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This article is about the 2006 film. For the 2014 sequel, see300: Rise of an Empire.

300
Theatrical release poster of 300
Theatrical release poster
Directed byZack Snyder
Screenplay by
Based on
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyLarry Fong
Edited byWilliam Hoy
Music byTyler Bates
Production
companies
Distributed byWarner Bros. Pictures
Release dates
  • December 9, 2006(2006-12-09)(Butt-Numb-A-Thon)
  • March 9, 2007(2007-03-09)(United States)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$60 million[2][3]
Box office$456 million[4]

300is a 2006 Americanepichistoricalaction film[4][5]directed byZack Snyder,who co-wrote the screenplay withKurt Johnstadand Michael B. Gordon, based on the 1998 comic book limited seriesof the same namebyFrank MillerandLynn Varley.The film, like its source material, is a fictionalized retelling of theBattle of Thermopylaein theGreco-Persian Wars.The plot revolves aroundKing Leonidas(Gerard Butler), who leads 300Spartansinto battle against thePersian"God-King"Xerxes(Rodrigo Santoro) and his invading army of more than 300,000 soldiers. As the battle rages,Queen Gorgo(Lena Headey) attempts to rally support in Sparta for her husband.

The story is framed by avoice-overnarrative by the Spartan soldierDilios(David Wenham). Through thisnarrative technique,various fantastical creatures are introduced, placing300within the genre ofhistorical fantasy.300was filmed mostly with a superimpositionchroma keytechnique to replicate the imagery of the original comics.

Anunfinished cutof300premiered at the AustinButt-Numb-A-Thonon December 9, 2006. The completed film then premiered at theBerlin International Film Festivalon February 14, 2007, before being released in both conventional andIMAX8 in the United States on March 9, 2007 and on home media on July 31, 2007. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and style but criticized its historical inaccuracies, including its depiction of thePersians,which some characterized as bigoted orIranophobic.Grossing over $456 million, the film's opening was the 24th-largest inbox officehistory at the time, and became thetenth highest-grossing film of 2007.The film earned a leading ten nominations at the34th Saturn Awards,winning two forBest Action, Adventure, or Thriller FilmandBest Director(for Snyder). Asequel,titledRise of an Empire,based on Miller's previously unpublishedgraphic novelprequelXerxes,was released on March 7, 2014.

Plot

[edit]

Dilios, ahoplitein theSpartan army,narrates a Spartan king namedLeonidas Ifrom childhood to kingship viathe Spartan child-rearing systemand how theBattle of Thermopylaeunfold.

APersianherald arrives at Sparta demanding "earth and water"as a token of submission toKing Xerxes.He urges Leonidas to submit and insultsQueen Gorgo.In response, Leonidas and the Spartan soldiers throw the herald and his envoy into the bottomless pit. Leonidas then visits theEphors,proposing a strategy to drive back the Persians throughThermopylaeto funnel the Persians into a narrow pass, giving the Greeks'heavy infantrythe advantage over the numerically superior Persianlight infantry.The Ephors warn Leonidas that theCarneiais approaching and that Sparta should not wage war during that time. They consult theOracle,who decrees that Sparta should honor the Carneia. As Leonidas angrily departs, an agent from Xerxes appears alongside a Spartan politician, Theron, rewarding the Ephors for their covert support.

Although the Ephors have denied him permission to mobilize Sparta's army, Leonidas gathers 300 soldiers. Theron and the Council confront Leonidas about defying the Ephors by going to war. Leonidas suggests they will not go but depart for war shortly after that. They are joined by a few thousandArcadiansand otherGreeksled by Daxos. They reach Thermopylae, watching a storm sinking many Persian navy ships at theAegean Sea.The Spartans then scouted out a large Persian encampment and constructed the wall, using slain Persian scouts asmortar.

Meanwhile, Leonidas encountersEphialtes,a deformed Spartan whose parents fled Sparta to spare himcertain infanticide.Ephialtes asks to join Leonidas' army and warns him of a secret goat path the Persians could use to outflank and surround the Spartans. Though sympathetic, Leonidas rejects him since his deformity could compromise thephalanxformation.

The battle begins soon after the Spartans'refusal to lay down their weapons.Because of the narrowed pathway, the Spartans repel many waves of the advancing Persian army. Xerxes personally approaches Leonidas and offers him immense wealth and power in exchange for his submission. Leonidas declines and mocks the inferior quality of Xerxes' warriors. Xerxes sends in his elite guard, theImmortals,accompanied by the monstrous Uber Immortal, but the Greeks are once again victorious.

On the second day, Xerxes sends in new waves of armies, includingwar elephantsand an armoredrhinoceros,with no success. Meanwhile, an embittered Ephialtes has defected to Xerxes and reveals the secret path in exchange for wealth, women, and a uniform. The Arcadians retreat upon learning of Ephialtes' betrayal, but the Spartans choose to stay. Leonidas orders an injured but reluctant Dilios to return to Sparta and inform his compatriots of what has happened.

In Sparta, Queen Gorgo attempted to persuade theSpartan Councilto reinforce the 300 Spartan soldiers making their last stand. Gorgo comes to Theron for help, having been allowed to make her plea to the Council, but Theron rapes her in exchange for his needed assistance, and the next day betrays her and attempts to defame her as an adultress before the Council. Gorgo kills Theron, revealing a bag of Xerxes' gold in his robe. Acknowledging his betrayal, the Council unanimously agrees to send reinforcements. On the third day, the Persians, led by Ephialtes, traverse the secret path, encircling the Spartans. Xerxes' general again demands their surrender, but the Spartans refuse, and Stelios kills the general. Angered, Xerxes orders his troops to attack. Leonidas throws his spear at Xerxes, slicing his face to prove theGod-King's mortality. Leonidas and the remaining Spartans fight to the last man until they finally succumb to an arrow barrage.

Dilios concludes his tale before the Spartan Council. Inspired by Leonidas's sacrifice, the Greeks mobilize an army, with Sparta leading the charge. Dilios, now head of the Spartan-led Greek army, leads them to battle against the Persians atPlataea.

Cast

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Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]
Above:the film version of a panel from the graphic novel (below)

Producer Gianni Nunnari was not the only person planning a film about theBattle of Thermopylae,as directorMichael Mannhad already planned a film of the battle based on the bookGates of Fire.Nunnari discoveredFrank Miller'sgraphic novel300,which impressed him enough to acquire thefilm rights.[6][7]300was jointly produced by Nunnari and Mark Canton while Michael B. Gordon wrote the script.[8]DirectorZack Snyderwas hired in June 2004[9]as he had attempted to make a film based on Miller's novel before making his debut with the remake ofDawn of the Dead.[10]Snyder then had screenwriterKurt Johnstadrewrite Gordon's script for production[9]and Frank Miller was retained as consultant and executive producer.[11]Frank Miller's original graphic novel300was inspired by the filmThe 300 Spartans,which Miller first saw at age six.[12]

The film is ashot-for-shotadaptation of thecomic book,similar to the film adaptation ofSin City.[13]Snyderphotocopiedpanels from the comic book, from which he planned the preceding and succeeding shots. "It was a fun process for me… to have a frame as a goal to get to," he said.[14]Like the comic book, the adaptation also used the character Dilios as a narrator. Snyder used this narrative technique to show the audience that the surreal "Frank Miller world" of300was told from a subjective perspective. By using Dilios' gift of storytelling, he was able to introduce fantasy elements into the film, explaining that "Dilios is a guy who knows how not to wreck a good story with truth."[15]Snyder also added thesubplotin which Queen Gorgo attempts to rally support for her husband.[16]

Above:A scene during filming
Below:The finished scene

Two months ofpre-productionwere required to create hundreds of shields, spears and swords, some of which were recycled fromTroyandAlexander.Creatures were designed byJordu Schell,[17]and ananimatronicwolf and thirteen animatronic horses were created. The actors trained alongside the stuntmen, and even Snyder joined in. Upwards of 600 costumes were created for the film, as well as extensive prosthetics for various characters and the corpses of Persian soldiers.Shaun SmithandMark Rappaportworked hand in hand with Snyder in pre-production to design the look of the individual characters, and to produce theprosthetic makeupeffects, props, weapons and dummy bodies required for the production.[18]

Filming

[edit]

300entered active production on October 17, 2005 inMontreal,[19]and was shot over the course of sixty days[18]in chronological order[16]with a budget of $60 million.[20]Employing thedigital backlottechnique, Snyder shot at the now-defunct Icestorm Studios in Montreal usingbluescreens.Butler said that while he did not feel constrained by Snyder's direction, fidelity to the comic imposed certain limitations on his performance. Wenham said there were times when Snyder wanted to precisely capture iconic moments from the comic book, and other times when he gave actors freedom "to explore within the world and the confines that had been set".[21]Headey said of her experience with the bluescreens, "It's very odd, and emotionally, there's nothing to connect to apart from another actor."[22]Only one scene, in which horses travel across the countryside, was shot outdoors.[23]The film was an intensely physical production, and Butler pulled an arm tendon and developedfoot drop.[24]

Post-production

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Post-productionwas handled by Montreal'sMeteor StudiosandHybride Technologiesfilled in the bluescreen footage with more than 1,500visual effectsshots. Visual effects supervisorChris Wattsand production designerJim Bissellcreated a process dubbed "The Crush,"[18]which allowed the Meteor artists to manipulate the colors by increasing the contrast of light and dark. Certain sequences weredesaturatedand tinted to establish different moods. Ghislain St-Pierre, who led the team of artists, described the effect: "Everything looks realistic, but it has a kind of a gritty illustrative feel."[18][25]Variouscomputer programs,includingMaya,RenderMan,andRealFlow,were used to create the "spraying blood".[26]The post-production lasted for a year and was handled by a total of tenspecial effectscompanies.[27]

Music

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Main article:300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

In July 2005, composerTyler Batesbegan work on the film, describing the score as having "beautiful themes on the top and large choir," but "tempered with some extreme heaviness". Thecomposerhad scored for a test scene that the director wanted to show to Warner Bros. to illustrate the path of the project. Bates said that the score had "a lot of weight and intensity in the low end of the percussion" that Snyder found agreeable to the film.[28]The score was recorded atAbbey Road Studiosand features the vocals ofAzam Ali.[29]A standard edition and aspecial editionof the soundtrack containing 25 tracks was released on March 6, 2007, with the special edition containing a 16-page booklet and three two-sidedtrading cards.[30]

The score has caused some controversy in the film composer community, garnering criticism for its striking similarity to several other recent soundtracks, includingJames HornerandGabriel Yared's work for the filmTroy.The heaviest borrowings are said to be fromElliot Goldenthal's 1999scoreforTitus."Remember Us," from300,is identical in parts to the "Finale"fromTitus,and "Returns a King" is similar to the cue "Victorius Titus".[31][32][33]On August 3, 2007, Warner Bros. Pictures acknowledged in an official statement:

…a number of the music cues for the score of300were, without our knowledge or participation, derived from music composed by Academy Award-winning composer Elliot Goldenthal for the motion pictureTitus.Warner Bros. Pictures has great respect for Elliot, our longtime collaborator, and is pleased to have amicably resolved this matter.[34]

Marketing

[edit]
Main article:300: March to Glory

The official300websitewas launched by Warner Bros. in December 2005. The "conceptual art" and Zack Snyder's production blog were the initial attractions of the site.[35]Later, the website added video journals describing production details, including comic-to-screen shots and the creatures of300.In January 2007, the studio launched aMySpacepage for the film.[36]The Art Institutescreated a micro-site to promote the film.[37]

AtComic-Con Internationalin July 2006, the300panel aired a promotionalteaser trailerof the film, which was positively received.[38]Despite stringent security, the trailer was subsequently leaked on the Internet.[39]Warner Bros. released the official trailer for300on October 4, 2006,[40]and later on it made its debut on Apple where it received considerable exposure. Thebackground musicused in the trailers was "Just Like You Imagined"byNine Inch Nails.A second300trailer, which was attached toApocalypto,was released in theaters on December 8, 2006,[41]and online the day before.[42]On January 22, 2007, an exclusive trailer for the film was broadcast duringprime-timetelevision.[43]The trailers have been credited with igniting interest in the film and contributing to its box-office success.[44]

In April 2006,Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainmentannounced its intention to make aPlayStation Portablegame,300: March to Glory,based on the film. Collision Studios worked with Warner Bros. to capture the style of the film in the video game, which was released simultaneously with the film in the United States.[45]TheNational Entertainment Collectibles Associationproduced a series ofaction figuresbased on the film,[46]as well as replicas of weapons and armor.[47]

Warner Bros.promoted300by sponsoring theUltimate Fighting Championship'slight heavyweightchampionChuck Liddell,who made personal appearances and participated in other promotional activities.[48]The studio also joined with theNational Hockey Leagueto produce a 30-second TV spot promoting the film in tandem with theStanley Cupplayoffs.[49]

Release

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Theatrical

[edit]
Actress Lena Headey facing right in a silver dress at the London premiere of the film in March 2007
Lena Headeyat the London premiere, 2007

In August 2006, Warner Bros. announced300'srelease date as March 16, 2007,[50]but in October the release was moved forward to March 9, 2007.[40]An unfinished cut of300was shown atButt-Numb-A-Thonfilm festival on December 9, 2006.[51]

Home media

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300was released onDVD,Blu-rayDisc, andHD DVDon July 31, 2007, inregion 1territories, in both single-disc and two-disc editions.300was released in single-disc and steelcase two-disc editions on DVD, BD and HD DVD inregion 2territories beginning August 2007. On July 21, 2009, Warner Bros. released a new Blu-ray Disc entitled300: The Complete Experienceto coincide with the Blu-ray Disc release ofWatchmen.This new Blu-ray Disc is encased in a 40-page Digibook and includes all the extras from the original release as well as some new ones. These features include apicture-in-picturefeature entitledThe Complete 300: A Comprehensive Immersion,which enables the viewer to view the film in three different perspectives. This release also includes adigital copy.[52]AnUltra HD Blu-rayedition of the film was released on October 6, 2020.[53]

On July 9, 2007, AmericancablechannelTNTbought the rights to broadcast the film from Warner Bros.[54]TNT started airing the film in September 2009. Sources say that the network paid between $17 million[55]and just under $20 million[54]for the broadcasting rights. TNT agreed to a three-year deal instead of the more typical five-year deal.[55]

Reception

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Box office

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300was released in North America on March 9, 2007, in both conventional and IMAX theaters.[56]It grossed $28,106,731 on its opening day and ended its North American opening weekend with $70,885,301,[57]breaking the record held byIce Age: The Meltdownfor the biggest opening weekend in the month of March and for a spring release. Since then300's spring release record was broken byFast and Furiousand300's March record was broken byTim Burton'sAlice in Wonderland.[58][59]300'sopening weekend gross is the 24th-highest in box office history, coming slightly belowThe Lost World: Jurassic Parkbut higher thanTransformers.[60]It was the third-biggest opening for an R-rated film ever, behindThe Matrix Reloaded($91.8 million) andThe Passion of the Christ($83.8 million).[61]The film also set a record forIMAXcinemas with a $3.6 million opening weekend.[62]The film grossed $456,068,181 worldwide.

300opened two days earlier, on March 7, 2007, inSparta,and across Greece on March 8.[63][64]Studio executiveswere surprised by the showing, which was twice what they had expected.[65]They credited the film's stylized violence, the strong female role of Queen Gorgo which attracted a large number of women, and aMySpaceadvertising blitz.[66]Producer Mark Canton said, "MySpace had an enormous impact but it has transcended the limitations of the Internet or the graphic novel. Once you make a great movie, word can spread very quickly."[66]

Critical response

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The film received astanding ovationat its world premiere in front of 1,700 audience members at theBerlin International Film Festivalon February 14, 2007.[67]It had been panned at a press screening hours earlier, where many attendees left during the showing and those who remained booed at the end.[68]

As of January 2021, onRotten Tomatoes,the film had an approval rating of 61% based on 236 reviews, with anaveragerating of 6.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A simple-minded but visually exciting experience, full of blood, violence, and ready-made movie quotes."[69]As of October 2020, onMetacritic,the film had anweighted averagescore of 52 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[70]Audiences polled byCinemaScoregave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[71]

Some of the most unfavorable reviews came from majorAmerican newspapers.A. O. ScottofThe New York Timesdescribed300as "about as violent asApocalyptoand twice as stupid, "and he also criticized itscolor schemeand suggested that its plot includesracistundertones; Scott also poked fun at the buffed bodies of the actors who portrayed the Spartans, declaring that the Persian characters are "pioneers in the art of face-piercing", and declaring that the actors who played the Spartans had access to "superior health clubs and electrolysis facilities".[72]Kenneth Turanwrote in theLos Angeles Timesthat "unless you love violence as much as a Spartan,Quentin Tarantinoor avideo-game-playing teenage boy, you will not be endlessly fascinated ".[73]Roger Ebertgave the film a 2 out of 4 rating, writing that "300has one-dimensional caricatures who talk likeprofessional wrestlersplugging their next feud. "[74]Some critics employed atGreek newspapershave been particularly critical, such as film critic Robby Eksiel, who said that moviegoers would be dazzled by the "digital action" but also feel irritated by the "pompous interpretations and one-dimensional characters".[64][75]

Variety's Todd McCarthy described the film as "visually arresting" although "bombastic"[76]while Kirk Honeycutt, writing inThe Hollywood Reporter,praised the "beauty of itstopography,colors and forms ".[77]Writing in theChicago Sun-Times,Richard Roeperacclaimed300as "theCitizen Kaneof cinematic graphic novels ".[78]Empiregave the film three out of five, writing, "Visually stunning, thoroughly belligerent and as shallow as a pygmy's paddling pool, this is a whole heap of style tinged with just a smidgen of substance."Comic Book Resources' Mark Cronan found the film compelling, leaving him "with a feeling of power, from having been witness to something grand".[79]IGN's Todd Gilchrist acclaimed Zack Snyder as a cinematic visionary and "a possible redeemer of modern moviemaking".[80]

Accolades

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At theMTV Movie Awards 2007,300was nominated for Best Movie, Best Performance for Gerard Butler, Best Breakthrough Performance for Lena Headey, Best Villain for Rodrigo Santoro, and Best Fight for Leonidas battling "the Über Immortal",[81]but only won the award for Best Fight.300won both the Best Dramatic Film and Best Action Film honors in the 2006–2007 Golden Icon Awards presented by Travolta Family Entertainment.[82]In December 2007,300wonIGN's Movie of the Year 2007,[83]along with Best Comic Book Adaptation[84]and King Leonidas as Favorite Character.[85]The movie received 10 nominations for the 2008Saturn Awards,winning the awards forBest DirectorandBest Action/Adventure/Thriller Film.[86]In 2009,National Reviewmagazine ranked300number 5 on its 25 "Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years" list.[87]

Historical accuracy

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In the actualBattle of Thermopylae,the Spartans had already joined an alliance with other Greekpoleisagainst the Persians. During theBattle of Thermopylae,Xerxes's invasion of Greece coincided with a Spartan religious festival, theCarneia,in which the Spartans were not permitted to make war. Still, realizing the threat of the Persians and not wanting to appear as Persian sympathizers, the Spartan government, rather than Leonidas alone, decided to send Leonidas with his personal 300-strong bodyguard to Thermopylae.[88]Other Greekpoleisjoined the 300 Spartan men and totaled somewhere between 5,000 and 6,000 total Greek troops. The historical consensus among both ancient chroniclers and current scholars was that Thermopylae was a clear Greek defeat, and the Persian invasion would be pushed back only in later ground and naval battles.[89]

Since few records on the actual martial arts used by the Spartans survive aside from accounts of formations and tactics, the fight choreography, led by the stunt coordinator and fight choreographer Damon Caro, was a synthesis of different weapon arts withFilipino martial artsas the base.[90]

Paul Cartledge,Professor ofGreek HistoryatCambridge University,advised the filmmakers on thepronunciation of Greeknames and said that they "made good use" of his published work on Sparta. He praised the film for its portrayal of "the Spartans' heroic code" and of "the key role played by women in backing up, indeed reinforcing, the male martial code of heroic honour", but he expressed reservations about its"'West' (goodies) vs 'East' (baddies) polarization ".[91]Cartledge wrote that he enjoyed the film but found Leonidas' description of the Athenians as "boy lovers" ironic since the Spartans themselves incorporatedinstitutional pederastyinto their educational system.[92]

Ephraim Lytle, assistant professor of Hellenistic history at theUniversity of Toronto,said that300selectively idealized Spartan society in a "problematic and disturbing" fashion and portrayed the "hundred nations of the Persians" as monsters and non-Spartan Greeks as weak. He suggested that the film's moral universe would have seemed "as bizarre toancient Greeksas it does to modern historians. "[93]Lytle also commented, "Ephialtes,who betrays the Greeks, is likewise changed from a localMalianof sound body into a Spartan outcast, a grotesquely disfiguredtrollwho by Spartan custom should have been left exposed as an infant to die. Leonidas points out that his hunched back means Ephialtes cannot lift his shield high enough to fight in the phalanx. This is a transparent defense of Spartaneugenics[broken anchor],and convenient given thatinfanticidecould as easily have been precipitated by an ill-omened birthmark. "[93]

Victor Davis Hanson,aNational Reviewcolumnist and former professor of classical history atCalifornia State University, Fresno,wrote the foreword to a 2007 reissue of the graphic novel and said that the film demonstrates a specific affinity with the original material ofHerodotusin that it captures the martial ethos of ancient Sparta and represents Thermopylae as a "clash of civilizations".He remarked thatSimonides,Aeschylus,and Herodotus viewed Thermopylae as a battle against "Eastern centralism and collective serfdom", which opposed "the idea of the free citizen of an autonomouspolis".[94]He also said that the film portrays the battle in a "surreal" manner and that the intent was to "entertain and shock first, and instruct second."[95]

Touraj Daryaee,who is now Baskerville Professor of Iranian History and the Persian World at theUniversity of California, Irvine,criticized the film's use of classical sources by writing:

Some passages from the Classical authorsAeschylus,Diodorus,HerodotusandPlutarchare spilt over the movie to give it an authentic flavor. Aeschylus becomes a major source when the battle with the "monstrous human herd" of the Persians is narrated in the film. Diodorus' statement about Greek valor to preserve their liberty is inserted in the film, but his mention of Persian valor is omitted. Herodotus' fanciful numbers are used to populate the Persian army, and Plutarch's discussion of Greek women, specifically Spartan women, is inserted wrongly in the dialogue between the "misogynist"Persian ambassador and the Spartan king. Classical sources are certainly used, but exactly in all the wrong places, or quite naively. The Athenians were fighting a sea battle during this.[96]

Robert McHenry,the former editor-in-chief ofEncyclopædia Britannicaand the author ofHow to Know,said that the film "is an almost ineffably silly movie. Stills from the film could easily be used to promote Buns of Steel, or AbMaster, or ThighMaster. It's about the romanticizing of the Spartan 'ideal', a process that began even in ancient times, was promoted by the Romans, and has survived over time while less and less resembling the actual historical Sparta."[97]

The director of300,Zack Snyder,stated in an MTV interview that "the events are 90 percent accurate. It's just in the visualization that it's crazy.... I've shown this movie to world-class historians who have said it's amazing. They can't believe it's as accurate as it is." Nevertheless, he also said the film is "an opera, not a documentary. That's what I say when people say it's historically inaccurate."[98]He was also quoted in aBBC Newsstory as saying that the film is, at its core "afantasy film".He also describes the film's narrator, Dilios, as" a guy who knows how not to wreck a good story with truth. "[15]

In an interview the300writer Frank Miller, he stated, "The inaccuracies, almost all of them, are intentional. I took those chest plates and leather skirts off of them for a reason. I wanted these guys to move and I wanted 'em to look good. I knocked their helmets off a fair amount, partly so you can recognize who the characters are. Spartans, in full regalia, were almost indistinguishable except at a very close angle. Another liberty I took was, they all had plumes, but I only gave a plume to Leonidas, to make him stand out and identify him as a king. I was looking for more an evocation than a history lesson. The best result I can hope for is that if the movie excites someone, they'll go explore the histories themselves. Because the histories are endlessly fascinating."[99]

Kaveh Farrokh,in the paper "The 300 Movie: Separating Fact from Fiction,"[100]noted that the film falsely portrayed "the Greco-Persian Wars in binary terms: the democratic, good, rational 'Us' versus the tyrannical, evil and irrational, 'other' of the ever-nebulous (if not exotic) 'Persia'".He highlighted three points regarding the contribution of theAchaemenid Empireto the creation of democracy and human rights: "The founder of the Achaemenid Empire,Cyrus the Great,was the world's first emperor toopenly declare and guaranteethe sanctity of human rights and individual freedom.... Cyrus was a follower of the teachings ofZoroaster,the founder ofone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions.... When Cyrus defeated KingNabonidusof Babylon, heofficially declaredthe freedom of the Jews from theirBabylonian captivity.This was the first time in history that a world power had guaranteed the survival of the Jewish people, religion, customs and culture. "He abolishedslavery.[101]

General criticism

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Before the release of300,Warner Bros. expressed concerns about the political aspects of the film's theme. Snyder relates that there was "a huge sensitivity about East versus West with the studio."[102]Media speculation about a possible parallel between the Greco-Persian conflict and current events began in an interview with Snyder that was conducted before the Berlin Film Festival.[103]The interviewer remarked that "everyone is sure to be translating this [film] into contemporary politics." Snyder replied that he was aware that people would read the film through the lens of current events, but no parallels between the film and the modern world were intended.[104]

Outside current political parallels, some critics have raised more general questions about the film's ideological orientation.Slate'sDana Stevenscompared the film toThe Eternal Jew"as a textbook example of how race-baiting fantasy and nationalist myth can serve as an incitement to total war. Since it's a product of the post-ideological, post-Xbox21st century,300will instead be talked about as a technical achievement, the next blip on the increasingly blurry line between movies and video games. "[105]Roger Moore, a critic for theOrlando Sentinel,relates300toSusan Sontag's definition of "fascist art".[106]Indeed, the Lambda sign on the Spartans' shields in300formed the inspiration for the official symbol of the far-rightIdentitarian movement.[107][108]

Newsdaycritic Gene Seymour, on the other hand, stated that such reactions are misguided, writing that "the movie's just too darned silly to withstand anyideologicaltheorizing. "[109]Snyder himself dismissed ideological readings, suggesting that reviewers who critique "a graphic novel movie about a bunch of guys... stomping the snot out of each other" using words like"'neocon,' 'homophobic,' 'homoerotic' or 'racist'"are" missing the point ".[110]Snyder, however, also admitted to fashioning aneffeminate villainspecifically to make young straight males in the audience uncomfortable: "What's more scary to a 20-year-old boy than a giant god-king who wants tohave his way with you?"[111]The Slovenian criticSlavoj Žižekpointed out that the story represents "a poor, small country (Greece)invadedby the army of a much large[r] state (Persia) "and suggested the identification of the Spartans with a modern superpower to be flawed.[112]

The writer Frank Miller said: "The Spartans were aparadoxicalpeople. They were the biggest slave owners in Greece. But at the same time, Spartan women had an unusual level of rights. It's a paradox that they were a bunch of people who in many ways werefascist,but they were the bulwark against the fall ofdemocracy.The closest comparison you can draw in terms of our own military today is to think of the red-caped Spartans as being like ourspecial-opsforces. They're these almost superhuman characters with a tremendouswarrior ethic,who were unquestionably the best fighters in Greece. I didn't want to render Sparta in overly accurate terms, because ultimately I do want you to root for the Spartans. I couldn't show them being quite as cruel as they were. I made them as cruel as I thought a modern audience could stand. "[99]

Michael M. Chemers, author of "'With Your Shield, or on It': Disability Representation in 300 "in theDisability StudiesQuarterly,said that the film's portrayal of the hunchback and his story "is not mereableism:this is anti-disability. "[113]Frank Miller, commenting on areas in which he lessened the Spartan cruelty fornarrativepurposes, said: "I have King Leonidas very gently tell Ephialtes, the hunchback, that they can't use him [as a soldier], because of his deformity. It would be much more classically Spartan if Leonidas laughed and kicked him off the cliff."[99]

Iranian criticism

[edit]
The portrayal ofKing Xerxes(right) was a subject of criticism. Snyder said of Xerxes, "What's more scary to a 20-year-old boy than a giant god-king who wants to have his way with you?"[111]

From its opening,300also attracted controversy over its portrayal ofPersians.Officials of theIranian government[114]denounced the film.[115][116][117]Some scenes in the film portraydemon-like and other fictional creatures as part of thePersianarmy, and the fictionalized portrayal of Persian KingXerxes Ihas been criticised aseffeminate.[118][119]Critics suggested that it was meant to stand in stark contrast to the portrayed masculinity of the Spartan army.[120]Steven Reaargued that the film's Persians were a vehicle for ananachronisticcross-section of Western aspirationalstereotypesof Asian and African cultures.[121]

The film's portrayal of ancientPersianscaused a particularly strong reaction inIran.Various Iranian officials condemned the film.[122][123][124]TheIranian Academy of the Artssubmitted a formal complaint against the film toUNESCOthat called it an attack on the historical identity of Iran.[125][126]The Iranian mission to the UN protested the film in apress release,[127]and Iranian embassies protested its screening in France,[128]Thailand,[129]Turkey,[130]andUzbekistan.[131]The film was banned in Iran, with the film being considered American propaganda.[132]

Reviewers in theUnited Statesand elsewhere "noted the political overtones of the West-against-Iran story line and the way Persians are depicted asdecadent,sexually flamboyant and evil in contrast to the noble Greeks. "[133]With black market copies of the film already available inTehranwith the film's international release and news of the film's surprising success at the USbox office,the film prompted widespread anger in Iran.Azadeh MoaveniofTimereported, "All of Tehran was outraged. Everywhere I went yesterday, the talk vibrated with indignation over the film."[134]Newspapers in Iran featured headlines such as "Hollywood declares war on Iranians" and "300 Against 70 Million", the latter being the size of Iran's population.Ayende-No,an independent Iranian newspaper, said, "The film depicts Iranians as demons, without culture, feeling or humanity, who think of nothing except attacking other nations and killing people."[134]FourMembers of Majles(the Iranian parliament) called on other Muslim countries to ban the film,[135]and a group of Iranian film makers submitted a letter of protest to UNESCO regarding the film's misrepresentation of Iranian history and culture.[136]The cultural advisor to Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejadcalled the film an "American attempt forpsychological warfareagainst Iran. "[137]

Moaveni identified two factors that may have contributed to the intensity of Iranian indignation over the film. Firstly, she described the timing of the film's release, on the eve ofNowruz,the Persian New Year, as "inauspicious". Secondly, Iranians tend to view the era depicted in the film as "a particularly noble page in their history." Moaveni suggested that300's box office success compared withAlexander's failure (another spurious period epic dealing with Persians), was "cause for considerable alarm, signaling ominous U.S. intentions."[134]

According toThe Guardian,Iranian critics of300,ranging from bloggers to government officials, described the movie "as a calculated attempt to demonise Iran at a time of intensifying U.S. pressure over the country's nuclear programme."[135]An Iranian governmentspokesmandescribed the film as "hostile behavior which is the result of cultural andpsychological warfare."[135]Moaveni reported that the Iranians with whom she interacted were "adamant that the movie was secretly funded by the U.S. government to prepare Americans for going to war against Iran."[134]

[edit]

300has beenspoofedin film, television, and other media, and spawned the "This is Sparta!"internet meme.[138]Skitsbased upon the film have appeared onSaturday Night Live[139]andRobot Chicken,the latter of which mimicked the visual style of300in a parody set during the American Revolutionary War, titled "1776".[140]Other parodies include an episode ofSouth Parknamed "D-Yikes!",[141]the short filmUnited 300which won the 2007 MTV Movie Spoof Award,[142]and "BOO!" byMadmagazine in its September 2007 issue #481, written byDesmond Devlinand illustrated byMort Drucker.[143]20th Century FoxreleasedMeet the Spartans,a spoof directed byJason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer.Universal Picturesonce planned a similar parody, titledNational Lampoon's 301: The Legend of Awesomest Maximus Wallace Leonidas.[144]Samurai Jack,an American animated series byGenndy Tartakovsky,also paid homage to the Battle of Thermopylae in the 12th episode of its second season, but instead usedminotaurrobots as the antagonists.[145]

300,particularly its pithy quotations, has been "adopted" by the student body ofMichigan State University(whose nickname is theSpartans), with chants of "Spartans, what is your profession?" becoming common at sporting events starting after the film's release, andMichigan State basketballhead coachTom Izzodressed as Leonidas at one student event.[146][147]Nate Ebner,afootballplayer with theNew England Patriotsin theNational Football Leagueand formerly with theOhio State Buckeyes,was nicknamed "Leonidas," after the Greek warrior-king hero of Sparta acted by Gerard Butler in the movie300,because of his intense workout regimen, and his beard.[148]

Sequel

[edit]
Main article:300: Rise of an Empire

In June 2008, producers Mark Canton, Gianni Nunnari and Bernie Goldmann revealed that work had begun on a sequel to300,300: Rise of an Empire.[149]Legendary Pictures had announced that Frank Miller had started writing the follow-up graphic novel and that Zack Snyder was interested in directing the adaptation but moved on to develop and direct the Superman reboot andDC Extended Universefirst installmentMan of Steel.[150][151]Noam Murrodirected instead, while Zack Snyder produced. The film focused on the Athenian admiral,Themistocles,as portrayed by Australian actorSullivan Stapleton.The sequel,300: Rise of an Empire,was released on March 7, 2014 and grossed $337 million worldwide.[152]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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