230s
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The230sdecade ran from January 1, 230, to December 31, 239.
Events
230
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorAlexander Severusdecides thatThessalyshould be a separate province fromMacedonia.He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against theSassanids,and strengthen the defenses of theRoman Empire.
Persian Empire
[edit]- KingArdashir Iof thePersian Empireinvades the Roman province ofMesopotamia,and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town ofNisibis(Turkey). His army threatens the borderoutpostsofSyriaandCappadocia.
- Alexander Severus assembles theRoman army,and establishes his headquarters atAntioch.He attempts adiplomaticsolution, but the Persians decline and choose war.
Korea
[edit]By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- July 21–Pope PontiansucceedsPope Urban I,as the 18thpopeofRome.
- PatriarchCastinussucceeds Ciriacus I as patriarchConstantinople.
- Seventy bishops hold thecouncilof the ChristianChurch of Africa.
231
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorAlexander Severusaccompanies his motherJulia MamaeatoSyria,and campaigns against thePersians.Military commandrests in the hands of hisgenerals,but his presence gives additional weight to theempire'spolicy.
China
[edit]- March–August –Battle of Mount Qi:The Chinese state ofShu Hangains a tactical victory, and the state ofCao Weia strategic victory.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Origen,disciple ofAmmonius Saccas,founder ofNeoplatonism,is exiled inCaesarea.
232
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- Roman–Persian Wars:EmperorAlexander Severuslaunches a three-prongedcounterattackagainst thePersianforces of KingArdashir I,who have invadedMesopotamia.However, theRoman armyadvancing throughArmeniais halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital atCtesiphon,but theRomansare defeated, and withdraw toSyria.The result is an acceptance of thestatus quo,and after heavy losses on both sides, atruceis signed.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- RelicsofSt. Thomasare brought toEdessafromIndia.
- Origenfounds a school ofChristian theologyinPalestine.
- Pope Heraclas of Alexandriais the firstBishop of Alexandriato use the appellation of "Pope".
233
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorAlexander Severuscelebrates atriumphinRometo observe his "victory" the previous year over thePersians(in reality,Severus Alexanderadvanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated byHerodian,his armies suffered a humiliating defeat againstArdashir I). He is soon summoned to theRhinefrontier, where theAlamanniinvade what is now modern-daySwabia.German tribesdestroy Romanforts,and plunder the countryside at theLimes Germanicus.
234
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorAlexander Severusand his motherJulia Mamaeamove toMoguntiacum(modernMainz), the capital ofGermania Superior.His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across theRhine.Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off theAlemanni.This policy outrages theRoman legionsand he loses the trust of the troops.
China
[edit]- Battle of Wuzhang Plainsbetween the Chinese states ofShu HanandCao Wei:The army ofShu Hanretreats, following an inconclusive result.
Korea
[edit]- Sabanbecomes king of the Korean kingdom ofBaekje.He is succeeded byGoi of Baekjelater in the same year.[2]
235
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- March 22– EmperorSeverus Alexanderand his motherIulia Mamaeaare murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaimMaximinus Thraxas emperor. TheSeveran dynastyends, marking the beginning of theCrisis of the Third Century.[3]
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- September 28–Pope Pontianresigns, the first to abdicate, because he andHippolytus,church leader ofRome,are exiled to theminesofSardinia.Emperor Maximinus persecutes theChristians.[4]
- November 21–Anterussucceeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope ofRome.[5]
236
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorMaximinus ThraxandMarcus Pupienus Africanus MaximusbecomeRoman consuls.
- TheRoman Senateappoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.
- Maximinus campaigns againstDaciansandSarmatiansfrom his supply depot atSirmium.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- January 10–Pope FabiansucceedsPope Anterusas the twentiethpope.
- Fabian separatesRomeinto sevendeaconships.
- Fabian sends sevenmissionariestoGaultoevangelizein the large cities.
237
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorMaximinus Thraxcampaigns on the riversDanubeandRhineinGermania,defeating theAlemanni,and never visitsRome.He is accepted by theRoman Senate,but taxes the richaristocracyheavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that theyplotagainst him.
Persia
[edit]- KingArdashir I of Persiarenews his attacks on the Roman province ofMesopotamia.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Patriarch Eugenius IsucceedsPatriarch CastinusasPatriarch of Constantinople.
- Saint BabylasbecomesPatriarch of Antioch.
238
By place
[edit]Roman Empire
[edit]- EmperorMaximinus Thraxcampaigns against theCarpianson theDanubeinMoesia(Balkans). In spite of the payment of atribute,the Romans fail to persuade theGothsand theGermanic tribes.
- c.March – Roman subjects inAfricarevolt against Maximinus. The elderlyGordianyields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old sonGordian II.
- c.April –Battle of Carthage:Numidianforces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support ofLegio IIIAugusta.[6]Gordian II is killed and after asiege,Gordian I commitssuicideby hanging himself with hisbelt.
- c.May – The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions inAncient Romeand nominates two of its members,PupienusandBalbinus,to thethrone.
- Maximinus advances to the townAquileiain northernItaly;his army suffers fromfamineanddisease,while the city is besieged. Soldiers ofLegio IIParthicakill him in his tent, along with his sonMaximinus(who is appointedco-emperor). Their corpses aredecapitatedand their heads carried to Rome.
- c.August – ThePraetorian Guardstorms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same dayGordian III,age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor.[7]Timesitheusbecomes his tutor and advisor.
- Future EmperorValerianbecomesprinceps senatus.
- TheColosseumis restored after being damaged.
- The Goths, coming fromUkraine,cross the Danube and devastate theRoman Empireup to the border withAnatolia.
- InNorth Africa,Legio IIIAugustais dissolved. Until its reconstitution in253,Africa is defended byauxiliaryforces only.
China
[edit]- Sima Yi,a Chinese general of theCao Weistate, destroys the outlying northeastern warlordGongsun Yuanin theLiaodong campaign.
By topic
[edit]Commerce
[edit]- Thesilvercontent of the Romandenariusfalls to 28 percent under Emperor Gordian III, down from 35 percent underAlexander Severus.
239
By place
[edit]Asia
[edit]- Cao Fangsucceeds his adoptive fatherCao Ruias emperor of theCao Weistate, in theThree Kingdomsperiod ofChina.[8]
- A Chinese expeditionary force from theEastern Wustate discovers the island ofTaiwan.[9]
Queen of Yamataikoku(Japan),Himiko was given Golden signature stamp by Wei Empire (China)
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Origenpublishes theOld Testamentin five languages (approximate date).
Significant people
[edit]![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=vi){kind=small} | This section is empty.You can help byadding to it.(March 2016) |
Births
230
- Gaius Vibius Volusianus,Roman emperor (d.253)
- Marcus Aurelius Carus,Roman emperor (d.283)
231
232
- August 19–Marcus Aurelius Probus,Roman emperor (d.282)
- Cao Fang,Chinese emperor of theCao Weistate (d.274)
- Sun Chen(orZitong), Chinese general andregent(d.259)
- Zhang Hua,Chinese official, scholar and poet (d.300)
233
- Chen Shou,Chinese historian and writer of theRecords of the Three Kingdoms(d.297)
234
- Porphyry,PhoenicianNeoplatonicphilosopher (d. c.305)
- Wang Rong,Chinese general and politician (d. 305)
235
- Sun Xiu,Chinese emperor of theEastern Wustate (d.264)[10]
236
- Wu of Jin(Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (d.290)
- Zhang Ti,Chinese official and chancellor (d.280)
- Zhou Chu,Chinese general and politician (d.297)
237
- Alexander of Constantinople,patriarch ofConstantinople
- Guo Huai(orYuhuang), Chinese noblewoman (d.296)
- Philip II(the Younger), Roman emperor (d.249)
238
Deaths
230
- May 23–Urban I,bishop ofRome(b.175)
- July 9–Bian,Chinese empress dowager (b.159)
- Go Uru,Korean prime minister
- Liang Xi,Chinese official and politician
- Marius Maximus,Roman consul and biographer
- Naehae of Silla,Korean ruler[1]
- Wu Zhi,Chinese official and general (b.177)
- Zhang Wen,Chinese official and politician (b.193)
- Zhang Yi,Chinese official and politician (b.167)
- Zhong Yao,Chinese official and calligrapher (b.151)
231
- Cao Zhen,Chinese general of theCao Weistate[11]
- Li Hui(orDe'ang), Chinese official and politician
- Zhang He,Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
232
- January 30–Hua Xin,Chinese official and politician (b.157)[12]
- October 22–Demetrius I,patriarch ofAlexandria(b.127)
- December 27–Cao Zhi,Chinese prince and poet (b.192)
- Cao Hong,Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
- Sun Lü,Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
- Tiberius Julius Sauromates III,Roman client king
233
- June 13–Cao Rui,Chinese imperial prince of theCao Weistate
- Liu Ji,Chinese official and politician of theEastern Wustate (b.185)
- Yu Fan,Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b.164)
234
- April 21–Xian of Han,Chinese emperor of theHan Dynasty(b.181)
- Li Miao(orHannan), Chinese official and politician
- Li Yan(orLi Ping), Chinese general and politician
- Liu Yan(orWeishuo), Chinese general and politician
- Liu Ye(orZiyang), Chinese court adviser and politician
- Pan Zhang(orWengui), Chinese general and politician
- Sun Huan(orJiming), Chinese nobleman and general
- Wei Yan(orWenchang), Chinese general and politician
- Xiahou Hui(orYuanrong), Chinese noblewoman (b.211)
- Zhuge Liang,Chinese statesman and strategist (b. 181)
235
- March 22–Severus Alexander,Roman emperor (b.208)[3]
- Cao Gun,Chinese imperial prince[13]
- Cassius Dio,Roman historian[14]
- Chen Zhen(orXiaoqi), Chinese official and politician[15]
- Gaius Petronius Magnus,Roman consul andusurper[16]
- Guo Nüwang,Chinese emperres[13]
- Hippolytus,Christiantheologian and writer (b.170)
- Julia Avita Mamaea,mother of Severus Alexander (b.180)
- Tiberius Julius Cotys III(orKotys), Roman client king
- Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV,Roman client king
- Titius Quartinus,Roman governor and usurper
- Xin Pi(orZuozhi), Chinese official and politician
- Yang Yi(orWeigong), Chinese official and adviser
236
- January 3–Anterus,bishop ofRome
- July 4–Dong Zhao,Chinese official and politician (b.156)
- Zhang Zhao,Chinese general and politician (b. 156)
237
- February 7–Chen Qun,Chinese official and politician
- September 22–Mingdao(orMao), Chinese empress
- Wu Yi(orZiyuan), Chinese general of theShu Hanstate
- Zhang(orJing'ai), Chinese empress of the Shu Han state
238
- April 10–Han Ji(or Gongzhi), Chinese politician
- April 12
- Gordian I,Roman emperor (b.159)
- Gordian II,Roman emperor (b.192)
- July 29
- Bu Lianshi,Chinese noblewoman andconcubine
- Gongsun Yuan(or Wenyi), Chinese warlord
- Maximinus Thrax,Roman emperor (b.173)
- Maximinus the Younger,Roman emperor
- Zhu Huan(or Xiumu), Chinese general (b.177)
239
- January 22–Cao Rui(orYuanzhong), Chinese emperor (b.206)[8]
- Lu Mao(orZizhang), Chinese official and politician
- Pan Jun(orChengming), Chinese official and general
References
[edit]- ^ab"List of Rulers of Korea".metmuseum.org.Retrieved21 April2019.
- ^"List of Rulers of Korea".metmuseum.org.Retrieved20 April2019.
- ^abMonumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture.Brill Publishers.1 January 2004. p. 157.ISBN90-04-13577-4.
- ^Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Pope St. Pontian" inThe Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^Shahan, Thomas (1907). "Pope St. Anterus" inThe Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^Meckler, Michael A. (26 June 2001)."Gordian I (238 A.D.)".Die Imperatoribus Romanis.Salve Regina University.Retrieved1 August2012.
- ^Drinkwater, John (2007). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'Crisis'".In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).The Cambridge Ancient History: The crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337.Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781139054393.
- ^abCrespigny, Rafe de (2006).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD).BRILL. p. 47.ISBN9789047411840.
- ^Cooper, John C. (June 6, 2021)."Taiwan".Britannica.RetrievedJune 9,2021.
- ^Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009).Historical Dictionary of Medieval China.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484.ISBN9780810860537.
- ^Crespigny, Rafe de (2010).Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD.BRILL. p. 459.ISBN9789004188303.
- ^Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009).Historical Dictionary of Medieval China.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222.ISBN978-0-8108-6053-7.
- ^abRafe de Crespigny(2006).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms.Brill. pp. 42, 279.ISBN9789047411840.
- ^"Cassius Dio".Encyclopædia Britannica. January 1, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 24,2024.
- ^Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature.Vol. 1. BRILL. 2010. p. 383.ISBN9789047444664.
- ^"Maximinus Thrax".De Imperatoribus Romanis.Archived fromthe originalon June 9, 2019.RetrievedMarch 12,2022.