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A. A. K. Niazi

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Lieutenant-General
Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi
Hilal-e-Jurat & Bar[a]
HJ&BAR[a]SPk SKMC
امیر عبداللہ خان نیازی
Niazi's official military portrait as Lieutenant General (1971)
Governor of East Pakistan
In office
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971
PresidentYahya Khan
Prime MinisterNurul Amin
Preceded byAbdul Motaleb Malik
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Sheikh Mujibur RahmanasPresident of Bangladesh
Commander,Army Eastern Command
In office
4 April 1971 – 16 December 1971
Preceded byLt. Gen.Tikka Khan
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born1915
Mianwali,Punjab Province,British India
Died1 February 2004 (aged 88–89)
Lahore,Punjab,Pakistan
Resting placeMilitary Cemetery, Lahore[citation needed]
NationalityPakistani
Alma materOfficers' Training School,Bangalore
Command and Staff College,Quetta
Signature
Military service
AllegianceBritish India
Pakistan
Branch/serviceBritish Indian Army
Pakistan Army
Years of service1942–1975
RankLieutenant-General
(S/No. PA-477)
Unit4th Battalion,7th Rajput Regiment
CommandsGOC,10th Infantry Division
GOC,8th Infantry Division
14th Para Brigade[citation needed]
Battles/wars
AwardsHilal-e-Jurat & Bar[a]
Sitara-e-Pakistan
Sitara-e-Kidmat
Military Cross

Lieutenant GeneralAmir Abdullah Khan NiaziHJ & BarSPk SKMC(1915 – 1 February 2004) commonly known asGeneral Niaziwas a Pakistani military officer. During theBangladesh Liberation Warand theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971,he commanded thePakistani Eastern CommandinEast Pakistan(nowBangladesh). He signed theinstrument of surrenderas on 16 December 1971 his forces had to surrender to theIndian Army'sEastern Command's commander Lieutenant GeneralJagjit Singh Auroraby the order of the thenPresident of PakistanYahya Khan.[1]

Niazi'sarea of responsibilitycomprised the defense of East Pakistan from India during the war in 1971, and authors and critics within thePakistani militaryheld him morally responsible for his decision to unilaterally surrender the Pakistani Eastern Command, which resulted in the war's end in a decisive Indian victory as well as the independence of Bangladesh.[2][self-published source?][3]

After beingheld as a prisoner of war by the Indian military,he was repatriated toPakistanon 30 April 1975 as part of theDelhi Agreement.He was dishonourably discharged from his military service at theWar Enquiry Commissionled byHamoodur Rahman.[4]The Commission leveled accusations against him forhuman rights violations in East Pakistanand the supervision of smuggling efforts during the 1971 war; he was held responsible for Pakistan's military failure during the course of the conflict.[5][6][7]Niazi, however, rejected these allegations and sought amilitary court-martialwhile insisting that he had acted according to the orders of thePakistan Army GHQinRawalpindi;the court-martial was never granted.[6]

After the war, he remained active inPakistani politicsand supported anultra-conservative agendaunder thePakistan National Allianceagainst the government ofZulfikar Ali Bhuttoin the 1970s.[1]In 1998, he authored the bookThe Betrayal of East Pakistan.

Niazi died inLahore,Punjab,Pakistan, on 1 February 2004.[8]

Biography

Early life and British Indian Army career

Khan was born inMianwali,British India,in 1915, into a mixedPunjabiandPathanfamily of theNiazitribe. His village, Balo Khel, is located on the eastern bank of theIndus River.[2][9][10]After matriculating from a local high-school in Mianwali, he joined theBritish Indian Armyas a "Y cadet" in 1941 as he was selected for an emergency commission in the army, before it he was an ordinary soldier.[2]

He received training in Officers Training School,BangaloreandFatehgarh'sRajput Regiment's training centre; he was commissioned as an Emergency Commissioned Officer (ECO) in the rank of second lieutenant during theWorld War IIon 8 March 1942 (following a 6 months training) into the 4/7 Rajput Regiment (4th Battalion of the7th Rajput Regiment) which was then a part of the161st Indian Infantry Brigadeled byBrigadierD.F.W. Warren.[2][11]

World War II and Burma campaigns

Main articles:Burma Campaign 1944–1945andBattle of Imphal

On 11 June 1942,Lt.Niazi was stationed in the Kekrim Hills located in regions ofAssam-Manipurto participate in theBurma front.[9]That spring, he was part of the14th Armyof theBritish Indian Armycommanded byGeneral William Slim.[9]

During this period, the 14th Army had halted the offensive against theImperial Japanese Armyat theBattle of Imphaland elsewhere in bitterly fought battles along the Burma front.[9]General Slim described his gallantry in a lengthy report toGeneral Headquarters, India,about his judgment of the best course of action.[9]They agreed on Niazi's skill in completely surprising the enemy, his leadership, coolness under fire, and his ability to change tactics, create diversions, extricate his wounded men.[9]At theBurma front in 1944,Lt. Niazi impressed his superior officers when he commanded a platoon that initiated an offensive against the Imperial Japanese Army at the Bauthi-Daung tunnels.[9]

Lt. Niazi's gallantry had impressed his British commanders at GHQ India and they wanted to award him theDistinguished Service Order,but his rank was not high enough for such a decoration.[9]During the campaign, Brigadier D.F.W. Warren, commander of the 161st Indian Infantry Brigade of the British Army, gave Niazi the soubriquet "Tiger" for his part in a ferocious fight with the Japanese.[9]After the conflict, theBritish governmentdecorated Lt. Niazi with theMilitary Crossfor leadership, judgement, quick thinking and calmness under pressure in action along the border withBurma.[12][9][2]

After the end of World War II, in 1945, from an Emergency Commissioned Officer, Niazi was granted a regular commission of the British Indian Army, and he got his service number as IC0-906 (Indian Commissioned Officer-906);[2]he was promoted tocaptainand sent to attend theCommand and Staff CollegeinQuettawhich he graduated with astaff coursedegree under then-Lt. Col.Yahya Khan.[2]

Pakistan Army: from major to lieutenant general

Main articles:Battle of ChawindaandIndo-Pakistani war of 1965
Pakistani soldiers during theBattle of Chawinda.Brigadier A.A.K. Niazi, (3rd from right) observing a map

In 1947 the United Kingdom, through theIndian Independence Act 1947,announced their intention ofpartitioning British Indiaamid the failure of the1946 Cabinet Mission to India.After the creation ofPakistanin August 1947, Major Niazi decided to opt forPakistani citizenshipand joined the newly establishedPakistan Armywhere hisS/Nowas redesigned as PA–477 by theMinistry of Defenceof Pakistan and he joined thePunjab Regiment.[2]

His career in the army progressed well. In the rank of Lt. Col. he served as commanding officer of two battalions in West Pakistan and one in East Pakistan.[13]In 1961, he was promoted asBrigadierand offered discussion oninfiltration tacticsat the Command and Staff College.[11]Subsequently, he published an article on infiltration and promoted talks on military-supported local rebellion against the enemy.[11]He served as the commander of 51st Infantry Brigade inKarachiand was decorated with theSitara-i-Khidmat(lit. Service Star) for his contributions and service with the army. His leadership credentials had led him to be appointedmartial law administratorof both Karachi andLahoreto maintain control of law in the cities ofWest Pakistanduring this time.[14]Shortly after, he was appointed as the commandant of School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta.

Brigadier Niazi went on to participate in theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965,the second war with India.[15]He was appointed as the commander of 14th Paratroopers Brigade under7th Infantry Division(then commanded by Maj. Gen. Yahya Khan), which later became part of the12th Infantry Divisionunder Maj. Gen.Akhtar Hussain Malik;Niazi commanded the 1st Infantry Brigade inAzad Kashmirfor a brief period but later was reappointed as the commander of 14th Para Brigade inZafarwalsector, he gained public notability when he participated in the famousBattle of Chawindatank battle against the Indian Army which halted the Indians troops rotation.[16]His role in a tank battle led him to be decorated with theHilal-e-Juratby thePresident of Pakistan.[16]After the war he was again took command of the School of Infantry and Tactics.

On 18 October 1966, he was promoted asMajor-Generaland madeGeneral Officer Commanding(GOC) of the8th Infantry Division,stationed inSialkot,Punjab, Pakistan.[17]On 22 June 1969, Major-General Niazi was made GOC of 10th Infantry Division, stationed in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. On 2 April 1971, he was promoted toLieutenant General,and he was to take command of theEastern Commandin East Pakistan.

East Pakistan

Eastern Command in 1971 war

Main articles:Operation Searchlight,Bangladesh Liberation War,1971 Bangladesh genocide,Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,andEvolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan
Niazi's strategy of defending theIndia-East Pakistan borderby deploying the troops at the border.

Lieutenant-General Niazi volunteered for transfer to East Pakistan when Lieutenant-General Bahadur Sher declined the post.[1]There were two other generals who had also refused postings in the East. However, Niazi said "yes" without necessarily realizing the risks involved and how to counter them.[1]

After GeneralTikka Khanhad initiated theOperation Searchlightmilitary crackdown in March 1971, many officers had declined to be stationed in the East and Niazi arrived inDhakaon 4 April 1971 to assume the Eastern Command from Tikka Khan.[18]Furthermore, themass killing of Bengali intellectuals in 1971at theUniversity of Dhakahad made the East Pakistani people hostile towards thePakistani military,which made it hard for Niazi to overcome the situation.[19]On 10/11 April 1971, he headed a meeting of his senior commanders to assess the situation but, according to eyewitnesses, he used abusive language aimed at the Bengali rebels.[18]From May through August 1971, theIndian ArmytrainedMukti BahiniledOperation Jackpot,a series of counter guerrilla campaigns against the Eastern Command, and Niazi began taking countermeasures against the Bengali rebellion.[20]By June 1971, he sent reports on the rebellion and noted that 30,000 insurgents were hurriedly trained by India at theIndia-East Pakistan border.[20]In August 1971, Niazi formulated a plan to defend the borders from the advancing Indian Army based on a "fortress concept" which mean converting the border towns and villages into a stronghold.[21]

By September 1971, he was appointed the martial law administrator in order to provide his support to GovernorAbdul Motaleb Malikwho appointed a civilian cabinet.[22]On the issue of the1971 East Pakistan genocide,Niazi had reportedly told his public relations officer andpress secretary,MajorSiddique Salik,that "we will have to account every single rape and killing when back in (West) Pakistan. God never spares the Tyrant."[23][24]

TheGovernment of East Pakistanappointed Niazi as commander of the Eastern Command, and Major-GeneralRao Farman Alias their military adviser for theEast Pakistan RiflesandPakistan Marines.[22]In October 1971, he created and deployed two ad hoc divisions to strengthen the defence of the East from further infiltration.[21]

In November 1971, GeneralAbdul Hamid Khan,the Chief of Staff of the army, warned him of an imminent Indian attack on the East and advised him to redeploy the Eastern Command on a tactical and political base ground but this was not implemented due to shortage of time.[25]In a public message, Niazi was praised by Abdul Hamid Khan saying: "The whole nation is proud of you and you have their full support".[26]

No further orders or clarification was issued in regards to the orders as Niazi had been caught unawares when the Indian Army planned to launch a full assault on East Pakistan.[25]On 3 December 1971, thePakistan Air Force(PAF) launchedOperation Chengiz Khan,the pre-emptive PAF air-strikes on Indian Air Force bases that officially led to start of theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971,the third war with India.[25]According to Krishna Chandra Sagar, Niazi was surprisingly not aware of the attack and had no prior knowledge of the attack.[25]

Credibility of this claim is given by Niazi's press secretary and public relations officer, then-Major Siddique Salik, who wrote inWitness to Surrender,that Niazi's chief of staff BrigadierBaqir Siddiqireportedly scolded him of not notifying Niazi and his staff of an aerial attack on India.[27]

Surrendering of Eastern Command

Main articles:Instrument of Surrender (1971)andIndo-Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation
Lieutenant-General Niazi signing theInstrument of Surrenderunder the gaze of Indian Army'sEastern Command's commanderLt. Gen. J.S. Aurora(sitting beside Niazi), on 16 December 1971 inDhaka.

When Indian Army soldiers crossed the borders and charged towards Dhaka, General Niazi panicked when he came to realise the real nature of the Indian strategy and became frantically nervous when the Indian Army successfully penetrated the defence of the East.[25]Niazi's military staff further regretted not heeding the intelligence warnings issued 20 years earlier in the 1952 Cable 1971 report compiled by MajorK. M. Arif,themilitary intelligenceofficial on Niazi's staff.[28]

According to testimony by Major-General Rao Farman Ali to the War Enquiry Commission, Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December. Niazi broke down in tears that day when meeting Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik to deliver a progress report on the war.[29]Niazi ultimately blamed Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan for the army's oppressive strategy.[30]Major accusations were also directed toward Lieutenant-GeneralYakob Ali Khan,AdmiralS. M. Ahsanand Major-General Ali for aggravating the crisis, but Niazi had to bear most responsibility for all that happened in the East.[citation needed]

The Pakistani military combat units found themselves involved in aguerrilla warwith the Mukti Bahini underM. A. G. Osmani.[31]

On 6 December, theIndian governmentextendeddiplomatic recognitiontoBangladesh.[32]This eventually led Governor Abdul Motaleb to resign from his post and he took refuge with his entire cabinet at the Red Cross shelter at theInter-Continental Daccaon 14 December.[13]

Niazi eventually took control of the civilian government and received a telegram on 16 December 1971 from President Yahya Khan: "You have fought a heroic battle against overwhelming odds. The nation is proud of you... You have now reached a stage where further resistance is no longer humanly possible nor will it serve any useful purpose... You should now take all necessary measures to stop the fighting and preserve the lives of armed forces personnel, all those from West Pakistan and all loyal elements".[2]

During this time, theSpecial Branchof theEast Pakistan Policenotified Niazi of the joint Indo-Bengali siege of Dhaka as theEastern Commandled by Lieutenant-GeneralJagjit Singh Aurorabegan encircling Dhaka.[33]Niazi then appealed for aconditional ceasefireto Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora which called for transferring power to the elected government, but without the surrender of the Eastern Command led by Niazi.[33]This offer was rejected by Indian Army'sChief of Army StaffGeneralSam Manekshawand he set a deadline for surrender, President Yahya Khan considered it as "illegitimate.[33]Niazi then once again appealed for a cease-fire, but Manekshaw set a deadline for surrender, failing which Dhaka would come under siege.

Subsequently, the Indian Army began encircling Dhaka and Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora sent a message through Major-GeneralRafael Jacobthat issued an ultimatum to surrender in a "30-minutes" time window on 16 December 1971.[34]Niazi agreed to surrender and sent a message to Manekshaw despite many army officers declined to obey, although they were legally bound.[35]The Indian Army commanders, Lieutenant GeneralSagat Singh,Lieutenant General J.S. Aurora, and Major-General Rafael Farj Jacob arrived at Dhaka via helicopter with the surrender documents.[34]

The surrender took place atRamna Race Course,in Dhaka at local time 16:31 on 16 December 1971. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender and handed over his personal weapon to J. S. Aurora in the presence of Indian and Bangladesh force commanders. With Niazi, nearly 90,000 personnel of the Eastern Command surrendered to the joint Indian and Bangladesh Army.[citation needed]

Niazi's revolver

Niazi's personal weapon was gifted by J. S. Aurora to theIndian Military Academyfor its golden jubilee celebration and preserved at National Museum in New Delhi.[36]The revolver was reportedly stolen from the National Museum in 2003.[37]Although it would come to light that the firearm stolen was not the real"pistol"handed over by Eastern Wing Commander A.A.K. Niazi, the real.38 BoreRevolveris currently in the safekeeping of the Indian Military Academy atDehradun.[38]

War prisoner, repatriation, and politics

Main article:Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement

Niazi, who was repatriated to Pakistan, was handed over to Lieutenant-General Abdul Hameed, then corps commander of theIV Corps,by Indian Army from theWagha checkpointinLahore District,Punjab, in April 1974, in a symbolic gesture of the last war prisoner held by India.[4]Upon arriving in Lahore, he refrained from speaking to news media correspondents, and was taken under the custody of the Pakistan Army'sMilitary Police(MP) who shifted him via helicopter toLahore Cantonmentwhere he was detained despite his strong protests.[2]

Subsequently, he was placed insolitary confinementfor sometime, though he was later released.[39]Being the last to return supported his reputation as a "soldier's general", but did not shield him from the scorn he faced in Pakistan, where he was blamed for the surrender. Bhutto discharged Niazi after stripping him of his military rank and his military decorations.[citation needed]He was dismissed from the service in July 1975.[22]Niazi complained that he wasn't paid the military pension due to him.[40]

He was also denied his military pension and medical benefits, though he lodged a strong complaint against the revoking of his pension.[40]In the 1980s, the Ministry of Defence quietly changed the status of "dismissal" to "retirement" but did not restore his rank.[41]The change of order allowed Niazi to seek apensionand the medical assistance benefits enjoyed by retired military personnel.[41]

Niazi remained active in national politics in the 1970s. He was a leader of thePakistan National Alliance[42]and supported their IslamistNizam-e-Mustafamovement against the rulingPakistan Peoples Party.[1]In April 1977, on the grounds that he had made objectionable speeches, he was arrested hours before Bhutto imposed martial law in the major cities of Karachi, Lahore and Hyderabad.[42]

War Enquiry Commission

In 1982, Niazi was summoned and confessed to theWar Enquiry Commissionled by Chief JusticeHamoodur Rahmanand theSupreme Court of Pakistanon the events involving the secession of East Pakistan in April 1975.[43]The War Commission leveled accusations against him of several kinds of ethical misconduct during his tenure in East Pakistan. It confirmed that the General was indulging inpaansmuggling from East to West Pakistan.[44][45]

The Commission indicted him for corruption andmoral turpitudewhile noting his bullying of junior officers who opposed his orders.[46]Niazi tried placing the blame on the Yahya administration, his military adviser Maj. Gen.Farman Ali,Admiral S.M. Ahsan,Lieutenant-GeneralYakob Ali,and the military establishment. The Commission partially accepted his claims by critically noting that General Niazi was the Supreme Commander of the Eastern Command, and that he was responsible for everything that happened in the East.[citation needed]Though he showed no regrets, Niazi refused to accept responsibility for the Breakup of East Pakistan and squarely blamed President Yahya.[47]The Commission endorsed his claims that Yahya was to blame, but noted that Niazi was the Commander who lost the East.[47]

The commission recommended that Niazi be tried bycourt-martialfor total military incompetence.[48]No such court-martial took place,[49]but nonetheless, he was politically maligned and indicted with the war crimes that took place in East Pakistan. Niazi did not accept the commission's inquiries and fact-findings, believing that the commission had no understanding of military matters.[50]Niazi claimed that a court-martial would have besmirched the names of those who later rose to great heights, and that he was being used as a scapegoat.[50]

In 1998, he authored a book,The Betrayal of East Pakistan,which describes his view of the events that led to 16 December 1971.[1]

Death and legacy

Niazi died on 1 February 2004 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.[1]

Political commentators described Niazi's legacy as a mixture of the foolhardy, and the ruthless.[45]

A.R. Siddiquiwrote inDawnnewspaper: "When I last met him on 30 September 1971, at his force headquarters inKurmitola,he was full of beans ".[1]

From the mass of evidence coming before the War Enquiry Commission from witnesses, both civil and military, there is little doubt that Niazi came to acquire a bad reputation in sex matters, and this reputation has been consistent during his postings in Sialkot, Lahore and East Pakistan.[51]The allegations regarding his indulgence in the export ofpaanby using or abusing his position in the Eastern Command and as commander of his command alsoprima facieappear to be well-founded.[52]

Niazi in his book revealed that he was very depressed at the time of surrender and that he signed the instrument of surrender with a "very heavy heart".

Awards and decorations

Hilal-e-Jurat& Bar[a]

(Crescent of Courage)

1.1965 War

2.1971 War

Sitara-e-Pakistan

(Star of Pakistan)

(SPk)

Sitara-e-Khidmat

(Star of Service)

(SK)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

1.1965 WarClasp

2.1971 WarClasp

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

Pakistan Tamgha

(Pakistan Medal)

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

Military Cross (MC)[12][53]
(awarded forGALLANTRY

inKohima1944)

1939-1945 Star Africa Star Burma Star
War Medal 1939-1945

(withMiDoak leaf)

awarded in Java1945

India Service Medal

1939–1945

General Service Medal

(awarded in Java1946)

Queen Elizabeth II

Coronation Medal

(1953)

Foreign decorations

Foreign Awards
UK Military Cross (MC)[12][53]
1939-1945 Star
Africa Star
Burma Star
War Medal 1939-1945(withMiDoak leaf)
India Service Medal 1939–1945
General Service Medal
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

Notes

  1. ^abcd"Bar" refers to a second award of the same honour.

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  50. ^abFaruqui, Ahmad (2003).Rethinking the National Security: The Price of Strategic Hyopia.Ashgate. pp. 68–70.ISBN978-0-7546-1497-5.
  51. ^Mookherjee, Nayanika (2015).The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971.Duke University Press. p. 131.ISBN978-0-8223-7522-7.
  52. ^"Commission Report".Archived fromthe originalon 4 December 2007.Retrieved9 March2007.
  53. ^abRecommendation for Award for Amir Abdullah Khan Rank: Lieutenant Service No:...1944.

External links

Military offices
Preceded by
Lieutenant GeneralTikka Khan
 Commander ofEastern Command
7 April 1971 – 16 December 1971 		Succeeded by
Office abolished
Political offices
Preceded by
Abdul Motaleb Malik
 Governor ofEast Pakistan
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971 		Succeeded by
Office abolished


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