1099

1099 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1099; MXCIX
Ab urbe condita	1852
Armenian calendar	548; ԹՎ ՇԽԸ
Assyrian calendar	5849
Balinese saka calendar	1020–1021
Bengali calendar	506
Berber calendar	2049
English Regnal year	12Will. 2– 13Will. 2
Buddhist calendar	1643
Burmese calendar	461
Byzantine calendar	6607–6608
Chinese calendar	Mậu DầnNăm (EarthTiger); 3796 or 3589; — to —; Kỷ Mão năm (EarthRabbit); 3797 or 3590
Coptic calendar	815–816
Discordian calendar	2265
Ethiopian calendar	1091–1092
Hebrew calendar	4859–4860
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1155–1156
-Shaka Samvat	1020–1021
-Kali Yuga	4199–4200
Holocene calendar	11099
Igbo calendar	99–100
Iranian calendar	477–478
Islamic calendar	492–493
Japanese calendar	Jōtoku3 /Kōwa1; ( khang cùng nguyên niên )
Javanese calendar	1003–1005
Julian calendar	1099; MXCIX
Korean calendar	3432
Minguo calendar	813 beforeROC; Dân trước 813 năm
Nanakshahi calendar	−369
Seleucid era	1410/1411AG
Thai solar calendar	1641–1642
Tibetan calendar	Dương thổ hổ năm; (male Earth-Tiger); 1225 or 844 or 72; — to —; Âm thổ thỏ năm; (female Earth-Rabbit); 1226 or 845 or 73

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	10th century; 11th century; 12th century;
Decades:	1070s; 1080s; 1090s; 1100s; 1110s;
Years:	1096; 1097; 1098; 1099; 1100; 1101; 1102;

Year1099(MXCIX) was acommon year starting on Saturday(link will display the full calendar) of theJulian calendar.

Events

By place

First Crusade

January 16– The Crusaders, underRaymond IV,count ofToulouse(Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leaveAntioch,and head south towardsJerusalem.They are joined by forces ofTancred(a nephew ofBohemond I) andRobert II,duke ofNormandy.Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir ofShaizar(modernSyria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across theOrontes River(between Shaizar andHama).^[1]
January 22– The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reachMasyaf,where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town ofRafaniyah,that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into theBuqaia Valley,and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the futureKrak des Chevalierscastle).^[2]
February– The Crusaders underGodfrey of Bouillonset out from Antioch toLatakia.They are joined by forces of Bohemond I andRobert II,count ofFlanders.On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port ofJabala.After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.^[3]
February 14– The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town ofAkkar– whose garrison is loyal toJalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan,emir ofTripoli(modernLebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.^[4]
February 17– Raymond IV sends a small part of his army underRaymond Piletto attack the port ofTortosaon the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.^[5]
May– The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns ofBatrounandByblos.On May 19 they cross theDog Rivernorth ofBeirutinto Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to theagriculturalarea. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.^[6]
May 20– The Fatimid governor ofSidonrefuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on toTyre– Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force underBaldwin of Le Bourg(supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.^[7]
May 26– The Crusaders march toHaifaand along the coast underMount CarmeltoCaesarea(modernIsrael), where they rest for four days in order to celebrateWhitsun(Whit Sunday).
June 2–6– The Crusaders occupyArsufand turn inland towardsRamlah,where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberatesBethlehem.^[8]
June 7–Siege of Jerusalem:The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City.Iftikhar al-Dawlaoffers a peace agreement but this is refused.^[9]
June 13– The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at theDamascus Gate.^[10]
June 17– A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led byGuglielmo Embriaco(loaded with military materials) enters the port ofJaffa;all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.^[11]
July 8– The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In aprocessionthey walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.^[12]
July 13– The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.^[13]
July 15
- The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
- Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in theTower of Davidwith a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.^[14]
July 22– TheKingdom of Jerusalemis established in theMiddle East.Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the titleAdvocatus Sancti Sepulchri.^[15]
August 10– The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble atYibna(Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa toAscalon.^[16]
August 12–Battle of Ascalon:The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. VizierAl-Afdalis forced to retreat toEgypt.^[17]
November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin apilgrimageto Jerusalem. They are accompanied byBaldwin of Boulogne,brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.^[18]
December 21– The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later,Daimbert,archbishop ofPisa,is installed as theLatin Patriarch of Jerusalem.^[19]

By topic

Natural events

November 11– Great floods around theNorth SeaandEnglish Channel.^[20]

Religion

The commune inEmiliafounds theModena Cathedral,dedicated to the patron saintGeminianus.The Italian sculptorWiligelmocreatesreliefswithGenesisscenes.
July 29–Pope Urban II(Urbanus) dies after a 9-yearpontificateatRome.He is succeeded byPaschal IIas the 160thpopeof theCatholic Church.

Births

Olav Magnusson,king ofNorway(d.1115)
Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester,Anglo-Normannobleman(d.1153)
Raymond of Poitiers,prince ofAntioch(d.1149)
Thierry of Alsace,count ofFlanders(d.1168)
William X, Duke of Aquitaine( "the Saint" ), French nobleman (d.1137)
Yuri Dolgorukiy,Grand Prince ofKiev(d.1157)

Deaths

April 14–Conrad,bishop ofUtrecht
April 20–Peter Bartholomew,French soldier andmystic
July 8–Lawrence,Croatian monk and archbishop
July 10–El Cid(Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight
July 18–Fujiwara no Moromichi,Japanese nobleman (b.1062)
July 29–Urban II,pope of theCatholic Church(b.1035)
August 21–Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres,French nobleman
December 3–Osmund,Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop ofSalisbury,canonized (b.1065)
Ermengarde de Carcassonne,French noblewoman
Donald III( "the Fair" ), king ofScotland(b.1032)
Qutb Shah,PersianSufiand religious leader
Rhygyfarch,Welsh bishop ofSt. David's(b.1057)
Walter of Pontoise,Frenchabbot(approximate date)

References

^Steven Runciman(1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 221.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 222.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 224.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 223.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,pp. 227–228.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 228.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^Rickard, J."Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099".RetrievedJanuary 4,2012.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 236.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 237.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 242.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.
^Rickard, J."Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099".RetrievedJanuary 4,2012.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 250.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 251.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.
^"Historic North Sea Floods".Historic England.January 27, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 6,2024.

[1] Steven Runciman(1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 221.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[2] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 222.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[3] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 224.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[4] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[5] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 223.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[6] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,pp. 227–228.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[7] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 228.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[8] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[siege_jerusalem-9] Rickard, J."Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099".RetrievedJanuary 4,2012.

[10] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[11] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[12] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[13] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 236.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[14] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 237.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[15] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 242.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[16] David Nicolle (2003).The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land,p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0.

[17] Rickard, J."Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099".RetrievedJanuary 4,2012.

[18] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 250.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[19] Steven Runciman (1951).A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,p. 251.ISBN 978-0-141-98550-3.

[20] "Historic North Sea Floods".Historic England.January 27, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 6,2024.

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1099 by topic
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