1609
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1609(MDCIX) was acommon year starting on Thursdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Sundayof theJulian calendar,the 1609th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 609th year of the2nd millennium,the 9th year of the17th century,and the 10th and last year of the1600sdecade. As of the start of 1609, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]
- January 12– TheBasque witch trialsare started inSpainas the court of theInquisitionatLogroñoreceives a letter from the commissioner of the village ofZugarramurdi,and orders the arrest of four women, including María de Jureteguía and María Chipía de Barrenetxea.[1]
- January 15– One of the world's firstnewspapers,Avisa Relation oder Zeitung,begins publication inWolfenbüttel(Holy Roman Empire).[2]
- January 31– TheBank of Amsterdamis established.
- February 4– The last day ofKeichō khánh trường 13(according to theJapanese lunar calendar).
- March 11– The Swedish Army, under the command of GeneralJacob De la Gardie,begins marching east fromVyborg(at this time, part of the Swedish Empire, modern-day Russia) in order to defend the Russian Empire against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the course of thePolish–Muscovite War.
- March 19– TheDutch warshipMauritiussinks off the coast of the Cape of Cape Lopes Gonçalves on the modern-day West African nation ofGabon.The wreckage of theMauritiuswill not be located until 375 years later, in1985.
- March 24– Led by the Grand Hetman of Lithuania,Jan Karol Chodkiewicz,the Lithuanian Navy breaks the blockade ofRigaby sinking two Swedish Navy warships off the coast ofSalacgrīva.
- March 25–Johann Wilhelm,the Roman Catholic Duke of theUnited Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Bergin Germany, dies at the capital inDüsseldorfwith no heirs. On April 2, his widow, Duchess Antoinette of Lorraine establishes a regency to determine who the successor will be, prompting theWar of the Jülich Successionbetween the states of theProtestant Unionand the states of theCatholic League.
April–June
[edit]- April 4
- KingPhilip III of Spainsigns an edict for theexpulsion of the Moriscosfrom his country with effect from September 11.
- English explorerHenry Hudson,in the service of theDutch East India Company,sets out fromAmsterdamin theHalve Maen.[3]
- April 5–Invasion of Ryukyuin Japan: Soldiers of theShimazu clancapture the castle onRyukyu Island,beginning to make theRyukyu Kingdoma vassal ofSatsumaHan,but Ryukyu is still allowed to keep itself atribute stateof theMingandQingdynasties.
- April 9– TheNetherlandsandSpainagree to theTwelve Years' Truce(which lasts until1621) in theEighty Years' War,with the signing of theTreaty of Antwerp,allowing theDutch East India Companyto trade within the Spanish Empire.
- May 20– London publisherThomas ThorpeissuesShake-speares Sonnets,with a dedication to "Mr. W.H.", and the poemA Lover's Complaintappended; it is uncertain whether this publication hasShakespeare's authority.
- May 23– TheSecond Virginia Charteris officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a governor, who has absolute control in the colony.
- June 2– With theSea Ventureas its flagship, a fleet of nine English ships and more than 500 passengers altogether, departs from England to bring supplies to the English settlement inJamestown, Virginia.The fleet runs into a storm in July and theSea Ventureis wrecked in the Bermuda islands on July 24.
- June 10– TheWar of the Jülich Successionbegins as theMargraviate of Brandenburgand theDuchy of Palatinate-Neuburgsign a treaty at Dortmund and then send troops to establish Protestant Union rule in the Roman CatholicUnited Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.
- June 16– TheBattle of Tashiskariis fought as GeneralGiorgi Saakadzeof theGeorgianKingdom of Kartlirepels invading troops from theOttoman Empirebefore they can captureTbilisi.
- June 29– A fleet of ships from theKingdom of Spain,assisted by a French warship, fights a battle in the Mediterranean Sea against a larger fleet of 23 ships from the North AfricanEyalet of Tunisiaand sinks 21 of them. The other two Tunisian ships are captured.
July–September
[edit]- July 4– French explorerSamuel de Champlainand his entourage of 60 men in 24 canoes become the first Europeans to enterLake Champlain,located between the modern-day U.S. states ofVermontandNew York.[4]
- July 9–Bohemiais granted freedom of religion by a 'Letter of Majesty'.
- July 10– The GermanCatholic Leagueis formed inMunichbyMaximilian I, Elector of Bavariato counteract theProtestant Union.Maximilian assembles representatives fromAugsburg,Konstanz,Passau,Regensburg,andWürzburgin an alliance "for the defense of the Catholic religion and peace" within theHoly Roman Empire.
- July 23– A three-day hurricane begins in the Caribbean Sea and separates the nineLondon Company's ships and their 600 passengers who areen routeto relieve theJamestownsettlement. One ship sinks, and the flagship is wrecked. Less than 300 settlers make it to Virginia.
- July 25
- TheSea Venture,flagship of the nine-ship fleet of theLondon Companyis deliberately wrecked atBermudaduring a storm, as AdmiralGeorge Somersdrives the ship into the reefs of Discovery Bay in order to prevent the ship from sinking. A group of 153 survivors stay, making the first English settlement of the island.[5]
- After a fight on November 30 inPortuguese Macaubetween Japanese traders and Portuguese soldiers, Japan's ruling shogun,Tokugawa Ieyasu,strictly prohibits further trade between Japan and Portugal.[6]
- July 30– At modern-dayCrown Point, New York,Samuel de Champlainparticipates in a battle between theHuronandIroquois,shooting and killing twoIroquoischiefs;this helps set the tone for French–Iroquoisrelations for the next 100 years.
- August 10– The Spanish galleonSan Franciscosinks in a storm off the coast ofJapan,with the loss of 56 men. Clinging to floating wreckage, the survivors are able to reach Yubanda, nearOnjukuin modern-dayChiba Prefecture.
- August 11– Four ships arrive at the colony ofJamestown, Virginia,with almost 300 men, women and children, to bring supplies for the starving English colonists. They are followed days later by the other three ships remaining from theLondon Company.Most of the supplies, however, are spoiled by rain and seawater, and many of the passengers are ill with the bubonic plague.[7]
- August 15(August 5 O.S.) – English astronomerThomas Harriotbecomes the first person to make a detailed drawing of theMoon,based on his observations through a telescope.
- August 25–Galileo Galileidemonstrates his firsttelescopetoVenetianofficials.[8]
- August 28–Henry Hudsonis the first European to seeDelaware Bay.[3][9]
- September 2–Henry HudsonentersNew York Bay,aboard theHalve Maen.
- September 10–Jamestown:Capt.George Percyreplaces CaptainJohn Smithas president of the Council, and Smith returns toEngland.
- September 11
- Expulsion of the MoriscosfromValenciain accordance with the edict signed by Philip III on April 4.
- Henry Hudsonin theHalve Maensails intoUpper New York Bay,[10]and begins a journey up theHudson River.[11]
October–December
[edit]- October 12– A version of the rhymeThree Blind Miceis published in London.[12]The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenageThomas Ravenscroft.[13]
- November 19–Archduke Matthias of Austriais formally crowned inBudapestas Mátyás II,King of Hungary,after having been appointed on June 26, 1608.
- November 29– InJapan,a treaty is signed between Spanish noblemanRodrigo de Vivero,formerGovernor-General of the Philippinesand the former shogunTokugawa Ieyasu,for the establishment of a Spanish factory in eastern Japan.
- December 8– One of the firstpublic libraries,theBiblioteca Ambrosiana,is opened in the Italian city ofMilan,founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Unlike other reading rooms, the library houses its collection on shelves along the walls, rather than chained to reading tables.
Date unknown
[edit]- TheDutch East India Companyimportsteato Europe.
- The Dutch East India Company establishes atrading postinHirado,Japan.
- Dutch entrepreneurIsaac Le Mairedevizes the concept of sellingshortshares in order to benefit from a falling Dutch East India Company share price.[14]
- Hugo GrotiuspublishesMare Liberum,his legal text onfreedom of the seas,inLeiden.
- TheScrooby Congregationof ProtestantEnglish Separatists(predecessors of thePilgrim Fathers) moves from Amsterdam to Leiden.
- Warsawbecomes the capital ofPoland.[15]
- The municipality ofBuenavistainMarinduque,Philippinesis founded.
- TheStatutes of Ionaare passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in theScottish Highlands.
- TheDouay–Rheims BibleOld Testamenttranslation from theVulgateinto English vol. 1 is published inReims.
- English-born SisterMary Wardfounds theSisters of LoretoatSaint-Omer,at this time in theSpanish Netherlands.
- Johannes Keplerpublishes his first twolaws of planetary motioninAstronomia nova.[16]
- Cornelis Drebbelinvents thethermostat.
- "Egyptians" (i.e.,Romany people) are expelled from theKingdom of Scotland.
Births
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 18
- Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon,English politician (d.1656)
- Henry Oxenden,English poet (d.1670)
- January 20–Carlo Ceresa,Italian painter (d.1679)
- January 30–Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz,Austrian field marshal and prince (d.1677)
- February 10
- Lancelot Lake,Member of the English Parliament of (d.1680)
- John Suckling,English poet (d.1642)[17]
- February 14–Bartram de Fouchier,Dutch painter (d.1673)
- February 18–Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon,English statesman and historian (d.1674)[18]
- February 21–Raimondo Montecuccoli,Italian general (d.1680)
- March 16
- Michael Franck,German composer and poet (d.1667)
- Agostino Mitelli,Italian painter (d.1660)
- March 18– KingFrederick III of Denmark(d.1670)[19]
- March 22–John II Casimir of Poland(d.1672)
- March 23–Johann Heinrich Schönfeld,German artist (d.1684)
- March 25–Paul Fréart de Chantelou,French collector and patron of the arts (d.1694)
April–June
[edit]- April 6–Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar,second and eldest surviving son of Walter Aston (d.1678)
- April 15–Richard Winwood,English politician (d.1688)
- May 6–Antonie Waterloo,Flemish painter (d.1690)
- May 10–Mauritia Eleonora of Portugal,Princess of Portugal and through marriage countess of Nassau-Siegen (d.1674)
- June 2–Zsófia Bosnyák,Hungarian noblewoman (d.1644)
- June 17–John of Hesse-Braubach,German general (d.1651)
- June 29–Pierre-Paul Riquet,French engineer and canal builder (d.1680)
July–September
[edit]- July 17–Wilhelm Gumppenberg,German Jesuit theologian (d.1675)
- July 28–Judith Leyster,Dutch painter (d.1660)[20]
- July 29–Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat,Italian noble (d.1660)
- August 6–Richard Bennett,British Colonial Governor of Virginia (d.1675)
- August 21–Jean Rotrou,French poet and tragedian (d.1650)
- August 25–Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato(d.1685)
- August 30
- Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet,English politician (d.1644)
- Artus Quellinus the Elder,Flemish sculptor (d.1668)
- September 3–Raymond Breton,French missionary (d.1679)
- September 19(or1605) –Thomas Gouge,English minister (d.1681)
October–December
[edit]- October 5–Paul Fleming,German physician and poet (d.1640)
- October 8–John Clarke,English physician (d.1676)
- October 9–Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland,younger son of the Richard Weston (d.1688)
- October 14–Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg,Duke of Schleswig-Holstein of its Sonderborg line (d.1689)
- October 16–Thomas Minors,English politician and merchant (d.1677)
- October 18–Josias von Rantzau,Marshal of France (d.1650)
- October 19–Gerrard Winstanley,English Protestant religious reformer (d.1676)
- October 26–William Sprague,English co-founder of Charlestown, Massachusetts (d.1675)
- October 29–Wadham Wyndham,English judge (d.1668)
- November 1–Matthew Hale,Lord Chief Justice of England (d.1676)
- November 23–Sophia Eleonore of Saxony,German duchess (d.1671)
- November 25–Henrietta Maria of France,queen of England, Scotland and Ireland (d.1669)[21]
- November 26–Henry Dunster,first President of Harvard College (d.1659)
- December 6–Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine(d.1670)
- December 11–Alexander Cooper,English Baroque miniature painter (d.1660)
- December 13–Isbrand van Diemerbroeck,Dutch physician (d.1674)
- December 24–Philip Warwick,English writer and politician (d.1683)
- December 30–Anna Maria von Eggenberg, née Brandenburg-Bayreuth,Austrian noble (d.1680)
Date unknown
[edit]- Luc d'Achery,French Benedictine (d.1685)
- Samuel Cooper,English miniature painter (d.1672)
- Alberich Mazak,Austrian composer (d.1661)
- Elizabeth Isham,English diarist (d.1654)
- Hannibal Sehested,Danish statesman (d.1666)
- Thomas Greene,Colonial governor of Maryland(d.1651)
Probable
[edit]Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède,French novelist and dramatist (d.1663)
Deaths
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January –Thomas East,English printer (born c. 1540)
- January 9–Joannes Bochius,civic officeholder and neo-Latin poet in the city of Antwerp (b.1555)
- January 21–Joseph Justus Scaliger,French Protestant scholar (b.1540)
- February 17–Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany(b.1549)
- February 28–Paul Sartorius,German composer (b.1569)
- March –James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran(b. c.1537)
- March 9–William Warner,English poet (b. c.1558)
- March 17–Olaus Martini,Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala (b.1557)
- March 22–Al-Jilani,Persian physician
- March 25
- Isabelle de Limeuil,French noble (b.1535)
- John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg(b.1562)
April–June
[edit]- April 4–Charles de L'Ecluse,Flemish botanist (b.1526)
- April 6–Merkelis Giedraitis,Lithuanian bishop (b.1536)
- April 8–Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian,Scottish statesman (b.1553)
- April 9–William Overton,English bishop (b.1525)
- April 11–John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley,English Baron (b.1533)
- April 14–Gasparo da Salò(Gasparo Bertolotti), Italian violin maker(b.1540)
- May 15–Giovanni Croce,Italian composer (b.1557)
- May 19
- Jacob Lorhard,German philosopher (b.1561)
- García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete(b.1535)
- June 15–Yamada Arinobu,Japanese nobleman (b.1544)
July–September
[edit]- July 15–Annibale Carracci,Italian Baroque painter (b.1560)
- July 20–Federico Zuccari,Italian painter (b.1543)
- August 4–Cecily Bulstrode,English courtier (b.1584)
- August 7–Eustache Du Caurroy,French composer (b.1549)[22]
- August 6–André du Laurens,French physician (b.1558)
- August 28–Francis Vere,English soldier (b. c.1560)
- September 2–Thomas Scrope, 10th Baron Scrope of Bolton,English general (b.1567)
- September 3–Jean Richardot,Belgian diplomat (b.1540)
- September 17–Maharal of Prague,Jewish mystic and philosopher (b.1525)
- September 29–Ebba Lilliehöök,Swedish countess (b.1529)
October–December
[edit]- October 1–Giammateo Asola,Italian composer (b. c.1532)
- October 9–John Leonardi,Italian founder of the Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca (b.1541)
- October 16–Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (b.1587)
- October 19–Jacobus Arminius,Dutch Reformed theologian (b.1560)[23]
- December–Barnabe Barnes,English poet (b. c.1571)[24]
- December 4–Alexander Hume,Scottish poet (b.1560)
- December 16–Arild Huitfeldt,Danish historian (b.1546)
References
[edit]- ^Carmelo Lison Tolosana,Las brujas en la historia de España(Witches in the History of Spain) (Temas de Hoy, 1992) pp.89-94
- ^Muhammad Riaz (1992).Serials Management in Libraries.Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 5.ISBN978-81-7156-332-6.
- ^abHunter, Douglas (2009).Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World.London: Bloomsbury Press.ISBN978-1-59691-680-7.
- ^"A Historical, Topographical & Agricultrual Survey of the County of Washington", by Dr. Asa Fitch, inTransactions of the New York State Agricultural Society: Report of the Executive Committee for 1848(New York State Agricultural Society, 1849) p. 882 ( "Attended by some of the Mountain Indians, he left Quebec, May 28th, 1609... On the 4th day of July they entered Lake Champlain." )
- ^James Horn,A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America(Basic Books, 2006) pp. 158–160
- ^C. R. Boxer,The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650(University of California Press, 1951) p. 272
- ^Lyon Gardiner Tyler,England in America, 1580-1652(Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1907) p. 63
- ^Kenneth R. Lang (March 3, 2011).The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System.Cambridge University Press. p. 15.ISBN978-1-139-49417-5.
- ^Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.238–243.ISBN0-304-35730-8.
- ^Nevius, Michelle; James (September 8, 2008)."New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference".Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City.RetrievedOctober 25,2011.
- ^Juet, Robert (1625). "Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage". InPurchas, Samuel(ed.).Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes.Vol. 4.
- ^InDeuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie.
- ^Opie, Iona;Peter (1997).The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 306.ISBN0-19-860088-7.
- ^Schoorl, H. (1968)Isaäc le Maire, koopman en bedijkerHaarlem: Tjeenk Willink en zoon.
- ^Jerzy Jan Lerski; George J. Lerski; Halina T. Lerski (1996).Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90.ISBN978-0-313-26007-0.
- ^Alexandre Koyré (January 1, 1992).The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli.Courier Corporation. p. 438.ISBN978-0-486-27095-1.
- ^University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Graduate College (1953).Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations.University of Nebraska. p. 136.
- ^Richard Lawrence Ollard (1988).Clarendon and His Friends.Atheneum. p. 362.ISBN978-0-689-11731-2.
- ^Encyclopedia Americana: Franco to Goethals.Scholastic Library Pub. 2006. p. 26.ISBN978-0-7172-0139-6.
- ^Frima Fox Hofrichter (1989).Judith Leyster: A Woman Painter in Holland's Golden Age.Davaco. p. 13.ISBN978-90-70288-62-4.
- ^The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review.AMS Press. 1968. p. 594.
- ^Robert Chase (September 8, 2004).Dies Irae: A Guide to Requiem Music.Scarecrow Press. p. 53.ISBN978-0-585-47162-4.
- ^Hugo Grotius (1995).Hugo Grotius, Ordinum Hollandiae AC Westfrisiae Pietas (1613): Critical Edition with English Translation and Commentary.BRILL. p. 16.ISBN90-04-10385-6.
- ^D. L. Kirkpatrick (1991).Reference Guide to English Literature: Introductions; Writers A-G.St. James Press. p. 216.ISBN978-1-55862-078-0.