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70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)

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70th Infantry Division
HistorianMichael Chappellwrote that "The red four-pointed star chosen as adivisional signfor the 6th (and 70th) was painted on vehicles, etc., but was probably never worn "on the uniform of the soldiers.[1]
Active10 October 1941 – 24 November 1943[2]
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchBritish Army
TypeInfantry
SizeWar establishment strength 17,298 men[a]
During thesiege of Tobruk:~28,000 men[4]
EngagementsSiege of Tobruk
Operation Crusader
Battle honoursDefence of Tobruk[5]
Tobruk, 1941[6]
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Ronald Scobie
George Symes

The70th Infantry Divisionwas aninfantrydivisionof theBritish Armythat fought during theWestern Desert Campaignof theSecond World War.What would become the 70th Division originated with the7th Infantry Division,which was formed in 1938 to serve in theBritish Mandate of Palestineduring theArab Revolt.This division then transferred toEgypton the outbreak of the Second World War and soon became the6th Infantry Division,which went on to take part in theBattle of Creteand theSyria–Lebanon Campaign.On 10 October 1941, the 6th Division was re-created as the 70th Infantry Division, in an attempt to deceiveAxisintelligence concerning the strength of British forces in theMiddle East.

TheRoyal Navytransported the division toTobrukfrom 19 September to 25 October, in a politically controversial move to relieve themainly Australiangarrison which had been defending the port for almost seven months, since the beginning of thesiege of Tobruk.Under daily aerial and artillery attacks, the division defended the port and conducted nightly offensive patrols againstGermanandItalianpositions. On 18 November, theBritish Eighth ArmylaunchedOperation Crusader.The division was tasked with breaking out of Tobruk, following the destruction of the Axis armoured forces. Following unexpected early success, the division began its attacks on 21 November, before the armoured formations of Germans and Italians had been defeated. Heavy fighting soon followed as the division captured several well-defended and dug-in German and Italian strong points. The looming threat of the Axis tanks ended the break-out offensive the following day. Renewed fighting on 26 November saw the division link up with the approachingNew Zealand Division,cutting the Axislines of communication.In response, the Germans launched several counter-attacks to throw back the 70th Division from the territory they had gained. The failure of these attacks had a lasting strategic impact on Operation Crusader; the Axis forces began their retreat and lifted the siege of Tobruk. Two men—from units attached to the division—were awarded theVictoria Crossfor their actions during Operation Crusader.

Following the fighting at Tobruk, the division was withdrawn from the front and placed in reserve. WhenJapan entered the war,the division was transferred toIndia.It was considered the most experienced and best trained British formation available in Asia. In India, the division formed a reserve to counter possibleJapaneselandings while it trained injungle warfare.It also served as a police force, protecting railways and being used to suppresscivil disobediencecaused by theQuit India Movement.While it was requested that the division be sent to the front line inBurma,it was instead transferred to Special Force, commonly known as theChindits.Such a move was opposed by the highest military commanders in India and Burma, and proved controversial with the troops themselves. Despite their pleas, the division was broken up and officially ceased to exist on 24 November 1943. Historian Woodburn Kirby andLieutenant-GeneralWilliam Slim(who led the British troops in Burma) believed that the division could have had a greater impact against the Japanese had it been retained as a single formation.

Background

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Arab Revolt in Palestine

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In 1936, theArab Revoltbroke out in theBritish Mandate of Palestine.[7]British troops were dispatched, ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year.[8]Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938. Withrising tensions in Europe,the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere.[9]The conclusion of theMunich Agreement—on 30 September 1938—calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war, allowing the British to resume their military build-up in Palestine.[10]

The7th Infantry Divisionwas formed the following month and placed under the command ofMajor-GeneralRichard O'Connor.[11]The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build-up of 18,500 men in the region.[12][10]This force then began to suppress the revolt. Meanwhile, Palestinian guerrillas had overrun theOld CityofJerusalem.O'Connor's men proceeded to sweep the area, declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October. The same day, the division seizedAcreand by the end of the month were clearingJaffaof rebels.[13][14]Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area.[14]In the north, the8th Infantry Division,under Major-GeneralBernard Montgomery,andSpecial Night Squadsengaged in counter-terror operations, with O'Connor writing that onebrigadier"always encouraged his men to be brutal".General Officer CommandingBritish Forces in Palestine and Trans-JordanRobert Hainingwrote in late 1938 that "unnecessary violence, vindictiveness..., [and] killing in cold blood" had to be curbed. O'Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north, and wrote "harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers" had to be curbed.[15]During the operation in Jerusalem, only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed.[16][17]In early 1939, the revolt finally came to an end.[b]

Second World War

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Main article:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
Four soldiers standing around an obscured gun position.
Infantry camouflage a gun position atMersa Matruh.

On 1 September 1939, theSecond World Warbegan with theGermanInvasion of Poland,and two days later theUnited Kingdomdeclared war on Germany.[19]On 31 August, the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division gave up command of its troops. O'Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound forCairo,Egypt.From Cairo, the men moved forward toMersa Matruharriving on 7 September. The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there, with the exception of the7th Armoured Division.[12]The BritishOfficial Historian,I. S. O. Playfair,comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden onLieutenant-GeneralHenry Maitland Wilson,GOCBritish Troops in Egypt,of "direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt".[20]Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across theWestern Desertand on theLibya–Egypt border, Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail. Positioned 200 miles (320 km) west ofAlexandriaand 120 miles (190 km) from the border, the location had been chosen to shield forwardRoyal Air Force(RAF) landing strips behind it and to defend theNile Delta.Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawingItalianor other forces forward to them, to allow a counter-attack after they ran into supply difficulties.[21][22]

On 3 November, the division was renamed the6th Infantry Division.The division initially commanded rear area personnel and the22nd Infantry Brigade.Over the coming months, the14thand16th Infantry Brigadeswere assigned to the division as they arrived in Egypt from Palestine.[20][23]On 10 June 1940,Italydeclared war upon Britain and herallies.[24]Seven days later, the 6th Infantry Division was dissolved and its headquarters transformed into the command staff of acorpsknown as theWestern Desert Force(WDF).[2][20]In early September 1940, Italian forces based in Libyainvaded Egypt.Three months later, the WDF began a limited raid,Operation Compass.The raid succeeded and was expanded; in two months the WDF advanced 500 miles (800 km), occupied the Italian province ofCyrenaicaand destroyed theItalian 10th Army.The operation was halted in February 1941 to give priority to theBattle of Greece.[25]

Two British soldiers face right while they talk to two French soldiers (centre). A third British soldier stands in the background, and a fourth stands on guard behind (to the left) of the French troops.
British infantry question capturedVichy Frenchtroops, near Damascus.

On 17 February 1941, the 6th Infantry Division was reformed in Egypt. It was initially made up of the 16th and the22nd Guards Brigade,who were based in Egypt, but lacked artillery or other supporting arms. The 22nd Guards Brigade was soon withdrawn, and the division was assigned the 14th and23rd Infantry Brigade.Here, the division trained for amphibious operations in theDodecanese.[26][27]The deteriorating situation in North Africa, which sawGeneralErwin Rommel'sAfrika Korpsretake the territory lost by the Italians during Operation Compass, resulted in the 6th Infantry Division being reassigned to defend Egypt.[28]The division had been earmarked to deploy toCrete,where the 14th Brigade had been based since November, but instead took up defensive positions at Mersa Matruh.[29]The 14th Brigade later defended the airfield atHeraklionduring theBattle of Cretewhen 2,000German paratrooperslanded in the area on 20 May. The Germans were able to penetrate into Heraklion, before Anglo-Greek forces cleared the town following heavy fighting. Despite many losses, theparatrooperswere able to dig-in on ridges around the brigade's positions.[30]Due to the deteriorating situation on Crete, the 14th Brigade was evacuated byRoyal Navyships on 29 May.[31]En route to Egypt, they were repeatedly bombed by theLuftwaffe,suffering 800 casualties.[32]

By late April, British attention had shifted to theMiddle Eastdue to theAnglo-Iraqi War,although the situation was resolved by the end of May. A greater concern was thatGermanandItalianforces had intervened inIraq,using bases inVichySyria.With Germans and Italians threatening to gain full control of the French territory, thus jeopardising the British position in the Middle East, theAlliesinvaded Syria (Operation Exporter) on 8 June.[33]In the face of stiff resistance from the Vichy French, the British realised that reinforcements were needed. On 13 June, the 6th Infantry Division (with two infantry brigades) was ordered to reinforce the effort.[34]The leading elements of the 16th Infantry Brigade arrived on 17 June and capturedKuneitra.[1]The 23rd Infantry Brigade arrived on 28 June.[35]The division then took part in theBattle of Damascus.[1]The campaign ended on 14 July and the division remained in Syria.[36][37]

Operational history

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Tobruk

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Main article:Siege of Tobruk
Two soldiers, with a machine gun and standing behind sandbags, look to the right out over a desert view.
Men of the 2nd Battalion,Leicestershire Regiment,during thesiege of Tobruk,1941.

Operation Sonnenblume,the counter-attack launched by Italian troops and theAfrika Korpsacross Cyrenaica, had forced the British and Commonwealth forces into retreat during March and April.[38]Richard O'Connor—now General Officer Commanding British Troops Egypt—had been captured. TheAustralian 9th Infantry Divisionfell back to the fortress port ofTobrukand the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 miles (160 km) east toSollumon the Libyan–Egyptian border.[39][40]

These moves initiated thesiege of Tobruk.Although isolated by land, the garrison was supplied by the Royal Navy and the first Axis attacks failed to take the port. This failure was significant; Erwin Rommel's front line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back toTripoliand was threatened by the Tobruk garrison.[41]Besieging Tobruk also required a substantial commitment of troops and prevented Rommel from making further advances into Egypt.[42]By maintaining possession of Tobruk, the Allies regained the initiative.[43]

Australian policy for the use of theSecond Australian Imperial Force(2AIF) was to have all forces concentrated in anAustralian Corps,under Australian command.[44]By June, Australian troops were dispersed throughout the Middle East,Cyprusand North Africa.[45]The subject had been of concern to theAustralian Governmentsince 18 April.[46]The issue came to a head on 18 July, whenLieutenant-GeneralThomas Blamey(commander of the 2AIF, and deputy commanderMiddle East Command) wrote a letter to GeneralClaude Auchinleck,the new commander of all forces in North Africa and the Middle East, stating "the agreed policy for the employment of Australian troops between the British and Australian Governments is that the... troops should operate as a single force."[47][48][47]Blamey also highlighted that the troops in Tobruk were showing a decline in health due to the siege and that the attrition rate they were suffering would result in "considerable" casualties, if they were not replaced by fresh troops.[47]This caused a diplomatic row betweenWinston Churchilland the Australian Government that continued after the war, and turned whatGraham Freudenbergcalled a "reasonable request in July" into "a risky one in October".[49]

Three men work on a tank, which is under a net and facing to the left.
A Matilda and its crew at Tobruk

The relief of the garrison and replacement with fresh troops were finally agreed. The first stage saw the1st Polish Carpathian Brigadereplace the18th Australian Infantry Brigade.Next came the 6th Infantry Division's 16th Infantry Brigade, during late September, with elements of the32nd Army Tank Brigade,in lieu of the24th Australian Infantry Brigade.[50]On 10 October, for security reasons and in an attempt to confuse Axis intelligence as to when the division was fully redeployed, the 6th Infantry Division was renamed the 70th Infantry Division.[2][51][52]Major-GeneralRonald Scobiewas given command.[2]

The final stage of the relief effort took place between 12 and 25 October. The remaining elements of the 70th Division were transported into Tobruk and the remaining Australian garrison (save the2/13th Battalionand elements of the2/15th Battalion) were shipped out.[53]In total, the relief effort evacuated 47,280 men (including prisoners) and brought in 34,113 men; it also brought the garrison's armour strength to 126 tanks.[54]On 22 October, the 32nd Army Tank Brigade was attached to the 70th Division.[55]With the relief effort over, command of the garrison was given to Scobie.[53]Investing Tobruk were some German infantry and the Italian27th Infantry DivisionBrescia,25th Infantry DivisionBologna,17th Infantry DivisionPavia,and102nd Motorised DivisionTrento.[56]

Prior to their withdrawal, the Australians briefed the incoming British troops. The men of the division then took over from the Australians and settled into their task of defending Tobruk, with what theBlack Watch Regimentdescribed as a sense that it was "the main post of honour open to the British fighting man."[57][58]The soldiers' lives were uncomfortable: fresh water was scarce, washing was a luxury and done in sea-water, razor blades were in short supply, meals were basic andsand stormswere common.[57]The troops were engaged in a dull routine: daily artillery bombardments by both sides, Axis air raids every night on Tobruk harbour, and for the infantry, nightly patrols.[57][59][60][61]These patrols, described by the Black Watch as "pure 1914–18 warfare", varied from reconnaissance missions—to identify what was located at a certain position—to capturing enemy soldiers andlarge scale trench raidson enemy positions.[57][62][63]Auchinleck and Rommel had planned offensive operations simultaneously. The latter sought to capture Tobruk, aiming to launch an assault during the period of 20 November – 4 December, whereas Auchinleck planned to relieve Tobruk with a slightly earlier start date.[64]

Operation Crusader

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Main article:Operation Crusader
Refer to caption.
Battle area of Operation Crusader

Auchinleck planned forXXX Corps(under Lieutenant-GeneralWilloughby Norrie), containing the British armour, to advance around the undefended southern Axis flank, south of Sidi Omar, before moving towards Tobruk and engaging the German and Italian armoured units in battle. Once the Axis armour was defeated, the British force would attack towards Tobruk aiming to capture Sidi Rezegh, while the garrison broke out aiming to capture Ed Duda, cutting the enemylines of communication.[65][c]On 18 November, theEighth Armybegan the offensive.[67]Rommel, believing the attack was an attempt to hinder his own plans to assault Tobruk, did little to counter the British offensive. This led to the capture of Sidi Rezegh and the suggestion that the 70th Division should begin its attack on 21 November, before the Axis armour had been defeated.[68]The plan to break out of Tobruk had been well rehearsed; the2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment,2nd Black Watch, 2ndKing's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)and 2ndQueen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)would lead the attack with tanks of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade in close support.[69][70]

Ronald Scobie poses for a photograph, sitting behind a desk while writing.
Ronald Scobie,General Officer commanding the 70th Infantry Division and the Tobruk garrison.

Under cover of dark the men moved forward, creating gaps in the barbed wire and minefields in front of their positions and bridging Tobruk'santi-tank ditch.[71]At 06:30, on 21 November, the division began its attack on the positions of theBolognaDivision and the German90th Light Division(although the latter had not been expected). The Axis positions were well dug-in, behind mines and barbed wire, supported by machine guns and artillery. The first position, codenamed "Butch", was captured by 09:00, shortly followed by "Jill", but two attempts to capture "Tugun" were repulsed by the Italian defenders. The mix of Italian and German troops holding "Tiger" offered up the most resistance of the day. The supportingMatilda tanksran into undetected minefields and were engaged periodically by Axis anti-tank guns. The Black Watch, under flanking fire from other Axis strong points and being fired upon directly by the defenders of "Tiger", led a bayonet charge to the sound of bagpipes and captured the position, in conjunction with elements of the1st Royal Tank Regiment(1 RTR) and the4th Royal Tank Regiment(4 RTR). The Black Watch suffered 75 per cent casualties, being reduced to 165 men.[72][73][74][75]

Despite the losses, the Black Watch launched another attack to capture "Jack". Major Meythaler, the commanding officer of the German sector under attack, was positioned there and reported nine more British tanks lost to mines. Minutes after his report, at 10:30, the Black Watch overran the strong point. 1 RTR proceeded to overwhelm "Wolf", but were repulsed by anti-tank fire when they attempted to attack "Freddie". During the afternoon, a further attack was launched that captured half of "Tugun", but further progress was impeded by Italian artillery fire. The planned final thrust, to seize Ed Duda, was called off, due to the changing situation to the south. By the end of the day, asalient4,000 yards (3,700 m) deep and wide had been created, 550 German and 527 Italian soldiers had been captured, and 59 tanks of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade had been lost, of which half were repaired. The war diary of the German 90th Light Division described the day's actions as "very serious" concluding "that the next day 'would probably bring a crisis'".[72][73][74][75]

Philip John Gardner poses for a photograph, while he is seat looking slightly up at the camera while writing.
CaptainPhilip John Gardnerwas awarded theVictoria Crossfor his actions during the fighting.

The following day the division improved its position. Strong point "Lion", to the south west of "Tiger", was captured, but an attempt to capture the remaining sections of "Tugun" was repelled. As a result of the fighting, the division began to face a shortage of ammunition for its artillery.[d]Due to the tank battle raging to the south, Scobie was ordered not to make a further advance.[77][78]The author of theOfficial History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45,W. E. Murphy, said the fighting by the British armour and 70th Division created much "confusion in the enemy camp" and that, had the 32nd Army Tank Brigade attempted, it "could certainly have got to Ed Duda" and in doing so would have thwarted the German plans, greatly aiding the beleaguered 7th Armoured Division.[78][e]

To the south, having temporarily defeated the British armour, Rommel launched theAfrika Korpsand the Italian mobile divisions towards Egypt in the "Dash tothe Wire".He sought to relieve the besieged Italian garrisons along the border, cut the British supply lines and inflict an overwhelming defeat upon the Eighth Army. Despite causing panic amongst rear echelon troops, the attack was weak and ran into difficulties against prepared positions.[80][81]The2nd New Zealand Divisionhad advanced around the Italian border defences and on 24 November began an advance towards Tobruk. By the next day, the division had reached Zaafran and retaken the much-contested Sidi Rezegh airfield.[82]

From these positions, the New Zealanders were ordered to capture Belhamed, Sidi Rezegh proper and Ed Duda. This was to precede a renewed break-out offensive by the 70th Division.[82]Scobie had informed Lieutenant-GeneralAlfred Godwin-Austen,theXIII Corpscommander, responsible for all operations near Tobruk, that the positions between him and Ed Duda were strongly defended.[83]Godwin-Austen assured Scobie that he was under no obligation to attack until the New Zealand Division had taken Ed Duda.[84]Undertaking a night assault, the New Zealand infantry captured Belhamed despite strong resistance, but their attacks to take their other objectives were repulsed.[82]

A column of German prisoners walk, from right to left, escorted by a British soldier giving two thumbs up.
A member of the 70th Division escorting German prisoners.

Aware that Ed Duda was still in Axis hands and that the New Zealand Division had bogged down attempting to advance upon the feature and was caught up in heavy fighting, Scobie ordered his men to capture Ed Duda.[85]The 1stEssex Regiment,with machine gun support from theRoyal Northumberland Fusiliersand the 32nd Army Tank Brigade, began their attack just after midday on 26 November. Axis artillery fire damaged two tanks before they crossed the start line but the remaining 4.5 miles (7.2 km) was covered without incident. The 4 RTR were able to silence several Axis gun positions, and were joined by Z Company of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, who helped eliminate a further position.[f]Following the fighting, the Essex were ordered to join the tanks.[85][86]

The 1st Essex now advanced on Ed Duda, which was not a fortified position as previously faced by the division. An artillery bombardment and the approaching British troops persuaded the defending Italian platoon to surrender. By 15:00, Ed Duda was in British hands and the Essex began digging in to consolidate their position.[87]Following the capture of the position, several Axis counterattacks were launched. Three German tanks inflicted heavy casualties upon a British detachment in front of the main Essex position, before being driven off. Two infantry companies advanced towards the Essex and "were badly shot up in their lorries at a range of some 200 yards." In following engagements, the Essex took upwards of 110 prisoners. By the end of the day, the position was secure for the loss of only 65 casualties.[88]That evening, the New Zealanders renewed their attacks and succeeded in linking with the 70th Division and cutting the Axis lines of communication.[89]

On 27 November, Rommel abandoned his attack and ordered theAfrika Korpsand accompanying Italians to return to the Tobruk area.[90]It was not until 29 November that the Axis armour launched its attack upon the 70th and New Zealand divisions.[91]Around 50 tanks of the15th Panzer Divisionadvanced on the 1st Essex and were engaged by anti-tank guns and a handful of Britishinfantry tanks.Several British tanks were hit and the rest retired. The anti-tank guns of the Essex were silenced, and 300 German soldiers from II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 115 advanced. Two companies of the Essex were overrun, with 150 men captured.[92]As darkness fell, British and German tanks again clashed before the former withdrew. Under the cover of night, the Australian 2/13th Battalion was ordered to counter-attack along with the remnants of 4 RTR (eleven tanks in total). Elements of the Essex battalion spontaneously joined the assault, retaking the lost ground and capturing 167 prisoners for the loss of around 25 men. Less than 60 German troops were able to retreat to friendly units.[91][93]

A German doctor and a British soldier kneel over a wounded German soldier who is laying on the ground. Three soldiers, one of whom appears to be wounded, stand to the left while two more soldiers stand to the right.
A German doctor assists British troops attending a wounded German prisoner near Tobruk, 28 November 1941.

Axis attention now concentrated upon the New Zealand Division; after the recent fighting, the division, less 4,500 men who joined the 70th Division, withdrew towards the frontier in need of rest, refitting and re-organization; the 70th Division was again cut off.[94][95]On 1 December, Godwin-Austen was concerned about the exposed British position at Ed Duda, as were the staff of 70th Division, who believed the area had become untenable.[96][97]Infantry had reinforced the captured ground, the 14th Infantry Brigade holding a line from Ed Duda to roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north-east. The Essex were still dug in at Ed Duda, with the19th New Zealand Battalionto their north-east, then the 4thBorder Regiment,the18th New Zealand Battalionto their east and the 1stBedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regimentto their north at Bir (Magen) Belhamed and the captured Axis strong point known as "Leopard".[98]The commanding officer of the 1st Essex reported that the position was well prepared and he was confident of repelling any assault. Scobie sent word stating "Well done, I admire your spirit".[96]

For several days, the 70th Division was bombarded, and on 1 December an uncoordinated attack by the German 90th Division was repulsed by the 18th New Zealand Battalion. The following day, a larger attack was launched upon the 1st Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. This attack was also repulsed inflicting heavy losses on one of the German battalions.[99]On 4 December, elements of the21st Panzer Division,supported by an ad hoc formation of 500 German infantry and Italian engineers and artillery support from the 90th Light Division, launched an assault on Ed Duda. This attack was met by the Essex, 4th Borders, 18th New Zealanders and elements of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade. The German attack was defeated and the 4th Borders, supported by tanks, counter-attacked taking 1,000 yards (910 m) of ground, for the loss of fifteen tanks.[100]

The 70th Division had been planning another attack to capture El Adem but the battle made these plans redundant. The inability of the Germans and Italians to defeat the 70th Division and push the unit back inside Tobruk had strategic consequences. Rommel had come to the conclusion that his troops could not maintain the siege due to being overstretched, and decided to withdraw all of the troops he could to the east of Tobruk.[101]The 70th Division initially joined other Eighth Army formations in advancing west in pursuit, but by 12 December it had returned to Tobruk.[102]Over the course of December, Operation Crusader continued and the Axis forces retreated toEl Agheilabefore fighting ceased.[103]The 70th Division was withdrawn to Egypt for rest and refitting. Due to a lack of transport, the move took until mid-January. By the end of the month, the division had returned to Syria to camp near Damascus.[104]

India and disbandment

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Six soldiers sit in a clearing in the jungle, several of whom are smoking. The man in the foreground stares towards the camera.
Men of the2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment,previously part of the 70th Infantry Division, rest while on a patrol in Burma.

During the night of 7/8 December 1941, one hour prior to theAttack on Pearl Harbor,theEmpire of Japanentered the war with theJapanese invasion of Malaya.[105]Four hours following the strike on Pearl Harbor, theBattle of Hong Kongwas launched; the city surrendered on Christmas Day.[106]On 15 January 1942, the Japanese attack was expanded as their troopsinvaded Burma.[107]Then, on 15 February,Singapore fell.[108]During February, the 70th Division began moving back to Egypt.[104]On 17 February the order was given for the division to be transferred toIndia.[108]The next day, Major-GeneralGeorge Symeswas given command of the division.[109]They boarded ships atSuez,and had completely departed Egypt by 28 February.[104][109]The division, without the 16th Brigade, reached Bombay on 10 March. With a Japanese invasion ofBritish Ceylonexpected, the 16th Brigade was sent in as reinforcements, arriving on 15 March. It remained until 1943, when it rejoined the division.[110][111][112]In June 1942, the 70th Division was located nearRanchi;along with the50th Indian Armoured Brigade,it formed part of theEastern Armyreserve.[113]The division was seen as a well-trained formation and along with the23rd Indian Infantry Divisionformed a mobile reserve against a Japanese landing or advance throughArakaninBurma.[114][115]At Ranchi, the division also engaged injungle warfaretraining.[116]

In August 1942,Mahatma Gandhi'sQuit India Movementresulted incivil disobediencespreading acrossBihar,OrissaandBengal.The division was deployed throughout these areas, suppressing the disturbances and protecting the railways of Bihar.[117][118][119][120][121]After civil power was restored in the affected areas, the 70th Division was concentrated again at Ranchi and resumed training as part ofXV Indian Corps.[122]The corps commander, Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam Slim,wrote in his memoirs that the 70th Division "was one of the best British formations I have met, with a magnificent battle hardened spirit gained in the Middle East".[123]

A member of the division, writing in May 1943, commented that it would not be

... enough for us to rest on our Middle East laurels [despite them being] "well deserved"... those days should only be regarded as a starting point in efficiency for only 100% trained tps... will defeat the Japanese in Arakan or in any other theatre of operations.

— 70th Division soldier[124]

In April 1943, Slim requested that the 70th Division be released from Eastern Army reserve to relieve other units on the Arakan front, but elements of the division were only slowly redeployed.[125]The 23rd Infantry Brigade arrived in the Arakan area in May.[35]As of June, the remainder of the division was still part of the army reserve.[126]

On 14 February 1943, BrigadierOrde WingatelaunchedOperation Longcloth.This operation saw the77th Indian Infantry Brigadeoperate behind the Japanese lines, supplied via air drops, ambushing Japanese troops and destroying rail lines. The force returned to Allied lines during April, having lost nearly a third of its troops; most of the remainder, as described by historian Christopher Chant, were "crippled by exhaustion, malnutrition, dysentery, and malaria." Despite this, the operation was deemed a success.[127]In August 1943, Wingate (now a major-general) was sent to attend theQuebec Conference.Churchill and the Americans were so impressed by Wingate that Special Force, commonly known as theChindits,were ordered to be expanded. Under this expansion, the 70th Division would be broken up and its units transferred to Special Force.[114][128]

Auchinleck, nowCommander-in-Chief, India,strongly opposed such a move preferring to retain the division as an entity. Instead, he proposed that the newly arrived81st (West Africa) Divisioncould be used in its place. Despite his arguments and the end of the division's availability for operations against the Japanese-occupiedRamree Island,he was over-ruled by Churchill's backing of Wingate.[114][129]On 6 September, the division began reorganising forlong-range penetration.It had been estimated that 10 percent of the men would be unsuitable but this had been based on an erroneous report given in London (believed to be from Wingate) that the division was not first class, even though the standard of its infantry was high.[130]

On 25 October, the division was broken up and all troops were transferred to Special Force.[129][131]Symes, despite his seniority, became Wingate's second-in-command and tried to prevent the further break-up of the divisional units to retain the traditions, histories andesprit de corpsof the British Army's regimental structure, which reconciled his men and helped to ensure a smooth transition to Special Force.[132]Having ceased to exist, the 70th Division was officially disbanded on 24 November.[2]

The British Official Historian,Stanley Kirby,wrote that the best-trained and most-experienced British division had been broken up to reinforce Special Force, which eventually absorbed one-sixth of the infantry inSouth East Asia Command.He judged that had the division been retained, it could have reinforced the Fourteenth Army, making the defence ofImphalandKohimain 1944 easier.[133]Historian F. W. Perry wrote, "it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the results achieved by the force did not represent an adequate return for the resources invested". He further argued that the force was too lightly armed to capture strongly held positions or to hold one if captured, and concluded that Special Force "inflicted more damage and disruption on the British Army than it ever did on the Japanese."[134]Similarly, Slim argued in his memoirs that it had been a mistake to break up the 70th Division as it was the only British division which had been trained in jungle warfare, and that it would have been twice as effective as an experienced conventional formation than it proved to be as part of Special Force.[135]

General officers commanding

[edit]
See also:General officer commanding
Appointed General officer commanding
10 October 1941 Major-GeneralRonald Scobie[2]
10 February 1942 BrigadierCyril Lomax(acting)[2]
18 February 1942 Major-GeneralGeorge Symes[2]

Order of battle

[edit]

Notes

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Footnotes

  1. ^This is the war establishment, the on-paper strength, of an infantry division formed during or after 1941, but before 1944; for information on how division sizes changed during the war, seeBritish Army during the Second World War.[3]
  2. ^Bernard Montgomery's8th Infantry Divisionlaunched a major operation that defeated the rebels on a military level.[18]On a political level, theBritish Governmentdrew up theWhite Paper of 1939conceding to the demands of theArab Higher Committee:"Self-government—an Arab-controlled Palestine—would be implemented within 10 years and in the meantime Jewish immigration would cease after five years."[15]
  3. ^Once the break-out had occurred, the garrison would come under the command of XXX Corps.[66]
  4. ^Artillery support was provided by units already based in Tobruk:1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery,104th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery,107th Regiment Royal Horse Artilleryand the 51st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery.[76]
  5. ^The following day, while under intense fire and suffering several wounds,Philip John Gardner(4 RTR) earned theVictoria Crossfor attempting to save the life of a wounded soldier.[79]
  6. ^During the action, CaptainJames Jackman,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, was killed and posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for efforts that "did so much to end resistance" in front of the 4 RTR.[85][86]

Citations

  1. ^abcChappell 1987,p. 19.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstJoslen 2003,p. 49.
  3. ^Joslen 2003,pp. 130–131.
  4. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 25–26.
  5. ^Cave 2003,p. 60.
  6. ^Cave 2003,p. 61.
  7. ^Bar-On 2006,p. 21.
  8. ^Bar-On 2006,p. 26.
  9. ^Bar-On 2006,pp. 27–32.
  10. ^abBar-On 2006,p. 35.
  11. ^The Times 1938.
  12. ^abJoslen 2003,p. 51.
  13. ^Jackson 1996,p. 31.
  14. ^abBar-On 2006,pp. 35–36.
  15. ^abMarston 2010,p. 32.
  16. ^Bar-On 2006,p. 36.
  17. ^Sebag Montefiore 2011,p. 473.
  18. ^Bar-On 2006,pp. 37–38.
  19. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 58.
  20. ^abcPlayfair et al. 2004,p. 97.
  21. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 4.
  22. ^Grehan & Mace 2015,p. 6.
  23. ^Joslen 2003,pp. 49, 51, 253, and 257.
  24. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 100.
  25. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 362–366, 371–376.
  26. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 2.
  27. ^Joslen 2003,pp. 49, 258, and 266.
  28. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 32–33.
  29. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 125, 127.
  30. ^Long 1953,pp. 281–285.
  31. ^Long 1953,pp. 288–291.
  32. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 143.
  33. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 182, 196–197, 203.
  34. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 207, 209.
  35. ^abJoslen 2003,p. 267.
  36. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 221.
  37. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 2.
  38. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 19–40.
  39. ^Latimer 2001,pp. 43–45.
  40. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 33–35.
  41. ^Latimer 2001,pp. 48–64.
  42. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 41.
  43. ^Jentz 1998,p. 128.
  44. ^Maughan 1966,pp. 307–308.
  45. ^Freudenberg 2015,p. 293.
  46. ^Maughan 1966,p. 307.
  47. ^abcMaughan 1966,p. 310.
  48. ^Freudenberg 2015,pp. 259, 293.
  49. ^Freudenberg 2015,pp. 295–305.
  50. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 24–25.
  51. ^Lord & Watson 2003,p. 35.
  52. ^Morris 1989,p. 215.
  53. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,p. 25.
  54. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 26, 30.
  55. ^abcdJoslen 2003,p. 205.
  56. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 6, 19–20.
  57. ^abcdMessenger 1994,p. 70.
  58. ^Thompson 2011,pp. 84–86.
  59. ^Thompson 2011,pp. 84–87.
  60. ^Sheffield 1930–1956,p. 88.
  61. ^Rissik 2012,p. 62.
  62. ^Thompson 2011,pp. 89–90.
  63. ^Rissik 2012,pp. 62–65.
  64. ^Windrow 2005,p. 12.
  65. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 6–7.
  66. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 7.
  67. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 38.
  68. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 41–42.
  69. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 43.
  70. ^Murphy 1961,p. 93.
  71. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 44.
  72. ^abMurphy 1961,pp. 92–94.
  73. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,pp. 45–46.
  74. ^abFord 2010,p. 47.
  75. ^abStewart 2010,p. 21.
  76. ^abJoslen 2003,p. 482.
  77. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 48.
  78. ^abMurphy 1961,p. 108.
  79. ^Stewart 2010,p. 22.
  80. ^Macksey 1997,pp. 81–82.
  81. ^Wilkinson-Latham 2005,p. 9.
  82. ^abcPlayfair et al. 2004,p. 61.
  83. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 52.
  84. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 246–247.
  85. ^abcMurphy 1961,p. 271.
  86. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,pp. 60–62.
  87. ^Murphy 1961,p. 272.
  88. ^Murphy 1961,p. 273.
  89. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 62.
  90. ^Stewart 2010,p. 33.
  91. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,pp. 65–66.
  92. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 404–405.
  93. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 405–406.
  94. ^Playfair et al. 2004,pp. 67–69.
  95. ^Murphy 1961,p. 466.
  96. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,p. 69.
  97. ^Murphy 1961,p. 472.
  98. ^Murphy 1961,p. 482.
  99. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 472–473.
  100. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 481–482.
  101. ^Murphy 1961,pp. 482–483.
  102. ^Sheffield 1930–1956,p. 94.
  103. ^Stewart 2010,pp. 38–39.
  104. ^abcSheffield 1930–1956,pp. 94–95.
  105. ^Playfair et al. 2004,p. 121.
  106. ^Tsang 2007,pp. 121–124.
  107. ^Holden-Reid 1993,p. 83.
  108. ^abPlayfair et al. 2004,pp. 199–200.
  109. ^abJoslen 2003,pp. 49–50.
  110. ^Woodburn Kirby 2004a,pp. 56–57, 110.
  111. ^Joslen 2003,pp. 49–50, 258.
  112. ^Jackson 2006,p. 316.
  113. ^Slim 1960,p. 126.
  114. ^abcJackson 2006,p. 376.
  115. ^Roy 2012,p. 146.
  116. ^Moreman 2014,pp. 12, 61–62.
  117. ^Green 2014,pp. 5–6.
  118. ^James 1988,p. 65.
  119. ^Messenger 1994,p. 105.
  120. ^Moreman 2014,p. 64.
  121. ^Allen 2000,p. 93.
  122. ^Slim 1960,p. 138.
  123. ^Slim 1960,p. 141.
  124. ^Moreman 2014,p. 79.
  125. ^Slim 1960,p. 160.
  126. ^Slim 1960,p. 165.
  127. ^Chant 2013,pp. 117–118.
  128. ^Rooney 1997,pp. 64–65.
  129. ^abRooney 1997,p. 65.
  130. ^Woodburn Kirby 2004b,p. 36.
  131. ^Joslen 2003,p. 50.
  132. ^Royle 2010,pp. 275–276.
  133. ^Woodburn Kirby 2004b,pp. 442, 445.
  134. ^Perry 1988,p. 71.
  135. ^Slim 1960,pp. 216–217.
  136. ^abcJoslen 2003,pp. 49, 253.
  137. ^abcJoslen 2003,pp. 49, 257.
  138. ^abcdeJoslen 2003,pp. 49, 267.

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