1959
From top left, clockwise:Fidel Castrotakes over Cuba; Tsarong Dazang Dramdul and several Tibetan monks captured by the PLA during the1959 Tibetan uprising;TheMOSFET(MOS transistor) is invented byMohamed AtallaandDawon KahngatBell Labs.; Site ofAustralopithecus boiseidiscovery inTanzania.; Surface weather analysis ofTyphoon Vera;Richard NixonandNikita Khrushchevat the American National Exhibition;The Day the Music Died:The wreckage of the Bonanza at the crash site that killedBuddy Holly,Ritchie Valens,andThe Big Bopper;Damage to the Congolese Public Market in Léopoldville from theLéopoldville riots.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to1959.
1959(MCMLIX) was acommon year starting on Thursdayof theGregorian calendar,the 1959th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 959th year of the2nd millennium,the 59th year of the20th century,and the 10th and last year of the1950sdecade.
Events
[edit]
January
[edit]
- January 1–Cuba:Fulgencio BatistafleesHavanawhen the forces ofFidel Castroadvance.[1]
- January 2– Soviet lunar probeLuna 1is the first human-made object to attainescape velocityfrom Earth. It reaches the vicinity of Earth'sMoon,where it was intended to crash-land, but instead becomes the firstspacecraftto go intoheliocentric orbit.
- January 3
- Alaskais admitted as the 49th U.S. state.
- The southernmost island of theMaldivesarchipelago,Addu Atoll,declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Maldives, initiating theUnited Suvadive Republic.[2]
- January 4
- InCuba,rebel troops led byChe GuevaraandCamilo Cienfuegosenter the city ofHavana.
- Léopoldville riots:At least 49 people are killed during clashes between the police and participants of a meeting of theABAKOParty inLéopoldvillein theBelgian Congo.
- January 6– TheInternational Maritime Organizationis inaugurated.
- January 7– The United States recognizes the newCubangovernment ofFidel Castro.
- January 8–Charles de Gaulleis inaugurated as the first president of theFrench Fifth Republic.
- January 9– TheVega de Tera disasterin Spain, a flood caused by a dam collapse, nearly destroys the town ofRibadelagoand kills 144 residents.[3]
- January 10– TheSoviet governmentrecognizes the new Castro government of Cuba.
- January 11– TheConfédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiquesis founded inMonaco.
- January 12–Motown Recordswas founded byBerry GordyinDetroit,
- January 15– TheSoviet Unionconducts itsfirst censusafterWorld War II.
- January 21– TheEuropean Court of Human Rightsis established.
- January 22–Knox Mine disaster:Water breaches the River Slope Mine inPort Griffith,nearPittston, Pennsylvania,United States; 12 miners are killed.
- January 25
- American Airlinesbegins the first U.S. domestic jet service with aBoeing 707airlinerflight betweenNew YorkandLos Angeles.[4]
- Pope John XXIIIannounces that theSecond Vatican Councilwill be convened in Rome.
- January 30– Danish passenger/cargo shipMSHans Hedtoft,returning toCopenhagenafter its maiden voyage toGreenland,strikes an iceberg and sinks off the Greenland coast with the loss of all 95 on board.[5]
February
[edit]
- February 2– Nine ski hikers mysteriously perish in the northernUral Mountainsin theDyatlov Pass incidentand are all found dead a few weeks later.
- February 3
- A chartered plane transporting musiciansBuddy Holly,Ritchie ValensandThe Big Bopperwith pilotRoger Petersongoes down in foggy conditions nearClear Lake, Iowa,killing all four on board. The tragedy is later termed "The Day the Music Died",popularized inDon McLean's1971song "American Pie".
- American Airlines Flight 320,aLockheed L-188 Electrafrom Chicago crashes into theEast Riveron approach to New York City's LaGuardia Airport, killing 65 of the 73 people on board.
- February 6– AtCape Canaveral, Florida,the first successful test firing of aTitan intercontinental ballistic missileis accomplished.
- February 9–YugoslaviaandSpainset trade relations (not diplomatic ones).
- February 13–TAT-2,AT&T's secondtransatlantic telephone cablegoes into operation betweenNewfoundlandand France.
- February 16–Fidel Castrobecomes Premier ofCuba.
- February 17–Vanguard 2,the firstweather satellite,is launched to measurecloud coverfor theUnited States Navy.
- February 18
- Jesús Sosa Blanco,a colonel in the Cuban army ofFulgencio Batista,is executed inCubaafter being convicted of committing 108 murders for Batista.
- Women inNepalvote for the first time.
- February 19– First of theLondon and Zürich Agreementsunder which the United Kingdom agrees to grant independence toCyprus.
- February 20– TheCanadian Governmentcancels theAvro Canada CF-105 Arrowinterceptor aircraftproject.
March
[edit]- March 1
- TheUSSTuscaloosa,USSNew Orleans,USSTennesseeandUSSWest Virginiaare stricken from the United StatesNaval Vessel Register.
- ArchbishopMakariosreturns toCyprusfrom exile.
- March 3– Lunar probePioneer 4becomes the first American object to escape dominance by Earth's gravity.
- March 9–Mattel'sBarbiedoll debuts in the United States.
- March 10– TheTibetan uprisingerupts inLhasawhen Chinese officials attempt to arrest theDalai Lama.
- March 11– TheEurovision Song Contest 1959,staged inCannes,is won for theNetherlandsby "'n Beetje"sung byTeddy Scholten(music by Dick Schallies, lyrics by Willy van Hemert).
- March 17–Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai LamaescapesTibetand arrives inIndia.
- March 18– U.S. PresidentDwight D. Eisenhowersigns theHawaii Admission Act,granting statehood toHawaii.
- March 19– The other two southern islands of theMaldives,Huvadhu AtollandFuvahmulah,joinAddu Atollin forming theUnited Suvadive Republic(abolished September1963).
- March 28– TheKashag,the government ofTibet,is abolished by an order signed by Chinese premierZhou Enlai.TheDalai Lamais replaced in China by the Panchen Lama.
- March 31– TheDalai Lamais granted asylum inIndia.
April
[edit]- April 6– The31st Academy Awardsceremony is held in Hollywood. Musical filmGigireceives a record 9 Oscars.
- April 8– TheInter-American Development Bank(IADB) is established.
- April 9–NASAannounces its selection of sevenmilitary pilotsto become the first U.S.astronauts,later known as the 'Mercury Seven'.
- April 10– Crown PrinceAkihitoof Japan marriesShōda Michiko,the first commoner to marry into theImperial House of Japan.
- April 25– TheSaint Lawrence Seawaylinking theGreat Lakesand the Atlantic Ocean officially opens to shipping.
- April 27–National People's CongresselectsLiu ShaoqiasChairman of the People's Republic of China,as a successor ofMao Zedong.
May
[edit]
- May – In the United Kingdom:
- Import tariffsare lifted.
- The firstTen Torsevent is held onDartmoor.
- May 2–1959 FA Cup Final:Nottingham Forest defeats Luton Town 2–1 atWembley Stadium.
- May 18– TheNational Liberation Committee of Côte d'Ivoireis launched inConakry, Guinea.
- May 21–Gypsy: A Musical Fable,starringEthel Mermanin her last new musical, opens onBroadwayand runs for 702 performances.
- May 23– InLaostheLaotian Civil Warbegins between theKingdom of Laosand the communist rebels thePathet Lao.
- May 24– British Empire Day is renamedCommonwealth Day.
- May 28–Jupiter AM-18rocket launches two primates,Miss Bakerand Miss Able, into space fromCape Canaveralin the United States along with living microorganisms and plant seeds. Successful recovery makes them the first living beings to return safely to Earth after space flight.
June
[edit]- June 3
- Singaporebecomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain withLee Kuan Yewas Prime Minister.
- Real MadridbeatsStade Reims2–0 atNeckarstadion,Stuttgartand wins the1958–59 European Cup(Association football).
- June 5– A new government of theState of Singaporeis sworn in by Sir William Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly.
- June 8– TheUSSBarberoandUnited States Postal Serviceattempt the delivery of mail viaMissile Mail.
- June 9– TheUSSGeorge Washingtonis launched as the first submarine to carryballistic missiles.
- June 14– A 3-front invasion of theDominican Republicby exile forces backed byFidel CastroandVenezuelaattempt to overthrowRafael Trujillo.
- June 18– The filmThe Nun's Story,based on the best-selling novel, is released.Audrey Hepburnstars as the title character; she later says that this is her favorite film role. The film is abox-officehit, and is nominated for severalOscars.
- June 23
- Seán Lemassbecomes the thirdTaoiseachofIreland.
- ConvictedManhattan ProjectspyKlaus Fuchsis released after nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate toDresden,East Germanywhere he resumes a scientific career.
- June 26–Elizabeth II(asmonarch of Canada) and United States PresidentDwight Eisenhoweropen theSaint Lawrence Seaway.
- June 30– Twenty-one students are killed and more than a hundred injured when a North AmericanF-100 Super Sabrejet crashes into Miamori Elementary School on the Japanese island ofOkinawa.The pilot ejected before the plane struck the school.[6]
July
[edit]
- July 2–Prince Albert of Belgiummarries ItalianDonnaPaola Ruffo di Calabria.
- July 4– With the admission of Alaska as the 49thU.S. stateearlier in the year, the 49-starflag of the United Statesdebuts inPhiladelphia.
- July 7– At 14:28 UTVenusoccultsthe starRegulus.The rare event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus' atmosphere.
- July 9– Wing CommanderMichael Beethamflying aRoyal Air ForceVickers Valiantsets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stopLondon-Cape Townflight.[7]
- July 14– Groups ofKurdishandcommunistmilitias rebel inKirkuk, Iraqagainst the central government.[8]
- July 17– The first skull ofAustralopithecusis discovered byLouis Leakeyand his wifeMaryin theOlduvai GorgeofTanzania.
- July 22– AKumamoto Universitymedical research group studyingMinamata diseaseconcludes that it is caused bymercury.
- July 24– At the opening of theAmerican National Exhibitionin Moscow,United States Vice PresidentRichard NixonandUSSR PremierNikita Khrushchevengage in the "Kitchen Debate".
- July 25– TheSR.N1hovercraftcrosses theEnglish ChannelfromCalaistoDoverin just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary ofLouis Blériot's first crossing byheavier-than-aircraft.
August
[edit]
- August 4–Martial lawis declared inLaos.
- August 7
- Explorer program:The United States launchesExplorer 6from the Atlantic Missile Range inCape Canaveral,Florida.
- TheRoseburg Blastin Oregon, caused when a truck carrying explosives catches fire, kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage.
- August 8– A flood inTaiwankills 2,000.
- August 14–Explorer 6sends the first picture of Earth from orbit.
- August 15–Cyprusgains independence.
- August 17– In the United States:
- The1959 Hebgen Lake earthquakein southwest Montana kills 28.
- Miles Davis' influentialjazzalbumKind of Blueis released.
- August 19– TheCentral Treaty Organization(CENTO) is established.
- August 21–Hawaiiis admitted as the 50th and lastU.S. state.
- August 26– The originalMinicar, designed by SirAlec Issigonis,is launched in England.
- August 30–1959 South Vietnamese legislative election:South Vietnamese opposition figurePhan Quang Danis elected to the National Assembly despitesoldiersbeing bussed in to vote for PresidentNgo Dinh Diem's candidate.[9]
- August 31– TheWorkers' Stadiumsports venue inBeijing(China) is officially opened.[10][11]
September
[edit]
Map key
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
Extratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression- September 14– Soviet spacecraftLuna 2becomes the first human-made object to crash on theMoon.
- September 15–28–USSR PremierNikita Khrushchevand his wife tour the United States, at the invitation of U.S. PresidentDwight David Eisenhower.
- September 16– TheXerox 914,the first plain paper copier, is introduced to the public.
- September 17– ThehypersonicNorth American X-15research aircraft, piloted byScott Crossfield,makes its first powered flight atEdwards Air Force Base,California.
- September 23– TheMSPrincess of Tasmania,Australia's first passengerroll-on/roll-offdieselferry, makes her maiden voyage across theBass Strait.
- September 26
- Typhoon Verahits centralHonshū,Japan, as a 160 miles per hour (260 km/h) Category 5 storm, killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000 homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in theNagoyaarea.
- First large unit action of theVietnam Wartakes place, when two companies of theARVN's23rd Divisionare ambushed by a well-organizedViet Congforce of several hundred, identified as the "2nd Liberation Battalion".
- September 30–Soviet UnionleaderNikita KhrushchevmeetsMao Zedongin Beijing.
October
[edit]
- October 1– The10th anniversary of the People's Republic of Chinais celebrated with pomp across the country.
- October 7– The Soviet probeLuna 3sends back the first ever images of thefar side of the Moon.
- October 12– At the nationalAlianza Popular Revolucionaria AmericanaCongress inPeru,a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they later formAPRA Rebelde.
- October 13– The United States launchesExplorer 7.
- October 21
- TheSolomon R. Guggenheim Museumof modern art (designed byFrank Lloyd Wright,who died on April 9) opens to the public in New York City.
- October 29– First appearance ofAstérixthe Gaul, in a French comic magazine.[12]
- October 31– Riots break out in theBelgian Congo.
November
[edit]- November 1– InRwanda,HutupoliticianDominique Mbonyumutwais beaten up byTutsiforces, leading to a period of violence known as thewind of destruction.
- November 2– At a ceremony nearToddington,BritishMinister of TransportErnest Marplesopens the first section of theM1 Motorway,betweenWatfordandCrick,along with twospurmotorways, theM45andM10.Three decades of large scale motorway construction follow, leading to the rapid expansion of the UKmotorway network.
- November 15– The brutalClutter family murdersare committed inHolcomb, Kansas,inspiringTruman Capote'sIn Cold Blood(1966).
- November 20– TheDeclaration of the Rights of the Childis adopted by theUnited Nations.
- TheMOSFET(metal–oxide–semiconductorfield-effect transistor), also known as the MOStransistor,is invented byMohamed AtallaandDawon KahngatBell Labsin the United States.[13][14]It revolutionizes theelectronics industry,[15]becomes the fundamental building block of theDigital Revolution[16]and goes on to become the most widely manufactured device in history.[17][18]
December
[edit]- December 1–Cold War:Antarctic Treaty– 12 countries, including the United States and theSoviet Union,sign a landmark treaty that sets asideAntarcticaas a scientific preserve and bans military activity on thecontinent(the firstarms controlagreement established during the Cold War).
- December 2–Malpasset Damin southern France collapses and water flows over the town ofFréjus,killing 412.
- December 8– The life-boatMona,based atBroughty Ferryin Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt with the loss of 8 lives.
- December 11–Charles Robberts Swartis appointed the 11thGovernor-General of the Union of South Africa.
- December 14–Makarios IIIis selected as the firstpresident of Cyprus.
Date unknown
[edit]- Nylon tights, popularly calledpantyhoseor sheer tights, are first sold on the open market as 'Panti-Legs' byGlen Raven Knitting Millsin the United States.[19]
- The first known human withHIVdies in theCongo.[20]
- The current (as of 2024) design of the Japanese10 yen coinis put into circulation.
- TheCaspian tigerbecomes extinct inIran.
- TheHenney Kilowattgoes on sale in the United States, becoming the first productionelectric carin almost three decades, but only 47 models will be sold in its 2-year production run.
- Car tailfindesign reaches its apex in the United States with such as theCadillac Eldorado,Chevrolet Impala second generation model,Dodge Silver ChallengerandImperial Crown Sedan.
Births
[edit]
January
[edit]- January 1–Azali Assoumani,President of the Comoros
- January 4–Vanity,Canadian singer and actress (d.2016)[21]
- January 9–Rigoberta Menchú,Guatemalan recipient of theNobel Peace Prize[22]
- January 16–Sade,Nigerian-English singer[23]
- January 17
- Susanna Hoffs,American rock vocalist[24]
- Momoe Yamaguchi,Japanese singer[25]
- January 22–Linda Blair,American actress[26]
- January 24–Kevin Magee,American basketball player (d.2003)[27]
- January 27–Keith Olbermann,American news anchor and sportscaster[28]
- January 30
- Steve Augeri,American singer
- Jody Watley,African-American singer[29]
February
[edit]- February 5–Jennifer Granholm,Canadian-American politician, 47thGovernor of Michigan(2003–2011)
- February 8
- Andrew Hoy,Australian equestrian
- Mauricio Macri,President of Argentina[30]
- February 9–Joachim Kunz,East German Olympic weightlifter
- February 13Benur Pashayan,Soviet Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler (d.2019)
- February 14–Renée Fleming,American soprano[31]
- February 16–John McEnroe,American tennis player[32]
- February 18–Jayne Atkinson,English-born American film, theatre and television actress
- February 22–Kyle MacLachlan,American actor
- February 23–Clayton Anderson,American astronaut[citation needed]
- February 26–Rolando Blackman,Panamanianbasketball player
March
[edit]- March 4–Irina Strakhova,Russian race walker
- March 5–Vazgen Sargsyan,8th Prime Minister of Armenia (d.1999)
- March 6–Tom Arnold,American actor and comedian
- March 7–Donna Murphy,American actress and singer
- March 8–Aidan Quinn,Irish-American actor
- March 9–Takaaki Kajita,Japanese nuclear physicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physics[33]
- March 11–Dejan Stojanović,Serbian-American poet, writer, essayist and businessman
- March 13–Kathy Hilton,American socialite and philanthropist[34]
- March 14–Tamara Tunie,American actress
- March 15–Eliot Teltscher,American tennis player[35]
- March 16–Jens Stoltenberg,27thPrime Minister of Norway[36]
- March 18
- Luc Besson,French film producer, writer and director[37]
- Irene Cara,American singer and actress (d.2022)[38]
- March 21–Nobuo Uematsu,Japanese composer[39]
- March 22–Matthew Modine,American actor
- March 28–Laura Chinchilla,49thpresident of Costa Rica[40]
- March 30–Andrew Bailey,executive directorbankingand chief cashier at theBank of England
April
[edit]- April 2
- Alberto Fernández,President of Argentina
- Badou Ezzaki,Moroccan football player and manager
- April 3–David Hyde Pierce,American actor[41]
- April 7–Rejoice Timire,Zimbabwean activist and politician (d. 2021)[42]
- April 15
- Adriano Ruchini,Italian businessman[43]
- Emma Thompson,English actress[44]
- April 16–Alison Ramsay,Scottish field hockey player[45]
- April 17–Sean Bean,British actor[46]
- April 21–Robert Smith,lead vocalist ofThe Cure[47]
- April 22–Ryan Stiles,American-Canadian comedian[48]
- April 24–Paula Yates,British television presenter (d.2000)[49]
- April 26–Pedro Pierluisi,Governor of Puerto Rico
- April 27–Sheena Easton,Scottish singer[50]
- April 30–Stephen Harper,22ndPrime Minister of Canada[51]
May
[edit]- May 1–Yasmina Reza,French playwright, actress, novelist and screenwriter[52]
- May 3
- Uma Bharti,Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh[53]
- Ben Elton,British comedian and writer[54]
- May 9
- Christian Bach,Argentine-Mexican actress and producer oftelenovelas(d.2019)
- János Áder,President of Hungary[55]
- May 10–Victoria Rowell,American actress
- May 12–Ving Rhames,African-American actor
- May 14–Patrick Bruel,French singer
- May 17–Marcelo Loffreda,Argentine rugby player and coach
- May 20–Israel Kamakawiwoʻole,Hawaiian singer (d.1997)[56]
- May 21–Loretta Lynch,American politician, 83rdUnited States Attorney General
- May 22–Morrissey,British singer[57]
- May 24–Pelle Lindbergh,Swedish-born hockey player (d.1985)
- May 27–Donna Strickland,Canadian physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics[58]
- May 29
- Rupert Everett,British actor[59]
- Gretchen,Brazilian singer and media personality[60]
June
[edit]- June 10
- Carlo Ancelotti,Italian football player and manager
- Eliot Spitzer,American politician andgovernor of New York
- June 11–Hugh Laurie,British actor, comedian and musician[61]
- June 13–Klaus Iohannis,President of Romania[62]
- June 17–Ulrike Richter,German swimmer
- June 19
- Anne Hidalgo,French politician, Mayor ofParis(2014–present)
- Christian Wulff,Federal President of Germany[63]
- June 21
- Guerrinha,Brazilian basketball coach and basketball player
- Marcella Detroit,American soprano vocalist, guitarist and songwriter
- Louis Febre,Mexican composer
- June 22–Wayne Federman,American comedian, actor and author
- June 27
- Khadja Nin,Burundian singer and musician
- Pétur Pétursson,Icelandic footballer
- June 29–Gina Alajar,Filipino film and television actress and television director
- June 30–Vincent D'Onofrio,American actor
July
[edit]- July 1
- Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig,Mauritanian academic and political figure
- Giovanni D'Aleo,Italian long-distance runner
- July 4–Victoria Abril,Spanish actress and singer
- July 5
- María Concepción Navarrete,Mexican politician
- Marc Cohn,American singer-songwriter
- July 6–Richard Dacoury,French basketball player
- July 7–Barbara Krause,German swimmer
- July 8
- Pauline Quirke,English actress
- Mikhail Zingarevich,Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist
- July 9
- Jim Kerr,Scottish rock singer (Simple Minds)
- Kevin Nash,American professional wrestler[64]
- July 11
- Richie Sambora,American musician
- Suzanne Vega,American singer
- July 12
- KingTupou VIof Tonga[65]
- Charlie Murphy,African-American actor and comedian (d.2017)
- July 14
- Susana Martinez,American politician, Governor of New Mexico
- Lynn Bertholet,Swiss bank executive
- July 15–Vincent Lindon,French actor and filmmaker
- July 19–Juan J. Campanella,Argentinian filmmaker
- July 20–Giovanna Amati,Italian racing driver
- July 25–Fyodor Cherenkov,Russian footballer and manager (d.2014)
- July 26–Kevin Spacey,American actor
- July 29
- Sanjay Dutt,Indian actor
- Ruud Janssen,Dutch artist
- July 30−Abdullah of Pahang,sixteenthYang di-Pertuan Agongof Malaysia
August
[edit]- August 3
- John C. McGinley,American actor
- Koichi Tanaka,Japanese scientist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Chemistry[66]
- August 6–Rajendra Singh,Indianwater conservationist,Magsaysay Award(2001)
- August 7–Koenraad Elst,Belgian Indologist
- August 10–Rosanna Arquette,American actress
- August 11–Gustavo Cerati,Argentinian singer (d.2014)[67]
- August 14
- Marcia Gay Harden,American actress
- Magic Johnson,African-American basketball player
- August 15–Scott Altman,American astronaut
- August 17
- Jonathan Franzen,American author
- David Koresh,American spiritualist, leader of theBranch Davidianreligious cult (d.1993)
- August 25
- Guglielmo Trinci,retired Italian professional baseball player[citation needed]
- Sönke Wortmann,German film director
- August 26–Stan Van Gundy,American basketball coach and TV commentator[68]
- August 27
- Juan Fernando Cobo,Colombian artist
- Daniela Romo,Mexican singer, actress and TV hostess[69]
- August 28–Arthur Holden,Canadian actor and writer
- August 29
- Rebecca De Mornay,American actress
- Chris Hadfield,Canadian retired astronaut
- August 30–Mark Jackson,Australian rules footballerand actor
- August 31–Tony DeFranco,Canadian singer
September
[edit]- September 2–Guy Laliberté,CanadianCirque du Soleilfounder
- September 4
- Kevin Harrington,Australian actor
- Armin Kogler,Austrian ski jumper
- September 6–Gaetano Varcasia,Italian voice actor and theatre director (d.2014)
- September 7
- Pierre Nanterme,French business executive (d.2019)
- Drew Weissman,American biochemist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[70]
- September 8–Daler Nazarov,Tajik composer, singer and actor
- September 11–John Hawkes,American actor
- September 12–Sigmar Gabriel,German politician
- September 13
- Kathy Johnson,American artistic gymnast
- Chris Hansen,American journalist[71]
- September 14–Morten Harket,Norwegian rock singer (A-ha)
- September 16–Peter Keleghan,Canadian actor
- September 17–Olivia Lozano,Venezuelan politician[72]
- September 18
- Ian Bridge,Canadian soccer player
- Sérgio Britto,Brazilian singer and keyboardist
- September 21–Dave Coulier,American comedian
- September 23
- Jason Alexander,American actor and comedian
- Elizabeth Peña,American actress (d.2014)
- September 28–Dantes Tsitsi,Nauruan politician
- September 29–Jon Fosse,Norwegian Nynorsk novelist, dramatist and poet, recipient of theNobel Prize in literature[73]
- September 30
- Ana Denicola,Uruguayan scientist[74]
- Ettore Messina,Italian basketball coach
October
[edit]- October 1–Youssou N'Dour,Senegalese singer
- October 2–Lena Hades,Russian artist
- October 3–Fred Couples,American golfer
- October 4–Chris Lowe,British musician[75]
- October 7–Simon Cowell,English music producer and television talent show judge
- October 8
- Erik Gundersen,Danish motorcycle racer
- Carlos I. Noriega,Peruvian-American colonel and astronaut
- October 9–Boris Nemtsov,Russian politician (murdered.2015)
- October 10
- Kirsty MacColl,British singer-songwriter (d.2000)
- Julia Sweeney,American actress and comedian[76]
- October 13–Marie Osmond,American singer
- October 15
- Emeril Lagasse,American chef and restaurant owner[77]
- Sarah, Duchess of York,British royal spouse
- October 17–Francisco Flores Pérez,President of El Salvador (d.2016)
- October 18–Mauricio Funes,44thPresident of El Salvador
- October 21–Ken Watanabe,Japanese actor
- October 22–Arto Salminen,Finnish writer (d.2005)
- October 23
- "Weird Al" Yankovic,American singer and parodist
- Sam Raimi,American producer, writer and director
- October 24–Michelle Lujan Grisham,American politician, governor and representative fromNew Mexico
- October 25–Chrissy Amphlett,Australian rock singer (d.2013)
- October 26
- Evo Morales,President of Bolivia
- Dimitris Tsiodras,Greek politician
- October 27–Rick Carlisle,American basketball coach
- October 29–John Magufuli,5thPresident of Tanzania(d.2021)
- October 31–Neal Stephenson,American writer
November
[edit]- November 2–Saïd Aouita,Moroccan athlete
- November 5–Bryan Adams,Canadian singer and photographer
- November 10
- Mackenzie Phillips,American actress
- Mike McCarthy,American football coach
- November 11
- Parithi Ilamvazhuthi,Indian politician (d.2018)
- Christian Schwarzenegger,Swiss legal scientist and professor
- November 14
- Deta Hedman,Jamaican-born English darts player
- Paul McGann,British actor
- November 19–Allison Janney,American actress
- November 20–Sean Young,American actress
- November 23
- Dominique Dunne,American actress (d.1982)
- Maxwell Caulfield,British actor
- November 25–Charles Kennedy,British politician (d.2015)[78]
- November 26–Sergey Golovkin,Russian serial killer and rapist (d. 1996)[79]
- November 27–Viktoria Mullova,Russian violinist
- November 28–Judd Nelson,American actor
- November 29
- Rahm Emanuel,American politician
- Platon Lebedev,Russian executive
- Neal Broten,American professional ice hockey player[80]
- November 30–Sylvia Hanika,German tennis player[81]
December
[edit]- December 1–Wally Lewis,Australian rugby league player
- December 3–Kathy Jordan,American tennis player[82]
- December 4–Christa Luding-Rothenburger,German speed skater
- December 5–Yoshitomo Nara,Japanese artist
- December 6–Satoru Iwata,Japanese president of Nintendo (d.2015)
- December 11–Li Gui-min,Taiwanese politician
- December 13–Johnny Whitaker,American actor
- December 14–Evan Ziporyn,American composer
- December 17–Gregg Araki,American director
- December 19–Waise Lee,Hong Kong actor
- December 20–Stephen Chan Chi Wan,general manager ofTVB
- December 21–Florence Griffith Joyner,American athlete (d.1998)
- December 22–Bernd Schuster,German footballer and manager
- December 24–Lee Daniels,American director and producer[83]
- December 25–Michael P. Anderson,American astronaut (d.2003)
- December 26–Glenna Cabello,Venezuelan political scientist
- December 28–Ana Torroja,Spanish singer
- December 29
- Marco Antonio Solís,Mexican singer
- Patricia Clarkson,American actress
- December 30–Tracey Ullman,British-American comedian and actress
- December 31
- Val Kilmer,American actor
- Baron Waqa,Nauruan politician and composer, 14thPresident of Nauru
Full date unknown
[edit]- Paul Zgheib,Lebanese photographer[84]
Deaths
[edit]January
[edit]
- January 9–Giuseppe Bottai,Italian Fascist journalist and politician (b.1895)
- January 10–Colin Gregory,Australian tennis player (b.1903)
- January 14
- Eivind Berggrav,NorwegianLutheranbishop and reverend (b.1884)
- G. D. H. Cole,English political theorist, economist and historian (b.1889)[85]
- January 21
- Cecil B. DeMille,American film director (b.1881)
- Frances Gertrude McGill,Canadianforensic pathologist(b.1882)
- Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer,American actor (b.1927)
- January 22
- Elisabeth Moore,American tennis champion (b.1876)
- Mike Hawthorn,English racing driver (b.1929)
February
[edit]
- February 3–Killed in the crash of a private plane:
- The Big Bopper(J.P. Richardson), American rock singer (b.1930)
- Buddy Holly,American rock singer (b.1936)
- Ritchie Valens,American rock singer (b.1941)
- February 4–Una O'Connor,Irish actress (b.1880)
- February 7–D. F. Malan,South African politician, 4thPrime Minister of South Africa(b.1874)[86]
- February 11–Marshall Teague,American race car driver (b.1921)
- February 12–George Antheil,American composer (b.1900)
- February 14–Baby Dodds,American jazz musician (b.1898)
- February 15–Sir Owen Richardson,British physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (b.1879)
- February 18–Gago Coutinho,Portuguese aviation pioneer (b. 1869)
- February 22–Helen Parrish,American actress (b.1924)
- February 23–Pierre Frieden,Luxembourgish politician and writer, 18thPrime Minister of Luxembourg(b.1892)
- February 25–Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski,Soviet architect, diplomat and journalist (b.1891)
- February 26
- Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife,eldest grandchild of KingEdward VII(b.1891)
- Kōtoku Satō,Japanese general (b.1893)
- February 28
- Maxwell Anderson,American screenwriter (b.1888)
- Beatrix Farrand,American gardener and architect (b.1872)
March
[edit]
- March 1–Mack Gordon,American composer and lyricist (b.1904)
- March 2–Eric Blore,English actor (b.1887)
- March 3–Lou Costello,American actor and comedian (b.1906)
- March 4–Maxie Long,American athlete (b.1878)
- March 6
- Guido Brignone,Italian actor (b.1886)
- Fred Stone,American actor (b.1873)
- March 7–Ichirō Hatoyama,Japanese politician, 36thPrime Minister of Japan(b.1883)
- March 15
- Shalva Dadiani,Soviet novelist (b.1874)
- Lester Young,American jazz saxophonist (b.1909)
- March 17–Galaktion Tabidze,Georgian poet (b.1891)[87]
- March 19–Umberto Barbaro,Italian critic (b.1902)
- March 23–Dominick Trcka,CzechoslovakRoman Catholicpriest and blessed (b.1886)
- March 24–Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi,Sudanese political figure and religious leader, Imam of theAnsarand 1stPrime Minister of Sudan(b.1885)
- March 26–Raymond Chandler,American-born novelist (b.1888)
- March 28–Lyubov Golanchikova,Soviet pilot (b.1889)
- March 29–Barthélemy Boganda,1stPrime Minister of the Central African Republic(b.1910)
April
[edit]
- April 2–Nicholas Charnetsky,SovietOrthodoxpriest, bishop, martyr and blessed (b.1884)
- April 8–Jonathan Zenneck,German physicist and electrical engineer (b.1871)[88]
- April 9–Frank Lloyd Wright,American architect (b.1867)
- April 18–Irving Cummings,American actor (b.1888)
- April 28–María Guggiari Echeverría,ParaguayanRoman Catholicreligious professed and venerable (b.1925)
- April 29–Sir Kenneth Anderson,British general (b.1891)
May
[edit]
- May 5
- Georges Grente,FrenchRoman Catholiccardinal and eminence (b.1872)
- Carlos Saavedra Lamas,Argentine politician, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(b.1878)
- May 8
- Renato Caccioppoli,Italian mathematician (b.1904)
- Ibrahim of Johor,Malaysian sultan (b.1873)
- May 11–Marcella Albani,Italian actress (b.1899)
- May 14–Sidney Bechet,American-born jazz saxophonist (b.1897)
- May 17–George Albert Smith,English film pioneer (b.1864)
- May 18
- Apsley Cherry-Garrard,Antarctic explorer (b.1886)
- Enrique Guaita,Argentinian footballer (b.1910)
- May 20–Alfred Schütz,Austrian sociologist (b.1899)
- May 24–John Foster Dulles,52ndUnited States Secretary of State(b.1888)
- May 29–Ed Walsh,American baseball player (b.1881)
June
[edit]
- June 1–Sax Rohmer,English author (b.1883)
- June 4–Charles Vidor,American director (b.1900)
- June 8–Pietro Canonica,Italian sculptor (b.1869)
- June 9–Adolf Windaus,German chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (b.1876)
- June 13–Seán Lester,Irish diplomat (b.1888)[89]
- June 14–Jerónimo Méndez,Chilean politician, actingPresident of the Republic(b.1887)
- June 15–Kazimierz Bein,Polish ophthalmologist (b.1872)
- June 16–George Reeves,American television actor (b.1914)
- June 18
- Ethel Barrymore,American stage and screen actress (b.1879)
- Vincenzo Cardarelli,Italian poet (b.1887)
- June 20
- Hitoshi Ashida,Japanese politician, 34thPrime Minister of Japan(b.1887)
- Sir Ian Clunies Ross,Australian scientist (b.1899)[90]
- June 22–Bruce Harlan,American Olympic diver (b.1926)
- June 23
- Cesare Maria De Vecchi,Italian soldier (b.1884)
- Boris Vian,French writer, poet, singer and musician (b.1920)
- June 27
- Elias, Duke of Parma(b.1880)
- Giovanni Pastrone,Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b.1883)
- June 30–José Vasconcelos,Mexican politician, writer and philosopher (b.1882)
July
[edit]
- July 2–Sergei Chetverikov,Russian biologist (b.1880)
- July 3–Johan Bojer,Norwegian novelist and dramatist (b.1872)
- July 6–George Grosz,German artist (b.1893)
- July 7
- Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa,Spanish painter (b.1871)
- Ernest Newman,English music critic (b.1868)[91]
- July 14–Grock,Swiss clown (b.1880)
- July 15
- Ernest Bloch,Swiss-born American composer (b.1880)
- Agostino Gemelli,ItalianFranciscanfriar and reverend (b.1878)
- July 17–Billie Holiday,American singer (b.1915)[92]
- July 20–William D. Leahy,American admiral (b.1875)
- July 25
- Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog,Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland, and later ofIsrael(b.1888)
- KingMutara III of Rwanda(b.1911)
- July 27–Aleksandar Tsankov,21stPrime Minister of Bulgaria(b.1879)
- July 30–María Natividad Venegas de la Torre,MexicanRoman Catholicnun and saint (b.1868)
August
[edit]
- August 4–Ioan Bălan,RomanianOrthodoxprelate (b.1880)
- August 6–Preston Sturges,American film director and writer (b.1898)
- August 8
- Albert Namatjira,Australian Aboriginal artist (b.1902)
- Luigi Sturzo,ItalianRoman Catholicpriest and politician (b.1871)
- August 9–Emil František Burian,Czechoslovak poet (b.1904)
- August 16
- William Halsey Jr.,American US Navy Fleet admiral (b.1882)[93]
- Wanda Landowska,Polish harpsichordist (b.1879)
- August 19–Blind Willie McTell,American Piedmont blues singer and guitarist (b.1901)
- August 21–Sir Jacob Epstein,American-born British sculptor (b.1880)
- August 28
- Raphael Lemkin,Polish lawyer (b.1900)
- Bohuslav Martinů,Czech composer (b.1890)
September
[edit]
- September 6
- Edmund Gwenn,English actor (b.1877)
- Kay Kendall,English actress (b.1927)
- September 7–Maurice Duplessis,Premier of Quebec(b.1890)
- September 9–Ramón Fonst,Cuban fencer (b. 1883)
- September 11–Paul Douglas,American actor (b.1907)
- September 14–Wayne Morris,American actor (b.1914)
- September 18–Adolf Ziegler,German painter (b.1892)
- September 20–Nikandr Chibisov,Russian commander (b.1892)
- September 22
- Josef Matthias Hauer,Austrian composer and music theorist (b.1883)
- Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside,British field marshal (b.1880)
- September 24–Wolfgang Paalen,German-Austrian-Mexican painter, sculptor and art philosopher (b.1905)
- September 25–Helen Broderick,American actress (b.1891)
- September 26–S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike,4thPrime Minister of Ceylon(b.1899)
- September 28
- Rudolf Caracciola,German racing driver (b.1901)
- Vinnie Richards,American tennis player (b.1903)
- September 30–Taylor Holmes,American actor (b.1878)
October
[edit]
- October 1–Enrico De Nicola,Italian jurist, politician and journalist, 1stPresident of Italy(b.1877)
- October 6–Bernard Berenson,American art historian (b.1865)
- October 7–Mario Lanza,American tenor (b.1921)
- October 9–Shirō Ishii,Japanese microbiologist and lieutenant general ofUnit 731(b.1892)
- October 14–Errol Flynn,Australian actor (b.1909)
- October 15–Stepan Bandera,Ukrainian nationalist leader (b.1909)
- October 16–George C. Marshall,United States Secretary of State,recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(b.1880)
- October 18–Boughera El Ouafi,Algerian athlete (b.1898)
- October 19–Ebrahim Hakimi,29thPrime Minister of Iran(b.1869)
- October 20–Werner Krauss,German actor (b.1884)
- October 22–Joseph Cahill,Australian politician (b.1891)
- October 28–Camilo Cienfuegos,Cuban revolutionary (b.1932)
- October 29– KingSisavang VongofLaos(b.1885)[94]
November
[edit]
- November 1–Zhang Jinghui,Chinese general and politicianPrime Minister of Manchukuo(b.1871)
- November 2–Federico Tedeschini,ItalianRoman Catholiccardinal and eminence (b.1873)
- November 4–Friedrich Waismann,Austrian mathematician, physicist and philosopher (b.1896)
- November 6
- José P. Laurel,Filipino politician and judge, 3rdPresident of the Philippines(b.1891)
- Ivan Leonidov,Russian architect (b.1902)
- November 7–Victor McLaglen,English actor and boxer (b.1886)
- November 10–Lupino Lane,British actor (b.1892)
- November 15–Charles Thomson Rees Wilson,Scottish physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (b.1869)
- November 17–Heitor Villa-Lobos,Brazilian composer (b.1887)
- November 20–Alfonso López Pumarejo,2-timePresident of Colombia(b.1886)
- November 21–Max Baer,American boxer and actor (b.1909)
- November 22–Molla Mallory,American tennis champion (b.1884)
- November 24
- Stepan Erzia,Russian sculptor (b.1876)
- Ion Gigurtu,42nd Prime Minister of Romania (b.1886)
- November 25–Gérard Philipe,French actor (b.1922)
December
[edit]
- December 3–Juozapas Skvireckas,SovietOrthodoxarchbishop and reverend (b.1873)
- December 4–Hubert Marischka,Austrian film director (b.1882)
- December 7
- Charlie Hall,English actor (b.1899)
- Prince Kuni Asaakira(b.1901)
- December 11–Jim Bottomley,American baseball player (b.1900)
- December 14–Stanley Spencer,British painter (b.1891)
- December 19–Andrés Martínez Trueba,31stPresident of Uruguay(b.1884)
- December 22–Gilda Gray,Polish-born dancer and actress (b.1901)
- December 23–Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax,British politician (b.1881)
- December 28–Ante Pavelic,Croatian fascist leader and WWII war criminal (b.1889)
Unknown
[edit]- Al-Abbas ibn Ibrahim as-Samlali,Moroccan historian (b.1877)
- Elena Săcălici,Romanian artistic gymnast (b.1935)
Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Physics–Emilio Gino Segrè,Owen Chamberlain
- Chemistry–Jaroslav Heyrovský
- Physiology or Medicine–Severo Ochoa,Arthur Kornberg
- Literature–Salvatore Quasimodo
- Peace–Philip Noel-Baker
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^Handbook on the Cuban Armed Forces.DIA. 1979. p. 1.
- ^"The Suvadive Revolt - Addu 1959".Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2004.
- ^Lera, José (January 10, 1999)."40 años de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personas".El País(in Spanish). Zamora:PRISA.RetrievedSeptember 12,2018.
- ^"Today in History".Washington Post Express.January 25, 2012. p. 26.
- ^"Three Rescue Vessels Reach Ship-Iceberg Collision Scene".Tribune.Oakland. January 31, 1959. p. 1.
- ^"21 Die as Jet Hits School On Okinawa",Oakland Tribune,June 30, 1959, p1
- ^"Records set by the RAF".Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Archived fromthe originalon August 12, 2011.RetrievedJune 10,2012.
- ^"Iraq revolt Is Stil Reported Raging".St. Petersburg Times.St. Petersburg, FL. July 21, 1959. p. A1. Archived fromthe originalon January 28, 2020.RetrievedJune 27,2012.
- ^Warner, Denis (1964).The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West.Sydney: Angus and Robertson. pp. 112–114.
- ^"Beijing Workers Stadium".The Stadium Guide.RetrievedAugust 17,2018.
- ^"Beijing Workers Stadium".Theatre Beijing.RetrievedAugust 17,2018.
- ^"Les BD oubliées D'Astérix".BDoubliées(in French).RetrievedOctober 3,2013.
- ^"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated".The Silicon Engine.Computer History Museum.
- ^Bassett, Ross Knox (2007).To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies and the Rise of MOS Technology.Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 22.ISBN9780801886393.
- ^Chan, Yi-Jen (1992).Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications.University of Michigan.p. 1.
The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.
- ^Wong, Kit Po (2009).Electrical Engineering.Vol. II.EOLSS Publications.p. 7.ISBN9781905839780.
- ^"13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History".Computer History Museum. March 2, 2018.RetrievedJuly 28,2019.
- ^Baker, R. Jacob (2011).CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout and Simulation.John Wiley & Sons. p. 7.ISBN978-1118038239.
- ^Gant, Margaret Elizabeth (1979).The Raven's Story.Glen Raven, NC: Glen Raven, Inc.ISBN0-9603138-0-X.
- ^Zhu, T.; Zhu, Tuofu; Korber, Bette T.; Nahmias, Andre J.; Hooper, Edward; Sharp, Paul M. (1998)."An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic".Nature.391(6667): 594–597.Bibcode:1998Natur.391..594Z.doi:10.1038/35400.PMID9468138.S2CID4416837.
- ^"Vanity 6 Lives Out Daring Fantasies On Stage".Jet.Johnson Publishing Company.January 24, 1983.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020".United Press International.January 9, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 15,2020.
- ^Graham Betts, ed. (2005).Complete UK Hit Albums 1956-2005.Collins. p. 352.ISBN9780007205325.
- ^Joel Whitburn (2007).Joel Whitburn presents Billboard top adult songs, 1961-2006: chart data compiled from Billboard's adult contemporary charts, 1961-2006, and adult top 40 charts, 1996-2006.Record Research Incorporated. p. 20.ISBN9780898201697.
- ^"60 tuổi, nàng vẫn như cũ là thế giới này để cho người hoài niệm thiếu nữ".
- ^Paul T Hellmann (2006).Historical Gazetteer of the United States.Taylor & Francis. p. 642.ISBN9781135948597.
- ^"Kevin Magee International Stats".Basketball-Reference.
- ^H.W. Wilson Company (2009)."Current Biography Yearbook".Current Biography Yearbook: Annual Cumulation.H. W. Wilson Company.ISSN0084-9499.RetrievedJuly 11,2022.
- ^Gregory, Hugh (July 2, 2010).Soul Music A-Z.Da Capo Press.ISBN9780306806438.RetrievedSeptember 10,2016.
- ^"Biografía del Presidente Mauricio Macri".Casa Rosada(in European Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2018.RetrievedJuly 20,2018.
- ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Bernan Press. 2019. p. 130.ISBN9781641433167.
- ^"John McEnroe".ATP World Tour.RetrievedFebruary 26,2023.
- ^"Takaaki Kajita - Facts".Nobel Foundation.October 6, 2015.RetrievedOctober 6,2015.
- ^Oppenheimer, Jerry (2006).House of Hilton.Crown Publishing.ISBN9780307351951.
- ^"Eliot Teltscher | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis".ATP Tour.
- ^"NATO Biography for Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General".NATO Publications. May 18, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2017.RetrievedMay 18,2017.
- ^Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers.Routledge. 2002. p. 58.ISBN9780415189743.
- ^Staff | Obituaries (November 29, 2022)."Irene Cara, Oscar-winning singer and actress who sang the feel-good theme songs to Fame and Flashdance – obituary".The Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon November 29, 2022.RetrievedDecember 12,2022.
- ^"N's profile".Square Enix USA. Archived fromthe originalon May 17, 2008.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
- ^"Biography".CIDOB Foundation(in Spanish).RetrievedFebruary 26,2023.
- ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Bernan Press. 2019. p. 207.ISBN9781641433167.
- ^"Senator Rejoice Timire Dies".The Zimbabwe Mail.August 11, 2021.RetrievedNovember 18,2023.
- ^convegnonazionaleinnovazione.it (ed.)."Industry and services"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on January 31, 2012.RetrievedApril 9,2013.
- ^Rebecca Flint Marx (2013)."Emma Thompson".Movies & TV Dept.The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon October 16, 2013.RetrievedOctober 12,2013.
- ^"Alison Ramsay MBE at the British Olympic Committee".Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2007.Retrieved16 June2007.
- ^Film Review: Special.Visual Imagination Limited. 2005. p. 96.
- ^Apter, Jeff,Never Enough: The Story of The Cure,(2009) Omnibus Press, pp. 3–4;ISBN978-1-84772-739-8
- ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2023: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Bernan Press. 2022. p. 235.ISBN9781636710693.
- ^"Paula Yates"Archived27 February 2016 at theWayback Machine.The Telegraph(18 September 2000). Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Bernan Press. 2019. p. 245.ISBN9781641433167.
- ^Prime Ministers of Canada Gr. 4-8.On The Mark Press. 2006. p. 67.ISBN1-55035-721-2.
- ^"Notice de personne".BNF(in French).RetrievedFebruary 26,2023.
- ^Rajamani, R. C (2000).Portraits of India's Parliamentarians for the New Millennium: Lok Sabha.Gyan Publishing House. p. 307.ISBN9788121206921.
- ^"Ben Elton".British Comedy Guide.RetrievedNovember 13,2020.
- ^B. Turner, ed. (2017).The Statesman's Yearbook 2014: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 587.ISBN9781349596430.
- ^Kekoa Enomoto, Catherine; Kakesako, Gregg K. (June 26, 1997)."'IZ' Will Always Be ".Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
- ^Simpson, Mark (2004).Saint Morrissey.London: SAF Publishing. p. 32.ISBN0-946719-65-9.
- ^"Donna Strickland – Facts – 2018".Nobel Foundation.October 6, 2018.RetrievedOctober 6,2018.
- ^Brian McFarlane (May 29, 1959)."Everett, Rupert (1959-) Biography".BFI Screenonline.RetrievedSeptember 17,2022.
- ^Ferreira, Caroline."Gretchen faz 65 anos e compartilha reflexão:" Cheia de energia "".CNN Brasil(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedOctober 10,2024.
- ^Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Bernan Press. 2019. p. 318.ISBN9781641433167.
- ^B. Turner, ed. (2017).The Statesman's Yearbook 2014: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 997.ISBN9781349596430.
- ^B. Turner, ed. (2017).The Statesman's Yearbook 2014: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 516.ISBN9781349596430.
- ^Hofstede, David (1999).Wrestling's Greatest Heroes and Villains.ECW Press.ISBN9780823934928.RetrievedJanuary 14,2022.
- ^"The Monarch".Consulate of the Kingdom of Tonga.Archived fromthe originalon February 6, 2023.RetrievedMarch 1,2023.
- ^Nobel Prize Announcement(Shimadzu Corporation)
- ^"Gustavo Cerati, a Star of South America's Pop Scene, Dies at 55".New York Times.September 8, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 28,2023.
- ^"Stan Van Gundy".basketball-reference.RetrievedMay 4,2014.
- ^Camila Diaz (December 18, 2018)."Daniela Romo".Historia-Biografia.RetrievedAugust 24,2019.
- ^Gallagher, James (October 2, 2023)."Nobel Prize goes to scientists behind mRNA Covid vaccines".BBC News.RetrievedOctober 2,2023.
- ^Chris Hansen Social Blade,retrievedJuly 1,2020
- ^"Olivia Lozano".Poderopedia.RetrievedApril 10,2021.
- ^Glynn, Paul (October 5, 2023)."Jon Fosse: 'Innovative' Norwegian author and playwright wins Nobel Literature Prize".BBC News.RetrievedOctober 6,2023.
- ^"Ana Denicola".ianas.org.Inter-American Network of Academics of Sciences. Archived fromthe originalon November 17, 2017.RetrievedNovember 17,2017.
- ^"Pet Shop Boys Official Site, History Section".Petshopboys.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon May 17, 2016.RetrievedOctober 28,2010.
- ^"Julia Trust Sweeney United States Public Records".FamilySearch.RetrievedFebruary 21,2015.
- ^"Emeril Lagasse Biography".A&E Television Networks. Archived fromthe originalon October 7, 2006.RetrievedJuly 5,2007.
- ^"Charles Kennedy obituary".the Guardian.June 2, 2015.RetrievedMay 31,2021.
- ^"Slaughter-House. Серийные убийцы. Биография Сергея Головкина".Archived fromthe originalon March 6, 2009.RetrievedApril 20,2024.
- ^Biographical information and career statistics from
- ^"Sylvia Hanika".Women's Tennis Association.
- ^"Kathy Jordan".Women's Tennis Association.
- ^"Lee Daniels biography".TV Guide.RetrievedMarch 17,2014.
- ^"Espace Artistique Polyvalent".SD Space Concept & Design. November 13, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon November 13, 2006.RetrievedJune 17,2024.
- ^"G. D. H. Cole".The Times.London. January 15, 1959.
- ^"D. F. Malan, S. African Racist, Dies".Hartford Courant.February 8, 1959. p. 5.RetrievedFebruary 18,2018– viaNewspapers.
- ^Rayfield, Donald(2000),The Literature of Georgia: A History,pp. 251–4.Routledge,ISBN0-7007-1163-5
- ^"Cuxhaven - Jonathan Zenneck".statues.vanderkrogt.net.
- ^Sean Lester (1888 - 1959): Journalist and international civil servant
- ^Sir William Ian Clunies Ross (1899–1959)
- ^"Ernest Newman".May 14, 2020.
- ^New York Times(The)(July 18, 1959)."Billie Holiday Dies Here at 44 – Jazz Singer Had Wide Influence".The New York Times.Vol. 108, no. 37065 (Late City ed.). p. 15.RetrievedNovember 25,2013– viaTimesMachine.
- ^"Admiral Halsey dies; beat Japanese fleet".Milwaukee Journal.Associated Press. August 17, 1959. p. 4, part 1.[permanent dead link]
- ^"1959: Sisavang Vong: King of Laos who had around 15 Wives and 50 Children".October 28, 2019.
