce Migliaccio,Brazilian actress (d.2009)
October
[edit]
- October 2
- John Gurdon,British developmental biologist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Dave Somerville,Canadian singer (The Diamonds) (d.2015)
- Waldo Von Erich,Canadian professional wrestler (d.2009)
- October 3–Abdon Pamich,Italian Olympic athlete
- October 9–Peter Mansfield,British physicist andNobel laureate(d.2017)
- October 10–Jay Sebring,American hair stylist (d.1969)
- October 11–Thomas Atcitty,American politician (d.2020)
- October 13–Mark Zakharov,Soviet and Russian film and theatre director (d.2019)
- October 17
- William Anders,American astronaut (d.2024)
- Jeanine Deckers,Belgian nun, known as "The Singing Nun" (d.1985)
- October 18–Firuz Mustafayev,Azerbaijani politician (d.2018)
- October 19–Dom Geraldo Majella,Brazilian Roman Catholic Cardinal (d.2023)
- October 24
- Reginald Kray,British gangster (d.2000)
- Ronald Kray,British gangster (d.1995)
- October 28–Garrincha,Brazilian footballer (d.1983)
November
[edit]
- November 3
- John Barry,British film score composer (d.2011)
- Ken Berry,American actor, dancer and singer (d.2018)
- Jeremy Brett,British actor (d.1995)
- Aneta Corsaut,American actress (d.1995)
- Amartya Sen,Indian economist,Nobel Prizelaureate
- C. K. Jaffer Sharief,Indian politician (d.2018)
- Michael Dukakis,American politician, formergovernor of Massachusetts,and1988presidential candidate
- November 4–Charles K. Kao,Chinese electrical engineer, physicist andNobellaureate (d.2018)
- November 6–Knut Johannesen,Norwegian speed-skater
- November 9–Lucian Pintilie,Romanian film director, screenwriter (d.2018)
- November 10
- Don Clarke,New Zealand rugby football player (d.2002)
- Seymour Nurse,Barbadian cricketer (d.2019)
- November 11–Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda,Japanese artistic gymnast (d.2023)
- November 14–Fred Haise,American astronaut inApollo 13
- November 19–Larry King,AmericanHall of Famebroadcaster (Larry King Live,Larry King Now,Politicking with Larry King) (d.2021)
- November 21–T. Rasalingam,Sri Lankan Tamil politician
- November 23–Krzysztof Penderecki,Polish composer and conductor (d.2020)
- November 25
- Tunku Abdul Rahman,Malaysian aristocrat (d.1988)
- Kathryn Crosby,American actress (d.2024)
- November 26–Robert Goulet,American entertainer (d.2007)
- November 28–Hope Lange,American actress (d.2003)
- November 29
- Francisco Cuoco,Brazilian actor
- John Mayall,English blues musician (d.2024)
December
[edit]
- December 1–Lou Rawls,American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor and record producer (d.2006)
- December 2–Mike Larrabee,American Olympic athlete (d.2003)
- December 3–Paul J. Crutzen,Dutch chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.2021)
- December 4
- Tengku Ampuan Afzan,Queen of Malaysia (d.1988)
- Horst Buchholz,German actor (d.2003)
- Wink Martindale,American game show host and disc jockey
- December 6–Henryk Górecki,Polish composer (d.2010)
- December 10–Mako,Japanese-born actor (d.2006)
- December 13–Lou Adler,American film and record producer
- December 14
- Justin Rakotoniaina,3rd prime minister of Madagascar (d.2001)
- Eva Wilma,Brazilian actress (d.2021)
- December 15
- Tim Conway,American actor and comedian (d.2019)
- Ralph T. O'Neal,4th and 6th Premier of the Virgin Islands (d.2019)
- December 17–Shirley Abrahamson,American jurist, Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (d.2020)
- December 22–Abel Pacheco,44thPresident of Costa Rica
- December 23–Akihito,125thEmperor of Japan
- December 25–Phan Văn Khải,5thPrime Minister of Vietnam(d.2018)
- December 26
- Emmanuel Dabbaghian,Syrian Armenian Catholic patriarch (d.2018)
- Caroll Spinney,American puppeteer (d.2019)
Date unknown
[edit]- Jalal Talabani,Kurdish President of Iraq (d.2017)
Deaths
[edit]January
[edit]
- January 3
- Wilhelm Cuno,German businessman, politician and 15thChancellor of Germany(b.1876)
- Jack Pickford,Canadian-born actor, film director and producer (b.1896)
- January 5–Calvin Coolidge,30thPresident of the United States(b.1872)
- January 7–Bert Hinkler,Australian aviator (b.1892)
- January 9
- Kate Gleason,American engineer (b.1865)
- Daphne Akhurst,Australian tennis champion (b.1903)
- January 10–Roberto Mantovani,Italian geologist (b.1854)
- January 17–Louis Comfort Tiffany,American stained glass artist, jewellery designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany (b. 1848)
- January 25–Lewis J. Selznick,American film producer (b.1870)
- January 29
- Thomas Coward,British ornithologist (b.1867)
- Sara Teasdale,American lyrical poet (b.1884)
- January 31–John Galsworthy,British writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (b.1867)[49]
February
[edit]- February 5
- James Banning,American aviation pioneer (b.1900)
- Josiah Thomas,Australian politician (b.1863)
- February 12
- Henri Duparc,French composer (b.1848)
- SirWilliam Robertson,British field marshal (b.1860)
- February 14–Carl Correns,German botanist, geneticist (b.1864)
- February 15–Pat Sullivan,Australian-born American director, producer of animated films (b.1885)
- February 18–James J. Corbett,American boxer (b.1866)[50]
- February 26
- Spottiswoode Aitken,British-American actor (b.1868)
- Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia(b.1866)
- February 27–Walter Hiers,American actor (b.1893)
March
[edit]
- March 1–Uładzimir Žyłka,Belarusian poet (b.1900)
- March 2–Thomas J. Walsh,American politician (b.1859)
- March 6
- Anton Cermak,Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (assassinated) (b.1873)[51]
- Cyril R. Jandus,American lawyer and politician (b.1867)
- March 10–Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi,Chief of theSenussiorder inLibya(b.1873)
- March 13
- Andon Dimitrov,Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b.1867)
- Robert T. A. Innes,South African astronomer (b.1861)
- March 14
- Balto,American sled dog (b.1919)
- Antonio Garbasso,Italian physicist, politician (b.1871)
- March 15–Gustavo Jiménez,InterimPresident of Peru(b.1886)
- March 18–Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi,Italian mountaineer, explorer and admiral (b.1873)
- March 19–Erhard Heiden,German Nazi officer and 3rd commanderReichsführer-SSof theSchutzstaffel(b.1901)
- March 20–Giuseppe Zangara,American attempted assassin ofFranklin D. Roosevelt(b.1900)
- March 26–Eddie Lang,American musician (b.1902)
- March 30–Dan O'Connor,Canadian prospector (b.1864)
- March 31–Baltasar Brum,23rdPresident of Uruguay(b.1883)
April
[edit]
- April 1–Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford,British politician and colonial governor,Viceroy of India(b.1868)
- April 2–Ranjitsinhji,Indian cricketer and ruler ofNawanagar.(b.1872)
- April 4–William A. Moffett,U.S. admiral (crash of airshipUSSAkron(ZRS-4)) (b.1869)
- April 7–Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria(b.1860)
- April 15–Mary Isabella Macleod,North American pioneer (b.1852)
- April 17–Harriet Brooks,Canadian physicist (b.1876)
- April 20–William Courtenay,Canadian actor, director (b.1875)
- April 22
- Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis(b.1901)
- Sir Henry Royce,English car manufacturer (b.1863)
- April 23–Tim Keefe,American baseball player,MLB Hall of Famer(b.1857)
- April 30–Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro,77thPrime Minister of Peru,48thPresident of Peru(assassinated) (b.1889)
May
[edit]
- May 3–Frederick Kerr,English actor (b.1858)
- May 6–Li Ching-Yuen,Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor
- May 13–Ernest Torrence,British actor (b.1878)
- May 15–Hermann von François,German general (b.1856)
- May 16–John Henry Mackay,Scottish-born German anarchist writer and philosopher (b.1864)[52]
- May 22–Sándor Ferenczi,Hungarian psychoanalyst (b.1873)
- May 24
- Percy C. Mather,British Protestant missionary (b.1882)
- Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss,British admiral (b.1864)
- May 26
- Horatio Bottomley,British politician and businessman (b.1860)[53]
- Jimmie Rodgers,American country singer (b.1897)
June
[edit]
- June 2–Frank Jarvis,American athlete (b.1878)
- June 7–Cyrus H. K. Curtis,American publisher (b.1850)
- June 15–Hildegard Burjan,GermanRoman Catholicnun and blessed (b.1883)
- June 18–Harry Sweet,American actor and director (b.1901)
- June 25
- Jean Cugnot,French Olympic cyclist (b.1899)
- Giovanni Giacometti,Swiss painter (b.1868)
- June 29–Roscoe Arbuckle,American actor, comedian, film director and screenwriter (b.1887)
July
[edit]
- July 3
- Hipólito Yrigoyen,18thPresident of Argentina(b.1852)
- Franz Wilhelm Seiwert,German painter, sculptor (b.1894)
- July 6–Robert Kajanus,Finnish conductor and composer (b.1856)
- July 11–Edward Dillon,American actor, director (b.1879)
- July 15
- Irving Babbitt,American literary critic (b.1865)
- Freddie Keppard,American jazz musician (b.1890)
- Léon de Witte de Haelen,Belgian general (b.1857)
- July 18–Charles Prince,French actor (b.1872)
- July 27–Nobuyoshi Mutō,Japanese field marshal, ambassador (b.1868)
August
[edit]- August 1–Sulejman Delvina,Albanian politician, 5thPrime Minister of Albania(b.1884)
- August 10–Alf Morgans,Australian politician, 4th Premier of Western Australia (b.1850)
- August 13–Hasan Prishtina,Albanian politician, 8thPrime Minister of Albania(b.1873)
- August 18–James Williamson,British film director (b.1855)
- August 22–Alexandros Kontoulis,Greek general (b.1858)
- August 23
- Marie Cahill,American singer, actress (b.1866)
- Adolf Loos,Austrian-Czechoslovak architect (b.1870)
- August 30–Kustaa Ahmala,Finnish politician (b.1867)
September
[edit]- September 2–Francesco de Pinedo,Italian aviator (b.1890)
- September 7–Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon,British statesman (b.1862)
- September 8– KingFaisal I of Iraq(b.1885)
- September 10–Giuseppe Campari,Italian opera singer, Grand Prix driver (b.1892)
- September 17
- Jules Culot,French entomologist (b.1861)
- Joseph De Piro,MalteseRoman Catholicpriest, missionary and Servant of God (b.1877)
- September 20–Annie Besant,British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator (b.1847)[54]
- September 21–Kenji Miyazawa,Japanese novelist and poet of children's literature (b.1896)
- September 24–Dorothea Baird,British actress (b.1875)
- September 25
- Paul Ehrenfest,Austrian-Dutch physicist (b.1880)
- Ring Lardner,American writer (b.1885)[55]
- September 26–William Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick,British-born flying ace (b. 1896)
- September 28–Alexander von Krobatin,Austro-Hungarian field marshal and politician (b.1849)
October
[edit]
- October 4–Edward Lyon Buchwalter,American Union captain and businessman (b.1841)
- October 5–Renée Adorée,French actress (b.1898)
- October 7–Jo Labadie,American labor organizer (b.1850)
- October 16–Ismael Montes,Bolivian general and political figure, 26thPresident of Bolivia(b.1861)
- October 27–Emily Murphy,Canadian woman's rights activist (b.1868)[56]
- October 29
- George Luks,American painter (b.1867)
- Albert Calmette,French bacteriologist, immunologist (b.1863)
- Paul Painlevé,French mathematician and statesman, 62ndPrime Minister of France(b.1863)
November
[edit]- November 2–Gao Qifeng,Chinese painter (b.1889)[57]
- November 3–Pierre Paul Émile Roux,French physician (b.1853)
- November 5–Texas Guinan,American actress, producer and entrepreneur (b.1884)
- November 6–Andrey Lyapchev,22ndPrime Minister of Bulgaria(b.1866)
- November 8
- Pietro Albertoni,Italian psychologist, politician (b.1849)
- Mohammad Nadir Shah,King of Afghanistan (b.1883)
- November 16–Kyrillos III of Cyprus,archbishop of the Cypriot Orthodox Church (b.1859)
- November 18–Francisco Javier Gaxiola,Mexican diplomat, lawyer and politician (b.1870)
- November 20–Augustine Birrell,English politician and author (b.1850)
- November 21–Inez Clough,American actress (b.1873)
- November 23
- Eusebio Hernández Pérez,Cuban eugenicist, obstetrician, and guerrilla (b.1853)
- François Albert,French journalist (b.1874)
- November 30–Sir Arthur Currie,Canadian general (b.1875)
December
[edit]- December 2
- Clarence Burton,American actor (b.1882)
- Émile Meyerson,Polish-French epistemologist, chemist and philosopher (b.1859)
- December 4–Stefan George,German poet (b.1868)
- December 6–Auguste Chapuis,French composer (b.1858)
- December 8
- Yamamoto Gonnohyoe,Imperial Japanese army officer, 8thPrime Minister of Japan(b.1852)
- Karl Jatho,German airplane pioneer (b.1873)
- John Joly,Irish physicist (b.1857)
- December 10–János Hadik,19th prime minister ofHungary(b.1863)
- December 16–Robert W. Chambers,American writer (b.1865)[58]
- December 17
- Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama(b.1876)
- Oskar Potiorek,Austro-Hungarian general (b.1853)
- December 18–Hans Vaihinger,German philosopher (b.1852)
- December 19
- George Jackson Churchward,English Great Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b.1857)
- Friedrich von Ingenohl,German admiral (b.1857)
- December 21
- Dora Montefiore,English suffragist and socialist (b.1851)
- Knud Rasmussen,Danish polar explorer and anthropologist (b.1879)
- Tod Sloan,American jockey (b.1874)
- December 24–Prince Aribert of Anhalt(b.1866)
- December 25–Francesc Macià,President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b.1859)
- December 26–Anatoly Lunacharsky,Russian Marxist revolutionary (b.1875)
- December 29–Ion G. Duca,35thPrime Minister of Romania(b.1879)
Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Physics–Erwin SchrödingerandPaul Adrien Maurice Dirac
- Chemistry– not awarded
- Physiology or Medicine–Thomas Hunt Morgan
- Literature–Ivan Bunin
- Peace–Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
References
[edit]- ^M. Epstein (December 28, 2016).The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1935.Springer. p. 640.ISBN978-0-230-27064-0.
- ^Choudhary RahmatʻAli (1978).Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation.Book Traders. p. 24.
- ^Shirer, William L.(1960).The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 184.ISBN978-0-671-62420-0.
- ^"Édouard Daladier, un résistant entre paix et guerre".Le Point.October 30, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 18,2019.
- ^Hoffmann, Peter(1988).German resistance to Hitler.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp.15–16.
- ^Ceadel, Martin (1979). "The King and Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators".The Historical Journal.22(2): 397–422.doi:10.1017/s0018246x00016885.S2CID153490642.
- ^"The Singing Telegram at 50: Singing Telegrams are Catching On".The New York Times.February 10, 1983.RetrievedJune 14,2021.
- ^Holborn, Hajo (1972).Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays.Pantheon Books. p. 182.ISBN978-0-394-47122-8.
- ^abcWilliams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.510–512.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^"Roosevelt Authorizes Beer Sale By Signing Bill For 3.2 Brew",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,March 23, 1933, p.1.
- ^abMcDonough, Frank (February 2020). "1933: death of a democracy".History Today.70(2): 70–83.
- ^"pdf"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^Alfred A. Häsler (1969).The Lifeboat is Full: Switzerland and the Refugees, 1933-1945.Funk & Wagnalls. p. 55.
- ^Watson Davis (1934).The Advance of Science.Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 124.ISBN978-0-598-85933-4.
- ^Editors of Chase's (September 24, 2019).Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 213.ISBN978-1-64143-316-7.
- ^Majer, Diemut (2003)."Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945.JHU Press. p. 4.ISBN978-0-8018-6493-3.
- ^Flight International.Illiffe Transport Publications. 1975. p. 509.
- ^Halsbury's Statutes of England.1970. p. 438.
- ^Limberg, Margarete; Rübsaat, Hubert (2006).Germans No More: Accounts of Jewish Everyday Life, 1933–1938.Berghahn Books. pp. 17–8.
- ^"Chaco War | Bolivia, Paraguay & Causes [1932–1935] | Britannica".britannica.June 5, 2023.RetrievedJuly 30,2023.
- ^"Holodomor Facts and History: chronology of events surrounding the famine".
- ^Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002)."A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s"(PDF).Population Studies.56(3): 249–264.doi:10.1080/00324720215934.PMID12553326.S2CID21128795.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^Evans, Richard J. (2003).The Coming of the Third Reich.New York: Penguin Press. p. 359.ISBN978-0-143-03469-8.
- ^Coming into force January 1934.Black, Edwin(2001).IBM and the Holocaust.Crown / Random House. p. 93.
- ^abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. pp. 376–377.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^"The History of Canon 1933-1961".Canon.RetrievedNovember 14,2021.
- ^Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216
- ^"Orton, John Kingsley [Joe] (1933–1967), playwright | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35334.ISBN9780198614128.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^Eskenazi, Gerald (January 27, 2014),"Tom Gola, a Philadelphia Hero, Dies at 81",The New York Times
- ^Brown, Mark (December 22, 2019)."French fashion designer Emanuel Ungaro dies aged 86".The Guardian.RetrievedDecember 29,2019.
- ^"Nina Simone obituary".The Independent.London, UK. April 23, 2003. Archived fromthe originalon February 23, 2009.
- ^Charles Whately Parker; Charles Wolcott Parker; Barnet M. Greene (2000).Who's who in Canada.International Press. p. 433.ISBN978-0-7715-7726-0.
- ^"Obituary".The Independent.UK. September 3, 1998.RetrievedJanuary 1,2022.
- ^"Ruth Bader Ginsburg".Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers.March 25, 2020.RetrievedJuly 27,2021.
- ^Sanford Pinsker (1991).The Schlemiel as Metaphor: Studies in Yiddish and American Jewish Fiction.SIU Press. p. 145.ISBN978-0-8093-1581-9.
- ^Hafner, Katie(January 22, 2024)."Arno A. Penzias, 90, Dies; Nobel Physicist Confirmed Big Bang Theory".The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary 23,2024.
- ^Dave Mote (1997).Contemporary Popular Writers.St. James Press. p. 43.ISBN978-1-55862-216-6.
- ^Martin, Douglas (February 10, 2010)."Charlie Wilson, Texas Congressman Linked to Foreign Intrigue, Dies at 76".The New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 10,2010.
- ^"CR 16-164"(PDF).March 22, 2011.Archived(PDF)from the original on September 18, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 18,2023.
- ^Tsioulcas, Anastasia (January 21, 2014)."Abbado obituary".NPR.RetrievedMarch 7,2019.
- ^ലേഖകൻ, മാധ്യമം (July 29, 2021)."എം.ടിക്ക് ഇന്ന് പിറന്നാൾ | Madhyamam".madhyamam.RetrievedJuly 29,2021.
- ^Fowler, Matt (December 30, 2019)."Syd Mead, Artist Behind Blade Runner, Dies".IGN.RetrievedDecember 31,2019.
- ^Anderson, Raymond H. (April 1, 2017)."Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Poet Who Stirred a Generation of Soviets, Dies at 83".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 6,2017.
- ^Genzlinger, Neil (September 15, 2017)."Jerry Pournelle, Science Fiction Novelist and Computer Guide, Dies at 84".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 1,2019– via NYTimes.
- ^"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details".Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2020.RetrievedOctober 20,2020.
- ^"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996".NobelPrize.org.RetrievedJuly 5,2022.
- ^Veronica Horwell (February 19, 2019)."Karl Lagerfeld obituary".The Guardian.RetrievedJuly 14,2024.
- ^"Samora Machel, a Biography", Author(s) of Review: David Hedges,Journal of Southern African Studies,Vol. 19, No. 3 (September 1993), pp. 547–549.JSTOR2636927
- ^James Gindin (June 18, 1987).John Galsworthy's Life and Art: An Alien's Fortress.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1.ISBN978-1-349-08530-9.
- ^"James J. Corbett | American boxer".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedAugust 8,2021.
- ^"Reveals Colitis Fatal to Cermak".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.March 31, 1933. p. 1.
- ^Kühlmann, Wilhelm (September 29, 2010).Kräm – Marp.Walter de Gruyter.ISBN9783110220490.
- ^Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011)."Bottomley, Horatio William".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31981.Archivedfrom the original on July 14, 2014.RetrievedJune 16,2014.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^"Dr. Annie Besant".Sydney Morning Herald.September 22, 1933. p. 12 – viaGoogle News Archive.
- ^"Ring Lardner Dies; Noted as Writer".
- ^"Emily Murphy | Historica Canada".historicacanada.ca.
- ^Zhu Wanzhang ( chu vạn chương ) (July 31, 2017)."Cao kỳ phong 《 tùng vượn đồ 》: Họa hải hoành thuyền phách sóng đến dũng"[Gao Qifeng's "Pine and Monkey": Painting a Boat Crossing the Sea and Bravely Cutting through the Waves].rmzxb.cn(in Chinese).Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 17,2024.
- ^"Robert Chambers, Novelist, Is Dead".New York Times.December 17, 1933. p. 36.
External links
[edit]- The 1930s Timeline: 1933– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
