990s

The990sdecade ran from January 1, 990, to December 31, 999.

Events

990

By place

Europe

• Al-Mansur,Chancellor and effective ruler ofAl-Andalus,conquers the Castle ofMontemor-o-Velho(modernPortugal), expanding theUmayyadCaliphate of Córdoba.
• The city ofLund,Swedenis founded, during the reign of theDanishkingSweyn Forkbeard(approximate date).

Africa

• TheGhana Empiretakes theBerbertown ofAoudaghost(modernMauritania) as theWest Africannation makes further gains.
• Construction of theAl-Hakim Mosqueby orders of theFatimidvizierGawar Al-Siqillibegins inCairo(modernEgypt).

By topic

Religion

• June– ThePax Ecclesiae,an edict by theCatholic Church,is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and centralFrance(atCharroux,NarbonneandPuy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and theclergy.

991

• March 1:InRouen,Pope John XVratifies the firstTruce of God,betweenÆthelred the UnreadyandRichard I of Normandy.
• March 29:Bishop Adalberonimprisons the treasonousDuke Charles of Lorraineand his nephewArnulf,theArchbishop of Reims.Adalberon delivers the two men to KingHugh Capet,who imprisons them and their family inOrléans.The cities ofReimsand Laon are returned to Capet.
• April 5:991 Damascus earthquakeinSyria:According to historianGeorge Elmacin(13th century), the earthquake caused the fall of 1,000 houses in Damascus itself, and many people were trapped in theirruinsand died. The village of Beglabec was reportedly engulfed, due to the earthquake.
• Spring: Byzantine EmperorBasil IIbegins a campaign against theBulgarians.
• June 15:Theophanudies inNijmegen,andAdelaide of Italyassumes full regency over her grandson,Otto III.
• June 17–18:The royal council of Saint-Basle de Verzy is marked by opposition between the bishops and the monks.Gerbert d'Aurillacis elected as the deposed Arnulf's successor as the Archbishop of Reims, to the anger of Pope John XV, who had no involvement in the decision.
• August 11:Following a raid byOlaf Tryggvasonat the mouth of theRiver Thames,ealdormanByrhtnothis killed in theBattle of MaldoninEssex,which is commemorated in theOld EnglishpoemThe Battle of Maldon.Æthelred the Unready is forced to pay atributeof 22,000 pounds of silver for Tryggvason to withdraw his troops; this is the first in a series ofDanegelds.
• November 22:The beginning of the reign ofal-Qadir,AbbasidcaliphofBaghdad,under the tutelage of theBuyidsand following the deposition ofal-Ta'i.

Unknown dates

• Count Odo I of Blois,who capturedMelun,is driven out of the city by the coalition of King Hugh Capet,Count Fulk III of Anjouand Richard I of Normandy; Odo is defeated inOrsayby Bouchard I of Vendôme, a faithful vassal of Capet charged with guarding Melun.
• Stavorenis sacked in Viking raids on the ports ofFrisiaand the mouths of theRhine.
• Pietro II Orseolobecomes the 26thDoge of Venice.Veniceestablishes a protectorate on the coast of the Dalmatian Islands.
• Tarantois sieged bySicilianArabs.
• TheDagome iudex,a document which enumerates the possessions ofMieszko I,is written and entrusted to Pope John XV, who places thePolishterritories under papal protection.
• Mount Vesuviuserupts.

992

By place

Worldwide

• Winter – A superflare from the sun causes anAurora Borealis,with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea.

Europe

• Spring –Pietro II Orseolo,doge ofVenice,concludes a treaty with EmperorBasil IIto transportByzantinetroops, in exchange forcommercialprivileges inConstantinople.Venetian ships are exempted from customs duties atAbydos(mostly foreign goods are carried on Venetian ships). Venetianmerchantsin Constantinople are placed directly under theGrand Logothetes(Minister of Finance).
• May 25–Mieszko I,prince (duke) of thePolans,dies after a reign of more than 30 years atPoznań.He is succeeded by his sonBolesław I the Bravewho becomes ruler ofPoland.Having inherited the principality (located between theOderand theWartarivers), Bolesław forms analliancewith theHoly Roman Empire.
• June 27–Battle of Conquereuil:TheAngevinsunderFulk III "the Black", Count of Anjou,defeat the forces ofConan I,duke ofBrittany,who is killed in the battle atConquereuil(France).
• Approximate date – NorseVikingsettlers establish amintinDublin(Ireland), to producesilver pennies.

993

By place

Europe

• Spring – The 12-year-old KingOtto IIIgives theSword of Saints Cosmas and Damian(also known as theSword of Essen) as a gift to theconventinEssen.It symbolises themartyrdomofCosmas and Damian,thepatron saintsof the city.
• Charles,duke ofLower Lorraine,dies in prison inOrléans(see991). He is succeeded by his sonOtto II,who inherits the full dukedom and pledges his allegiance to Otto III.

By topic

Religion

• July 4– PopeJohn XVissues a decreecanonizingthe late BishopUlrich of Augsburg,the first recorded canonization of asaint.

Astronomy

• An increase in¹⁴
  Cconcentration, recorded intree rings,as well as³⁶
  Cland¹⁰
  Beisotopes, recorded inice cores,suggests that astrong solar stormmay have hit theEarthin either 993 or 994.

994

By place

Byzantine Empire

• September 15–Battle of the Orontes:Fatimidforces, under Turkish generalManjutakin(also the governor ofDamascus), besiegeApamea(modernSyria). EmperorBasil IIsends aByzantineexpeditionary army, led by DuxMichael Bourtzes,to relieve the city inalliancewith theHamdanid Dynasty.Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.

Europe

• June 23–Viking Age:DanishVikingraiders, (probably) under KingSweyn Forkbeard,plunder the city ofStade(Lower Saxony). CountLothair Udo Iis captured and killed, during the battle with the pirates.
• September– KingOtto III,now 14 years old, receives theregaliato rule theKingdom of Germanyat an assembly of theImperial DietinSolingen.Otto appointsHeribert of CologneaschancellorofItaly.

England

• ADanishViking fleet, underOlaf Tryggvason,sails up theThames Estuary,and besiegesLondon.KingÆthelred II(the Unready) pays Olaf 16,000 lbs of silver (Danegeld).
• Olaf Tryggvason, already abaptisedChristian, isconfirmedas Christian in a ceremony atAndover.After receiving gifts from Æthelred II, Olaf leaves forNorway.

By topic

Astronomy

• An increase incarbon-14concentration, recorded intree rings,suggests that astrong solar stormmay have hit theEarthin either 993 or 994.

995

By place

Japan

• 17 May-Fujiwara no Michitaka(imperial regent) dies.
• 3 June:Fujiwara no Michikanegains power and becomes Regent.
• 10 June:Fujiwara no Michikanedies.
• 30 August- Retainers ofTakaieclash with retainers ofMichinaga,on the main street ofKyoto.
• 4 September-Michinaga’s escort, Hata no Hisatada, is killed byTakaie’s followers.
• 15 October-Michinagabecomes Chief of the Fujiwara Clan.

Byzantine Empire

• Arab–Byzantine War:EmperorBasil IIlaunches a counter-campaign against theFatimid Caliphate.He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid theHamdanidemirSa'id al-Dawla,and crossesAsia Minorin only sixteen days. Basil lifts thesiegeofAleppo,and takes over theOrontesValley. He incorporatesSyriainto theByzantine Empire(including the larger city ofAntioch) which is the seat of itseponymous Patriarch.

Europe

• KingEric VI(the Victorious) dies atUppsala,after a 25-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonOlof Skötkonung,as the firstbaptizedChristian ruler ofSweden.
• September 28–Boleslaus II(the Pious), duke ofBohemia,stormsLibiceCastle and massacres the members of theSlavník Dynasty.
• Olaf Tryggvasonis crowned king ofNorway(until1000) and builds the country's firstChristianchurch.
• MalachycapturesDublinfor the third time.

Scotland

• KingKenneth IIis murdered at abanquetbyLady FinellainFettercairn.He is succeeded by his nephewConstantine III(a son of the late KingCuilén) as ruler ofAlba(Scotland).

England

• Uhtred(the Bold), a son of EaldormanWaltheof IofNorthumbria,establishes anepiscopal seeatDurhamand moves themonasticcommunity ofChester-le-Streetthere.

Asia

• Goryeo-Khitan War:Negotiations led by the Korean diplomatSŏ Hŭiprevents a fullscale invasion of theKhitan-ledLiao Dynasty.KingSeongjongaccepts Liao's demands – and agrees to end thealliancewith the ChineseSong Dynasty.Goryeobecomes a Liao tributary state, the Khitan army (60,000 men) withdraws while Seongjong orders the Korean border defenses strengthened.

Armenia

• 995 Balu earthquake.It reportedly affected the Armenian areas of Balu, Cop'k (or Covk'), Palnatun (or Palin), and the districts of Hasteank and Xorjean. The areas affected were districts in what is currently the border area betweenArmeniaandTurkey.

996

By place

Japan

• February- Chotoku Incident:Fujiwara no KorechikaandTakaieshoot an arrow at RetiredEmperor Kazan.

• 2 March:Emperor Ichijoorders the imperial police to raid Korechika's residence;Empress Teishi(sister of Korechika) cuts her hair because of the humiliation; Takaie is arrested, Korechika is absent.

• 5 March:Korechika returns with his head shaven and attired as a monk.

Europe

• Spring – KingOtto IIIstarts his first expedition toItalyfromRegensburg,and proceeds over theBrenner Pass.News of Otto's arrival promptsCrescentius II(the Younger), patrician (thede factoruler) ofRome,to invite PopeJohn XV(exiled inTuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives inVerona,and receives ambassadors of DogePietro II OrseoloofVenice.
• May 21– Otto III, 16, is crowned Emperor of theHoly Roman EmpireatSt. Peter's Basilica,and claims also the title ofKing of Italy.His grandmother,Adelaide,retires to a convent she has founded atSeltz(Alsace). Otto puts down a Roman rebellion; a number of nobles (including Crescentius II) arebanishedfor their crimes.
• October 24– KingHugh ICapet dies inParisafter a 9-year reign and is interred in theBasilica of St. Denis.He is succeeded by his 24-year-old sonRobert II(the Pious) as king ofFrance.Robert tries (during his reign) to increase his power, by pressing his claim offeudallands that become vacant. This results in manyterritorial disputes.
• November 1– Otto III grants theBavarianbishopric ofFreising30 "royal hides" of land (about 800hectares,or 2,000 acres - 800 hectares is 2,000 acres) inNeuhofen an der Ybbs(Lower Austria). A document (the oldest known) marks the first use of the nameOstarrîchi,meaning "Eastern Realm" (AustriainOld High German).
• November 20–Richard I(the Fearless), duke ofNormandy,dies after a 55-year reign. He is succeeded by his young sonRichard II.During his minority,Rodulf of Ivry(his uncle), who wields the power asregentputs down apeasants revoltat the beginning of Richard's reign.

Africa

• May 15– The newFatimid navyis destroyed by fire, resulting in anti-Christian pogroms inCairo.
• October 14– CaliphAl-Aziz Billahdies atBilbeisinEgyptafter a 21-year reign in which he has expanded hisShiitecaliphate at the expense of the Byzantines, usingTurkishmercenaries (Mamelukes). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old sonAl-Hakim bi-Amr Allahas ruler of theFatimid Caliphate(until1021).
• Revolt of Tyre:The citizens ofTyre(modernLebanon) revolt against the Fatimid Caliphate. Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends a expeditionary army and navy toblockadethe city by land and sea.

China

• TheNiujie Mosqueis constructed inBeijingduring theLiao Dynasty.The first mosque is built under supervision of theMuslimarchitectNazaruddin.

By topic

Religion

• April 1– PopeJohn XVdies of fever after an 11-year reign. Meeting a Roman embassy atRavenna,Otto appoints his cousin Bruno ofCarinthia(a grandson of the late EmperorOtto I), who duly ascends asGregory V.He becomes the 138thpope– and the first German pope of theCatholic Church.

997

By place

Japan

• 1 February:Empress Teishi gives birth to Princess Shushi - she is the first child of the emperor, but because of the power struggle between Michinaga and Korechika, the empress is not allowed to go to the palace.

• 18 May:The imperial court decides to pardon Korechika and Takaie, under the illness of Teishi.

Byzantine Empire

• July 16–Battle of Spercheios:Byzantineforces, under GeneralNikephoros Ouranos,defeat the Bulgarians at theSpercheios RiverinGreece.During a night battle, the Bulgarian co-rulerSamuelis wounded; he and his sonGavril Radomirevade capture, by feigning death among the bodies of their slain soldiers. Samuel sets off toBulgaria,and retreats with the remnants of his army, into thePindus Mountains.Ouranos returns toConstantinople,with 1,000 heads of Bulgarian soldiers and 12,000 captives.

Europe

• Al-Mansur,thede factoruler ofAl-Andalus,assaults and partially destroys the city ofSantiago de Compostella.He is accompanied in his raid by ChristianPortugueselords, who all receive a share of the booty. On their way, they sack the cities ofZamoraandLeón.
• Summer –Roman of Bulgariadies in captivity in Constantinople. He is succeeded by his brother Samuel (a member of theCometopuli Dynasty) who takes the Bulgarian title oftsar.He possibly receives his 'imperial crown' fromGregory V(approximate date).
• KingStephen Držislav of Croatiadies after a 28-year reign. His three sons,Svetoslav,Krešimir IIIandGojslav,open a violent contest for the throne, weakening the kingdom and allowing Samuel to encroach on the Croatian possessions along theAdriatic.
• Winter – EmperorOtto IIItravels toItaly,leaving the government of theHoly Roman Empirein the hands of his aunt,Matilda of Quedlinburg.He is accompanied by BishopGilbert of Aurillac,his teacher and advisor.
• Trondheimis founded by KingOlav Tryggvason.This will function as the main city and capital ofNorway,untilBergenis founded in1070.

Scotland

• KingConstantine IIIdies after a 2-year reign, possibly murdered by a dynastic conflict between two rival lines of royalty. He is succeeded byKenneth IIIas sole ruler ofAlba(Scotland).

Central Asia

• Sabuktigin,founder of theGhaznavid Dynasty,dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonIsmailas emir of Ghazna. But many in the court favor his elder brotherMahmud.

China

• May 8– EmperorTai Zong(Zhao Jiong) dies atKaifengafter a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonZhen Zongas the third ruler of theSong Dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• Spring – PopeGregory Vis exiled during a rebellion led byCrescentius II(the Younger), patrician (thede factoruler) ofRome.The Crescentii family appoints Giovanni Filagato (former tutor of Otto III) as anantipopeunder the nameJohn XVI(or XVII), until998.
• April 23–Adalbert,exiled bishop ofPrague,organises a mission to convert theOld Prussiansin north-eastPoland.On his way, Adalbert is murdered bypaganson theBalticcoast. His body is bought back for its weight ingoldby DukeBolesław I(the Brave).
• The first documented reference ofGdańskis made by Adalbert. During his mission hebaptisesthe inhabitants of the city calledGyddannyzc.

998

By place

Europe

• Spring –Otto IIIretakesRomeand restores power in the papal city.Crescentius II(the Younger) and his followers barricade themselves inCastel Sant'Angelo.Otto's former tutor John Philagathos (AntipopeJohn XVI), who tries to escape intoCampania,is pursued by German troops and captured. He is horribly mutilated – his ears, nose and tongue cut off and his eyes are gouged out. Crescentius surrenders at his stronghold and is beheaded. Otto reinstates his cousin,Gregory V,as pope of theCatholic Church.
• Croatian–Bulgarian War:EmperorSamuellaunches a military campaign against theKingdom of Croatiato prevent analliancebetween theSerbian principalityand theByzantines.He seizes Dyrrachium (modern-dayDurrësinAlbania) and advances along theDalmatiancoast. The Bulgarian army is forced to withdraw into Croatian hinterlands (now part ofBosnia and Herzegovina), after theSiege of Zadar.
• Fall – Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of theHoly Roman Empireand begins the construction of his imperial palace on thePalatine Hill.He restores the ancientRoman Senateto its position of prominence and adopts the title of "Emperor of the Romans". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formulaservus Jesu Christi('Servant ofJesus Christ').
• Winter – KingRobert II(the Pious) isexcommunicatedby Gregory V. For reasons ofconsanguinity,his second marriage toBertha of Burgundyis not accepted by the Catholic Church.

Arabian Empire

• Battle of Ghazni:The Afghan princeMahmuddefeats his younger brotherIsmail(the rulingemirof theGhaznavid Dynasty) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father,Sebuktigin,into thePunjabin northwesternIndia.
• Summer –Revolt of Tyre:The city ofTyre(modernLebanon) is stormed by forces of theFatimid Caliphate.A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive toEgypt.The Byzantine captives are executed.
• July 19–Battle of Apamea:Byzantine forces under governor (doux)Damian Dalassenosbesiege the fortress city ofApameafor control over northernSyria.The Fatimids send a relief army fromDamascus– and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by aKurdishofficer in battle.

Japan

• Byōdō-inTemple (located inYamashiro Province) is built during theHeian Periodon orders ofFujiwara no Michinaga,who uses theBuddhisttemple as a countryside retreat villa (modern-dayKyoto Prefecture).

By topic

Religion

• Winter – Otto III makes apilgrimagethrough middleItalyfromGarganotoBenevento.Stopping byMonte Cassino,where he meets thehermitmonkRomuald.
• BishopWulfsige IIIestablishes aBenedictineabbey atSherborne(Dorsetshire).

999

By place and name

Japan

• 9 February:The Mogi Ceremony of Fujiwara no Shoshi is held (she later becomes empress).
• December:Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir), but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi, is promoted to Consort.

Europe

• KingBermudo IIabdicates in favor of his 5-year-old sonAlfonso Vas ruler ofLeón.Moorish invaders have forced Bermudo to recognize the suzerainty of their leader,Umayyadvizier and thede factorulerAl-Mansur.
• 9 September(999 or1000) –Battle of Svolder:A Norwegian fleet, commanded byOlaf Tryggvason,is defeated by the combined fleet of the Danish kingSweyn Forkbeardand his Swedish counterpartOlaf the Swede,resulting in Tryggvason's death, and the splitting up of Norway between Sweden and Denmark.

Ireland

• December 30-Battle of Glenmama:The combined forces ofMunsterandMeathunderBrian Boru(High King of Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies ofLeinsterandDublinnearLyons Hill(County Kildare).

Central Asia

• TheKarakhanidsinvade from north of theSyr DaryaRiver, ending theSamanid Empire(modernIran). The Samanid domains are split between theGhaznavid Dynastyand the Karakhanids.

By topic

Religion

• February 18– PopeGregory Vdies after a 3-yearpontificatein which theCrescentiifamily forced him to fleeRome.He is succeeded bySylvester IIas the 139thpopeof theCatholic Church.
• BishopAldhunconsecrates a cathedral (laterDurham Cathedral), at a site where the remains ofSt. Cuthberthad been moved to in AD 995 fromLindisfarnebecause of the danger ofVikingraids.
• Sigmundur Brestisson,a Viking chieftain, introducesChristianityin theFaroe Islands.

Significant people

• Al-Qadir
• Mahmud of Ghazni
• Pope John XV
• Pope Gregory V

Births

990

• November 11–Gisela of Swabia,Holy Roman Empress (d.1043)
• Adamo Abate,ItalianBenedictineabbot (approximate date)
• Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la,ArabHanbalischolar and jurist (d.1066)
• Bi Sheng,Chinese inventor ofmovable typeprinting (d.1051)
• Chananel ben Chushiel,Tunisian Jewishrabbi(d.1053)
• Conrad II(the Elder), Holy Roman Emperor (d.1039)
• Edmund II(Ironside), king ofEngland(d.1016)
• Grigor Magistros,Armenian prince (d.1058)
• John Scotus,bishop ofMecklenburg(d. 1066)
• John Vladimir,Serbian prince (approximate date)
• Kálfr Árnason,Norwegian chieftain (approximate date)
• Mieszko II,king ofPoland(approximate date)
• Nissim ben Jacob,Tunisian Jewish rabbi (d.1062)
• Theobald of Dorat,French monk andsaint(d.1070)
• Theodoric II,margrave ofLower Lusatia(d.1034)
• Thietmar,margrave of theSaxon Ostmark(d.1030)
• Tughril,sultan of theSeljuk Empire(d.1063)
• Yaakov ben Yakar,German Jewish rabbi (d.1064)
• Zhang Xian,Chinesepoetand writer (d.1078)

991

• Guido Monaco,Italian monk andmusic theorist(or992)
• Pons II(orPons William), count ofToulouse(d.1060)
• Yan Shu,Chinese statesman andpoet(d.1055)

992

• August 1–Hyeonjong,king ofGoryeo(Korea) (d.1031)
• Fujiwara no Michimasa,Japanesenobleman(d.1054)
• Fujiwara no Yorimichi,Japanese nobleman (d.1071)
• Guido Monaco,Italian monk andmusic theorist(or991)
• Otto Orseolo,doge ofVenice(approximate date)
• Ulric Manfred II,count ofTurin(approximate date)

993

• Majd al-Dawla,Buyid emir ofRayy(d.1029)
• Samuel ibn Naghrillah,SpanishTalmudicscholar
• Sultan al-Dawla,Buyid emir ofFars(d.1024)

994

• November 7–Ibn Hazm,Andalusianhistorianand poet (d.1064)
• Ahmad al-Bayhaqi,PersianSunnihadithscholar (d.1066)
• Alfonso V(the Noble), king ofLeón(Spain) (d.1028)
• Lothair Udo I,margrave of theNordmark(d.1057)
• Sancho III(the Great), king ofPamplona(approximate date)
• Simeon,NormanabbotofEly Abbey(approximate date)
• Wallada bint al-Mustakfi,Andalusian femalepoet(d.1091)

995

• Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi,Persian historian and writer (d.1077)
• Cnut(the Great), king ofDenmark,NorwayandEngland(d.1035)
• Dominic Loricatus,Italian priest andhermit(d.1060)
• Frederick II,duke ofUpper Lorraine(approximate date)
• Herman II,archbishop ofCologne(approximate date)
• Hemma of Gurk,Germannoblewoman(d.1045)
• Olaf II Haraldsson(St. Olaf), king of Norway (d. 1030)
• Reginar V,French nobleman (approximate date)
• Shaykh Tusi,PersianShiascholar (d.1067)
• William I,Norman nobleman (approximate date)

996

• July 29–Fujiwara no Norimichi,Japanesenobleman(d.1075)
• Drogo of Mantes,count ofValoisand theVexin(d.1035)
• Elvira Menéndez,queen consort ofLeón(approximate date)
• Oda of Meissen,queen consort ofPoland(approximate date)

997

• Alan III(de Bretagne), duke ofBrittany(d.1040)
• Bertha of Milan,Lombard duchess andregent(approximate date)
• Godfrey III,duke ofLower Lorraine(approximate date)
• Gusiluo,Tibetan religious leader ofBuddhism(d.1065)
• Gytha Thorkelsdóttir,Danishnoblewoman(approximate date)
• Ibn al-Wafid,Andalusianpharmacologist(d.1074)
• Rhys ap Tewdwr,king ofDeheubarth(d.1093)

998

• Ibn Abi Hasina,Arabpoetandpanegyrist(d.1065)
• Mas'ud I,sultan of theGhaznavid Empire(d.1040)
• Muhammad,sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (d.1041)
• Song Qi,Chinese statesman andhistorian(d.1061)
• Zeng Gongliang,Chinese scholar and writer (d.1078)

999

• March 5–Bao Zheng,politician of theSong Dynasty(d.1062)
• Berengar of Tours,French theologian (approximate date) (d.1088)
• Fujiwara no Ishi,Japanese empress consort (d.1036)
• Odo of Rennes,duke andregentofBrittany(d.1079)

Deaths

990

• March 15–Siegfried I(the Older), Germannobleman
• March 25–Nicodemus of Mammola,Italian monk and saint
• April 23–Ekkehard II(the Courtier), Swiss monk andabbot
• June 15–Theophanu,Holy Roman Empress andregent
• July 26–Fujiwara no Kaneie,Japanese statesman (b.929)
• September 16–Folcuin,Frankish abbot ofSaint Bertin
• December 10–Folcmar(Poppo), bishop ofUtrecht
• Al-Saghani,Persianastronomerandhistorian of science
• Al-Tamimi,Arab writer and physician (approximate date)
• Dunash ben Labrat,Arab Jewish commentator (b.920)
• Indra Pala,ruler of thePala Dynasty(India) (b.960)
• Kiyohara no Motosuke,Japanese nobleman (b.908)
• Nazif ibn Yumn,Melkite Christian mathematician and translator
• Oliba Cabreta,count ofCerdanyaandBesalú(Spain)
• Qarghuyah,Hamdanid administrator and governor
• Sahl ben Matzliah,Jewish philosopher (b.910)
• Urard Mac Coise,Irish poet (Ollamh Érenn)

991

• March 1–En'yū,emperor ofJapan(b.959)
• April 2–Bardas Skleros,Byzantine general
• April 4–Reginold,bishop ofEichstätt
• May 11–Heriward,Frankishabbot
• May 20–Piligrim,bishop ofPassau
• August 11–Byrhtnoth,ealdorman ofEssex
• Aleramo,marquess ofMontferratandLiguria
• Al-Muqaddasi,Arab Muslimgeographer
• Ashot-Sahak,king ofVaspurakan(Armenia)
• Bakjur,Hamdanid mercenary and governor
• Gausfred I,count ofEmpúriesandRoussillon
• Ibn Babawayh,PersianShi'itescholar
• Meng Xuanzhe,prince ofLater Shu(b.937)
• Nakatsukasa,Japanesewakapoet (b.912)
• Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu,Japanesenobleman(b.921)
• Pan Mei,Chinese general and statesman
• Qian Weijun,king ofWuyue(Ten Kingdoms) (b.955)
• Sa'd al-Dawla,Hamdanid emir (b.952)
• Suero Gundemáriz,Spanish nobleman
• Taira no Kanemori,Japanese nobleman
• Ya'qub ibn Killis,Fatimidvizier(b.930)

992

• February 1–Jawhar al-Siqilli,Fatimid general
• February 29–Oswald,archbishop ofWorcester
• May 25–Mieszko I,prince (duke) ofPoland
• June 15–Michael I,Kievanmetropolitan bishop
• June 27–Conan I,duke ofBrittany
• July 1–Heonjeong,queen of Goryeo (Korea) (b.961)
• August 23–Volkold,bishop ofMeissen
• December 3–Lothar II,Germannobleman
• Æthelwine,ealdorman ofEast Anglia
• Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri,Persian philosopher
• Adso of Montier-en-Der,Frankishabbot(b.920)
• Fujiwara no Nakafumi,Japanesewakapoet (b.923)
• Fujiwara no Tamemitsu,Japanese statesman (b.942)
• Herbert of Wetterau,German nobleman
• Liu Jiyuan,emperor ofNorthern Han
• Maelpeadair Ua Tolaid,Irish abbot
• Marino Cassianico,bishop ofVenice

993

• March 13–Odo I,Germannobleman
• October 19–Conrad I,king ofBurgundy
• December 9–Egbert,archbishop ofTrier
• Arnulf(orAernout), count ofFriesland
• Borrell II,count ofBarcelonaandUrgell
• Charles,duke ofLower Lorraine(b.953)
• David II,prince ofTao-Klarjeti(Georgia)
• Landenulf II,Lombard prince ofCapua
• Maelcairearda,king ofUí Briúin(Ireland)
• Minamoto no Masanobu,Japanese nobleman (b.920)
• William I,French nobleman (b.950)

994

• February 3–William IV,duke ofAquitaine(b.937)
• April 4–Egbert(the One-Eyed), Germannobleman
• April 23–Gerard of Toul,German priest andbishop
• May 11–Majolus of Cluny,Frankish priest andabbot
• June 23–Lothair Udo I,German nobleman (b.950)
• June 24–Abu Isa al-Warraq,Arab scholar (b.889)
• July 8–Richardis,margravine consort ofAustria
• July 10–Leopold I,margrave of Austria (b.940)
• October 28–Sigeric,archbishop ofCanterbury
• October 31–Wolfgang,bishop ofRegensburg
• Bagrat II,king ofIberia-Kartli(Georgia) (b. 937)
• Fujiwara no Takamitsu,Japanesewakapoet
• Ibn Juljul,Andalusianphysician(approximate date)
• Sancho Garcés II,king ofNavarre(Spain)

995

• March 30–Sahib ibn Abbad,Persian statesman
• May 10–Baldwin I(orBoudewijn), bishop ofUtrecht
• May 16–Fujiwara no Michitaka,Japanese nobleman (b.953)
• June 13–Fujiwara no Michikane,Japanese nobleman (b.961)
• Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad,Afrighid ruler ofKhwarezm
• Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin,Zirid ruler ofIfriqiyah
• Bernard I(the Suspicious), Frankish nobleman
• Egill Skallagrímsson,Viking poet (approximate date)
• Eric VI(the Victorious), Viking king ofSweden
• García Fernández,count ofCastileandÁlava
• Gebhard II,bishop ofConstance(b.949)
• Gerberga of Lorraine,Frankish noblewoman
• Haakon Sigurdsson,Viking ruler (jarl) of Norway
• Henry II(the Wrangler), duke ofBavaria(b.951)
• Herbert III(the Younger), Frankish nobleman
• Kenneth II(the Fratricide), king ofAlba(Scotland)
• Lady Finella,Scottish noblewoman and assassin
• Michitsuna no Haha,Japanese femalepoet
• Mstivoj,Obodrite prince (approximate date)
• Song,empress of theSong Dynasty(b.952)

996

• March 12–Odo I, Count of Blois(Eudes), French nobleman
• April 1–John XV,pope of theCatholic Church
• October 14–Al-Aziz Billah,Fatimidcaliph(b.955)
• October 24–Hugh ICapet, king ofFrance(b.941)
• November 20–Richard I,duke ofNormandy(b.932)
• Abu Talib al-Makki,Shafi'ijurist andhadithscholar
• Li Fang,Chinese scholar and encyclopedist (b.925)
• Gilla Pátraic mac Donnchada,king ofOsraige(Ireland)
• Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia(the Slender), German nobleman (b.945)
• Ibn Abi Zayd,Muslimimamand scholar (b.922)
• Ki no Tokibumi,Japanesewakapoet (b. 922)
• Strachkvas,Bohemian prince andchronicler
• Takashina no Takako,Japanese femalepoet

997

• April 23–Adalbert of Prague,Bohemian bishop
• May 8–Tai Zong,Chinese emperor (b.939)
• July 23–Nuh II,Samanidemir(b.963)
• August 20–Conrad I,duke ofSwabia
• October 6–Minamoto no Mitsunaka,Japanesesamurai(b.912)
• November 29–Seongjong,Korean king (b.961)
• Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Qutia,Andalusian historian
• Constantine III,king ofAlba(Scotland)
• Géza(orGejza), Grand Prince ofHungary
• Gonzalo Menéndez,Portuguese nobleman
• Gonzalo Sánchez,count ofAragon(Spain)
• Ibn Battah al-Ukbari,Arab theologian (b.917)
• Idwal ap Meurig,king ofGwynedd(Wales)
• Máel Coluim,king ofStrathclyde(Scotland)
• Waldrada of Tuscany,dogaressa ofVenice
• Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad,ruler ofKhwarezm
• Roman,ruler (tsar) of theBulgarian Empire
• Sabuktigin,founder of theGhaznavid Dynasty
• Stephen Držislav(Dirzislaus), king ofCroatia
• Tailapa II,ruler of theWestern Chalukya Empire
• Teresa Ansúrez,queen and regent ofLeón

998

• July 15–Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani,Persianmathematician(b.940)
• July 19–Damian Dalassenos,Byzantine governor (doux)
• August 8–Sŏ Hŭi,Korean politician anddiplomat(b.942)
• August 19–Fujiwara no Sukemasa,Japanese statesman (b.944)
• August 24–Sisinnius II,patriarch ofConstantinople
• October 28–Sigfried,count of theArdennes(Luxembourg)
• Æthelweard,Englishealdormanand historian (approximate date)
• Koppány(orCupan), Hungariannobleman(approximate date)
• Landulf of Carcano,Lombard chronicler andarchbishop
• Nikon the Metanoeite,Byzantinemonkandpreacher
• Samsam al-Dawla,emir of theBuyid Dynasty(b.963)
• Yelü Xiuge,general and politician of theLiao Dynasty

999

• February 7–Boleslaus II(the Pious), duke ofBohemia
• February 18–Gregory V,pope of theCatholic Church(b.972)
• June 11–Ebergar(orEverger), archbishop ofCologne
• November 4–Gregor von Burtscheid,Germanabbot
• November 29–Li Chun'an,Chinesemerchant(b.921)
• December 16–Adelaide,empress regent of theHoly Roman Empire(b.931)
• Alfred of Malmesbury(orAelfric), English abbot and writer
• Cao Bin,Chinese general and governor (jiedushi) (b.931)
• Ceallach ua Maílcorgus,Irishchief poetofConnacht
• Maredudd ab Owain,king ofGwynedd(Wales) (approximate date)
• Matilda,German princess-abbessand daughter ofOtto I(b.955)
• Muirgheas mac Aedh,king ofUí Díarmata(Ireland)
• Subh of Córdoba,mother and regent ofHisham II
• Yelü Xiezhen,Chinese general and politician