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1972 Summer Olympics

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Games of the XX Olympiad
Emblem of the 1972 Summer Olympics
LocationMunich,West Germany
MottoThe Cheerful Games
(German:Heitere Spiele)
Nations121
Athletes7,134 (6,075 men, 1,059 women)
Events195 in 21sports(28 disciplines)
Opening26 August 1972
Closing11 September 1972
Opened by
PresidentGustav Heinemann[1]
Cauldron
Günther Zahn[1]
StadiumOlympiastadion
Summer
Winter
1972 Summer Paralympics
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
1972 Summer Olympics

The1972 Summer Olympics(German:Olympische Sommerspiele 1972), officially known as theGames of the XX Olympiad(German:Spiele der XX. Olympiade) and officially branded asMunich 1972(German:München 1972;Bavarian:Minga 1972), were an internationalmulti-sport eventheld inMunich,West Germany,from 26 August to 11 September 1972.

The event was overshadowed by theMunich massacrein the second week, in which elevenIsraeliathletes and coachesand a West German police officer at the Olympic Village were killed by PalestinianBlack Septembermembers. The motivation for the attack was the ongoingPalestinian-Israeli conflict.

Gold medal awarded toMary Petersfor the 1972 Olympicwomen's pentathlon.

The 1972 Summer Olympics were the secondSummer Olympicsto be held in Germany, after the1936 GamesinBerlin,which had taken place under theNazi rule.Thus Germany became only the second country at that point after the United States to have two different cities host the Summer Olympics.[2]The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present ademocraticand optimistic Germany to the world, as shown by the Games' official motto,"Die Heiteren Spiele",[3]or "the cheerful Games".[4]The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo (the "Bright Sun" ) byOtl Aicher,the designer and director of the visual conception commission.[5]The hostesses wore sky-bluedirndlsas a promotion of Bavarian cultural heritage.[6]The Olympic mascot, thedachshund"Waldi",was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare was composed byHerbert Rehbein.[7]The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals.

The Olympic Park (Olympiapark) is based onFrei Otto's plans and became a Munich landmark after the Games. The competition sites, designed by architectGünther Behnisch,included the Olympicswimming hall,the Olympics Hall (Olympiahalle,a multipurpose facility) and theOlympic Stadium(Olympiastadion), and an Olympic village very close to the park. The design of these stadia was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies ofacrylic glassstabilized by metal ropes, used on such a large scale for the first time.[8]

Host city selection

[edit]
1972 Summer Olympics bidding results[9]
City Country Round
1 2
Munich West Germany 29 31
Madrid Francoist SpainSpain 16 16
Montréal Canada 6 13
Detroit United States 6

Munich won its Olympic bid on 26 April 1966, at the 64thIOC SessioninRome,Italy,over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montréal would eventually host the followingOlympic Games in 1976.[10]

Munich massacre

[edit]
Main article:Munich massacre

The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the "Munich massacre". Just before dawn on 5 September, a group of eight members of the PalestinianBlack Septembermilitant organization broke into theOlympic Villageand took eleven Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in; the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours.

Late in the evening of 5 September that same day, the terrorists and their nine remaining hostages were transferred by helicopter to the military airport ofFürstenfeldbruck,ostensibly to board a plane bound for an undetermined Arab country. The German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched rescue attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting. The 5 remaining hostages were then shot and killed with a machine gun.

"Our worst fears have been realized tonight. They have now said that there were 11 hostages. Two were killed in their rooms, yesterday morning. Nine were killed at the airport, tonight. They're all gone."

—After a series of conflicting reports and rumours,Jim McKayofABCbrought the news at 3:24 a.m. local time.[11]

All but three of the terrorists were killed as well. Although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on 29 October 1972, in exchange for thehijacked Lufthansa Flight 615.Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by theMossad.[12]Jamal Al-Gashey,who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. The Olympic events were suspended several hours after the initial attack for the first time in the modernOlympic Gameshistory, but once the incident was concluded,Avery Brundage,theInternational Olympic Committeepresident, declared that "the Games must go on". A memorial ceremony was then held in the Olympic stadium, and the competitions resumed after a stoppage of 34 hours. Due to the suspension, the Games that were originally to close on 10 September were rescheduled to 11 September.[13]The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the1976 Winter Olympics.[citation needed]

The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies, which at the time were dominated by a pacifist approach imposed after World War II. This led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unitGSG 9,similar to theBritish SAS.It also led Israel to launch a campaign known asOperation Wrath of God,in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down and assassinated.[citation needed]

The events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in the Oscar-winning documentary,One Day in September.[14]An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films: the 1976 made-for-TV movie21 Hours at Munich,the 1986 made-for-TV movieSword of Gideon[15]andSteven Spielberg's 2005 filmMunich.[16]In her film1972,ArtistSarah Morrisinterviews Georg Sieber, a former police psychiatrist who advised the Olympics' security team, about the events and aftermath of Black September.[17]

Highlights

[edit]
Otl Aicher's signage pictograms designed for the Munich Olympic Games
Procession of athletes in the Olympic Stadium- 1972 Summer Olympics, Munich, Germany
  • These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency ofAvery Brundage.
  • AmericanMark Spitzset aworld recordwhen he won seven gold medals (while on the way to setting a new world record for each of his seven gold medals) in a single Olympics, bringing his lifetime total to nine (he had won two golds inMexico City's Gamesfour years earlier). BeingJewish,Spitz was asked to leave Munich before the closing ceremonies for his own protection, after fears arose that he would be an additional target of those responsible for theMunich massacre.Spitz's record stood until2008,when it was beaten byMichael Phelpswho won eight gold medals in the pool.
  • Olga Korbut,aSovietgymnast,became a media star after winning a gold medal in the team competition event, failing to win in the individual all-around after a fall (she was beaten by teammateLyudmilla Turischeva), and finally winning two gold medals in thebalance beamand thefloor exerciseevents.
  • In thefinal of the men's basketball,theUnited Stateslost to theSoviet Unionin what is widely considered as the most controversial game in international basketball history.[18]In a close-fought match, the U.S. team appeared to have won by a score of 50–49. However, the final three seconds of the game were replayed three times by judges until the Soviet team came out on top and claimed a 51–50 victory.[19]Ultimately the U.S. team refused to accept their silver medals, which are believed to be held in a vault inLausanne,Switzerland.[citation needed]It has come to light since that five of the medals are missing and believed to be in the hands of a German Olympic official withNazities.[20]
  • Lasse Virénof Finland won the 5,000 and 10,000 m (the latter after a fall), a feat he repeated in the1976 Summer Olympics.
  • Valeriy Borzovof the Soviet Union won both the 100 m and 200 m intrack and field.
  • The 100 metres event was notable for the absence of favorites and world record holdersEddie HartandRey Robinsonfor their quarterfinal heats. American sprint coachStan Wright,had been given the wrong starting time. All three qualified American athletes were at theABC televisionheadquarters watching what they thought were replays of their morning preliminary races. In fact, they were watching live coverage of the races they should have been in. Hart and Robinson, scheduled in the first two races, missed their heats. The athletes rushed to the stadium, withRobert Taylorhurrying to take off his warm up uniform before running the later heat.
  • Two American 400 m runners,Vincent Matthews(gold medalist) andWayne Collett(silver medalist), staged a protest on the victory podium, talking to each other and failing to stand at attention during the medal ceremony.[21]They were banned by the IOC, asTommie SmithandJohn Carloshad been in the1968 Summer Olympics.SinceJohn Smithhad pulled a hamstring in the final and had been ruled unfit to run, the United States were forced to scratch from the 4×400 m relay where they would have been heavily favored to win.[22]
  • Dave Wottlewon themen's 800 m,after being last for the first 600 m, at which point he started to pass runner after runner up the final straightaway, finally grabbing the lead in the final 18 metres to win by 0.03 seconds ahead of the favorite, the SovietYevgeny Arzhanov.At the victory ceremony, Wottle forgot to remove his golf cap. This was interpreted by some as a form of protest against the Vietnam War, but Wottle later apologized.
  • Australian swimmerShane Gouldwon three gold medals, a silver, and a bronze medal at the age of 15.
  • HurdlerAbdalá Bucaramcarried theEcuadorianflag at the opening ceremony. 24 years later he became thePresident of Ecuador.In Munich, he had to pull out of his event due to injury.
  • Handball(last held in 1936) andArchery(last held in 1920) returned as Olympic sports after a long absence.
  • Slalom canoeingwas held for the first time at the Olympics.
  • Dan Gablewon the gold medal inwrestlingwithout having a single point scored against him. No other athlete has ever accomplished such a feat in Olympic wrestling.
  • Wim Ruskabecame the firstjudokato win two gold medals.
  • For the first time, theOlympic Oathwas taken by a representative of the referees.
  • AmericanFrank Shorter,who was born in Munich, became the first from his country in 64 years to win the Olympic marathon. As Shorter was nearing the stadium, German student Norbert Sudhaus entered the stadium wearing a track uniform, joined the race and ran the last kilometre; thinking he was the winner, the crowd began cheering him before officials realized the hoax and security escorted Sudhaus off the track. Arriving seconds later, Shorter was understandably perplexed to see someone ahead of him and to hear the boos and catcalls meant for Sudhaus. This was the third time in Olympic history that an American had won the marathon (afterThomas Hicks1904 andJohnny Hayes1908) — and in none of those three instances did the winner enter the stadium first.
Munich Olympics commemorative 10-markcoin, 1972
  • Rick DeMontof the United States originally won the gold medal in the men's 400 metre freestyle swimming. Following the race, theInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) stripped DeMont of his gold medal[23]after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substanceephedrinecontained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was not permitted to swim in any other events at the 1972 Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee.[24]TheUnited States Olympic Committee(USOC) has recognized his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001, but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has refused to do so as of 2020.[25]
  • The men'spole vaultfield event at the games took place on 1 & 2 September.[24]Controversy arose when the newCata-Pole,used by defending championAmericanBob SeagrenandSweden'sKjell Isaksson,was declared to be illegal, by theIAAF,on 25 July. The pole was banned based on the fact that the pole containedcarbon fibers;after anEast German-led protest revealed that it contained no carbon fibers, the ban was lifted on 27 August. Three days later the IAAF reversed itself again, reinstating the ban. The poles were then confiscated from the athletes. Seagren and Isaksson believed this gave other athletes, like the eventual gold medalist,Wolfgang Nordwig,an unfair advantage. Seagren and Isaksson were given substitute poles which they had never used before to jump with. Isaksson, who had lost theworld recordto Seagren only two months earlier, didn't clear a height in the qualifying round and was eliminated. After Seagren's last vault he was so incensed by the way IAAF officials handled the event, he took the pole he had been forced to vault with and handed it back to IAAF PresidentAdriaan Paulen.[24]This was the first Olympics where the pole vault had not been won by an American. Prior to 1972, the United States had won 16 straight. Since 1972, the United States has only won the men's pole vault twice, equalling the record of Poland and former republics of the Soviet Union. France has won three times since 1984.
  • Badmintonandwater skiingwere demonstration sports.

Venues

[edit]
Main article:Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics
Aerial view of theOlympiaparkin 2014.

Cost

[edit]

The Oxford Olympics Studyestablished the outturn cost of the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics at US$1.0 billion in 2015-dollars.[26]This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i)operational costsincurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii)direct capital costsincurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs arenotincluded, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Munich 1972 compares with costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$15 billion for London 2012 (the most costly Summer Olympics to date) and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014 — the most expensive Olympic Games in history.[27]Average cost for Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.

Sports

[edit]

The 1972 Summer Olympic programme featured 195 events in the following 21 sports:

Demonstration sports

[edit]

Participating National Olympic Committees

[edit]
Participants
Number of competitors per nation.

Eleven nations made their first Olympic appearance in Munich:Albania,Dahomey(nowBenin),Gabon,North Korea,Lesotho,Malawi,Saudi Arabia,Somalia,Swaziland,Togo,Upper Volta(nowBurkina Faso).

Rhodesia's invitation to take part in the 1972 Summer Games was withdrawn by theInternational Olympic Committeefour days before the opening ceremony, in response to African countries' (such asEthiopiaandKenya) protests against the Rhodesian government. (Rhodesia did, however,competein the1972 Summer Paralympics,held a little earlier inHeidelberg.)[28][29]ThePeople's Republic of Chinalast competed at the1952 Summer Gamesbut had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute with theRepublic of Chinaover the right to represent China.[30]

ParticipatingNational Olympic Committees

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

[edit]

Calendar

[edit]
All times are inCentral European Time(UTC+1)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony ● Suspended event competitions MS Memorial service
August/September 1972 August September Events
26th
Sat 		27th
Sun 		28th
Mon 		29th
Tue 		30th
Wed 		31st
Thu 		1st
Fri 		2nd
Sat 		3rd
Sun 		4th
Mon 		5th
Tue 		6th
Wed 		7th
Thu 		8th
Fri 		9th
Sat 		10th
Sun 		11th
Mon
Ceremonies OC MS CC —
Aquatics
Diving ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 34
Swimming 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4
Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1
Archery ● ● ● 2 2
Athletics 2 2 5 6 3 7 2 3 8 38
Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Bo xing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 11 11
Canoeing Slalom 1 3 11
Sprint ● ● ● 7
Cycling Road cycling 1 1 7
Track cycling 1 2 1 ● 1
Equestrian ● ● ● 2 1 ● 1 1 1 6
Fencing ● 1 1 1 1 1 ● 1 ● 1 1 8
Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Gymnastics ● 1 1 2 4 6 14
Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Judo 1 1 1 1 1 5
Modern pentathlon ● ● ● ● 2 2
Rowing ● ● ● ● 7 7
Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 6 6
Shooting 1 1 1 1 ● 2 2 8
Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● 1 2
Weightlifting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● 1 9
Wrestling ● ● ● ● 10 ● ● ● ● ● 10 20
Daily medal events 2 8 8 13 27 16 23 14 13 ‡ 2 16 3 15 34 1 195
Cumulative total 2 10 18 31 58 74 97 111 124 126 142 145 160 194 195
August/September 1972 26th
Sat 		27th
Sun 		28th
Mon 		29th
Tue 		30th
Wed 		31st
Thu 		1st
Fri 		2nd
Sat 		3rd
Sun 		4th
Mon 		5th
Tue 		6th
Wed 		7th
Thu 		8th
Fri 		9th
Sat 		10th
Sun 		11th
Mon 		Total events
August September


‡ No medals were awarded on 5 September as all Olympic competitions were suspended during that day although events that were being held at the time of the suspension were allowed to finish to their conclusion.

Note: The Memorial service was held in theOlympic Stadiumon 6 September which was attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes. Following this all Olympic competitions were then allowed to resume after a 34-hour suspension.

Medal count

[edit]
Main article:1972 Summer Olympics medal table

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1972 Games.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Soviet Union50272299
2United States33313094
3East Germany20232366
4West Germany*13111640
5Japan138829
6Australia87217
7Poland75921
8Hungary6131635
9Bulgaria610521
10Italy531018
Totals (10 entries)161138141440
Key

*Host nation (West Germany)

Doping

[edit]

The report, titled"Doping in Germany from 1950 to today",details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scaledopingprogram.[31]Doping of East German athletesalso, by the GDR government, was systematic and prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972.[32]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad"(PDF)(Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 August 2016.Retrieved22 December2018.
  2. ^"List of Olympic Host Cities – Architecture of the Games".Retrieved14 August2024.
  3. ^"Ein Geschenk der Deutschen an sich selbst".Der Spiegel(in German). No. 35/1972. 21 August 1972. pp. 28–29.…für die versprochene Heiterkeit der Spiele, die den Berliner Monumentalismus von 1936 vergessen machen und dem Image der Bundesrepublik in aller Welt aufhelfen sollen
  4. ^Digitized version of the Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972 (Volume 2)(in German). proSport GmbH & Co. KG. München Ed. Herbert Kunze. 1972. p. 22. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 December 2018.Retrieved13 February2015.…the theme of the "cheerful Games"…
  5. ^"Official Emblem – Munich 1972 Olympics".Retrieved8 April2013.
  6. ^Strassmair, Michaela (September 2019)."Typisch Oktoberfest? Darum gehört ein Dirndl eigentlich nicht auf die Wiesn".focus.de(in German).Retrieved9 May2020.
  7. ^"Herbert Rehbein: Olympic Fanfare Munich 1972 (TV Intro)".Retrieved7 May2023.
  8. ^Uhrig, Klaus (20 March 2014)."Die gebaute Utopie: Das Münchner Olympiastadion"(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 13 February 2015.Retrieved13 February2015.
  9. ^"Past Olympic host city election results".GamesBids.Archivedfrom the original on 24 January 2011.Retrieved17 March2011.
  10. ^"IOC VOTE HISTORY".aldaver.Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2008.Retrieved11 June2008.
  11. ^"Transcend – Munich Massacre".Bleacher Report Media Lab.Retrieved27 March2017.
  12. ^Countering Terrorism: The Israeli Response To The 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre And The Development Of Independence Covert Action Teams,M.A. thesis by Alexander B. Calahan at Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 1995.
  13. ^"1972 Olympics – Munich Summer Games results & highlights".International Olympic Committee.7 February 2019.Retrieved22 May2019.
  14. ^Deming, Mark (2014)."Movies – One Day in September (1999)".Movies & TV Dept.The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon 15 December 2014.Retrieved6 May2015.
  15. ^"Television – Sword of Gideon".The New York Times.Retrieved6 May2015.
  16. ^Dargis, Manohla (23 December 2005)."An Action Film About the Need to Talk".The New York Times.Retrieved6 May2015.
  17. ^Herbert, Martin."Sarah Morris".frieze.Frieze Magazine. Archived fromthe originalon 18 December 2008.Retrieved6 May2015.
  18. ^"USA Basketball".Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2007.
  19. ^"120 years, 120 stories (Part 15): Soviets beat the Americans amidst controversies involving communist judges".3 March 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 25 February 2021.Retrieved4 March2016.
  20. ^Vardon, Joe."Stolen gold and forgotten silver: 50 years after Americans refused medals, some are missing".The Athletic.Retrieved7 May2023.
  21. ^Schiller, K.; Young, C. (2010).The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany.Weimar and now. University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-26213-3.Retrieved17 April2015.
  22. ^"400 metres, Men".Olympedia.Retrieved4 August2020.
  23. ^Neil Amdur, "Of Gold and Drugs,"The New York Times(4 September 1972). Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  24. ^abc"Athletics at the 1972 Munich Summer Games: Men's Pole Vault".sports-reference.Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2020.Retrieved4 January2018.
  25. ^"Better late than never".sportsillustrated.cnn.Associated Press. 30 January 2001. Archived fromthe originalon 7 May 2001.
  26. ^Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016).The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games.Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 9–13.arXiv:1607.04484.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804554.S2CID156794182.SSRN2804554.
  27. ^"Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?".The Guardian.Retrieved12 February2014.
  28. ^"1972: Rhodesia out of Olympics".22 August 1972.Retrieved7 May2023– via news.bbc.co.uk.
  29. ^"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search".news.google.Retrieved7 May2023.
  30. ^Xiao, Li."China and the Olympic Movement".China Internet Information Center.Retrieved4 August2011.
  31. ^"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes".USA Today.3 August 2013.
  32. ^"Report exposes decades of West German doping".France 24.5 August 2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to1972 Summer Olympics.
  • "Munich 1972".Olympics.International Olympic Committee.
  • The main theme of the 1972 Summer Olympics by Gunther Noris and the Big Band of Bundeswehr "Munich Fanfare March-Swinging OlympiaVideoonYouTube

Further reading

[edit]
  • Schiller, Kay, and Christopher Young.The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany(University of California Press; 2010) 348 pages
  • Preuss, Holger.The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games, 1972–2008(2006)
  • Oxlade, Chris, et al. Olympics. Rev. ed. London: DK, 2005. Print.
Summer Olympics
Preceded by XX Olympiad
Munich
1972 		Succeeded by
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