1612

1612 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1612; MDCXII
Ab urbe condita	2365
Armenian calendar	1061; ԹՎ ՌԿԱ
Assyrian calendar	6362
Balinese saka calendar	1533–1534
Bengali calendar	1019
Berber calendar	2562
English Regnal year	9Ja. 1– 10Ja. 1
Buddhist calendar	2156
Burmese calendar	974
Byzantine calendar	7120–7121
Chinese calendar	Tân hợiNăm (MetalPig); 4309 or 4102; — to —; Nhâm tử năm (WaterRat); 4310 or 4103
Coptic calendar	1328–1329
Discordian calendar	2778
Ethiopian calendar	1604–1605
Hebrew calendar	5372–5373
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1668–1669
-Shaka Samvat	1533–1534
-Kali Yuga	4712–4713
Holocene calendar	11612
Igbo calendar	612–613
Iranian calendar	990–991
Islamic calendar	1020–1021
Japanese calendar	Keichō17; ( khánh trường １７ năm )
Javanese calendar	1532–1533
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3945
Minguo calendar	300 beforeROC; Dân trước 300 năm
Nanakshahi calendar	144
Thai solar calendar	2154–2155
Tibetan calendar	Âm kim heo năm; (female Iron-Pig); 1738 or 1357 or 585; — to —; Dương thủy chuột năm; (male Water-Rat); 1739 or 1358 or 586

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century; 17th century; 18th century;
Decades:	1590s; 1600s; 1610s; 1620s; 1630s;
Years:	1609; 1610; 1611; 1612; 1613; 1614; 1615;

1612(MDCXII) was aleap year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1612th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 612th year of the2nd millennium,the 12th year of the17th century,and the 3rd year of the1610sdecade. As of the start of 1612, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 6–Axel OxenstiernabecomesLord High Chancellor of Sweden.He persuades theRiksdag of the Estatesto grant theSwedish nobilitythe right and privilege to hold all higher offices of government.
January 10–Gustavus Adolphusreplies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates ofNovgorod,stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title ofTsar.^[1]
January 20
- Rudolf II,Holy Roman Emperor,dies and several candidates vie to succeed him, withArchduke Matthiaseventually being elected.^[2]
- An uprising led by Dmitry Pozharskybegins in Moscow against occupyingPolishtroops.
February 11–Battle of Vittsjö:KingGustavus Adolphus of Swedenand 3,000 of his troops are forced to retreat fromDenmark.The 17-year old king almost drowns while attempting to ride his horse across a frozen lake, but is rescued by two other members of his cavalry. The horse is lost.
March 2– TheFalse Dmitry III,one of three pretenders to the Russian throne who all claim to be sons ofIvan the Terrible,is recognized as Tsar of Russia by theCossacks.
March 12– At Daulambapur, nearKamalganjin what is now the Indian state ofUttar Pradesh,a battle takes place between 4,500 troops led by GeneralIslam Khan Iof India'sMughal Empire,and 12,000 defenders led by the Afghan warlordKhwaja Usman.The Mughals are almost defeated until Usman is struck in the eye by an arrow fired from a crossbow.

April–June

April 10– In England, 12 persons who become known as thePendle witchesallegedly hold acovenat theMalkin TowerinLancashireon Good Friday, after which 10 people die mysteriously.^[3]All but two of the accused witches are tried for causing harm by witchcraft on August 18.
April 11– InLichfield,Edward Wightman,aradical Anabaptist,becomes the last person to beburned at the stakein England as punishment forheresy.^[2]
May 10–Prince Khurram,the 20-year-old son of the Mughal EmperorJahangir,marriesMumtaz Mahalat a ceremony inDelhi.In 1628, Khurram becomes the Emperor Jahan, and later builds theTaj Mahalupon the death of his wife.^[4]
May 25– ASicilian–Neapolitangalley fleetdefeatstheTunisiansat La Goulette after a battle of two days.
June 13–Archduke Matthias of Austriais formally elected as the newHoly Roman Emperor.^[2]
June 26– The coronation of Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor takes place at theFrankfurt Cathedral.

July–September

July 4– (8th wa xing ofWaso974ME) In what is nowMyanmar,Min Khamaungbecomes the newKing of Arakanupon the death of his father, KingMin Razgyi.
July 22– Four women and one man are hanged following theNorthamptonshire witch trialsin England.
July 24–Marcantonio Memmois elected as theDogeof theRepublic of Veniceon the first ballot of the Venetian council, winning 38 of the 41 votes. Memmo succeeds the late DogeLeonardo Donato,who died on July 16.
August 20– TenPendle witchesare hanged, having been found guilty of practising witchcraft inLancashirein England.
August 26–Battle of Kringen:A Scottish mercenary force is destroyed in Norway.
September 1–Battle of Moscow (1612):Led by GeneralJan Karol Chodkiewicz,a relief force from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose troops had been occupyingMoscowfor two years, make an unsuccessful attempt to break the Russian siege of theKremlin,where GeneralMikolaj Strusand his troops are trapped. Both the Russians (led byDmitry Pozharsky) and the Commonwealth troops suffer at least 1,000 deaths, but the Russians prevail. General Chodkiewicz tries a second attack the next day and fails.
September 2(August 23 O.S.) – TheLutheran Duchy of Prussia,a fiefdom within Poland, becomes the firstProtestantgovernment to follow the Roman Catholic nations inadopting the Gregorian calendar.
September 5– England'sEast India Companygets its first warships and establishes the "'Honourable East India Company's Marine'" to protect its freighters. The force develops over the centuries into theRoyal Indian Navyand, after India's independence in 1947, theIndian Navy.
September 22– Retreating Polish and Lithuanian troops burn the Russian city ofVologdain reprisal for their defeat at Moscow.

October–December

October 27– Forces of thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,which had been occupying Moscow for more than two years, surrender unconditionally to Russian militia forces and are allowed to leave after theKremlinis liberated by PrinceDmitry Pozharskyand PrinceKuzma Minin.^[5]
November 20– TheTreaty of Nasuh Pashais signed, between theOttoman Empire(Turkey) and theSafavid EmpireIran), with the Ottomans ceding back land they had captured from the Safavids after 1555, in return for Safavid payment of 200 loads of silk.^[6]
November 30–Battle of Swally:Forces of theEnglish East India CompanyandPortugalengage off the coast of India, resulting in an English victory.^[7]
December 15–Simon Mariusbecomes the first person on Earth to observe theAndromeda Galaxythrough a telescope.
December 28–Galileo Galileibecomes the first astronomer to observe the planetNeptunewhen inconjunctionwithJupiter.He mistakenly catalogues it as afixed star,because of its extremely slow motion along theecliptic.Neptune will not be truly recognized as a planet until1846,about 234 years later, whenJohann Gottfried Gallefirst sights it in theBerlin Observatory.

Date unknown

TheNagoya Castleis completed inJapan.
TheOkamoto Daihachi incidentin Japan.
Thomas Shelton's English translation of the first half ofDon Quixoteis published. It is the first translation of the Spanish novel into any language.

Births

January–March

January 17–Thomas Fairfax,English Civil War general (d.1671)^[8]
January 21–Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz,Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (d.1640)
January 22–Daniel Zwicker,German physician (d.1678)
January 23–George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare,Irish earl (d.1660)
February 1–William West,English politician (d.1670)
February 2–Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth,English baron and politician (d.1665)
February 4–Arthur Spry,English politician (d.1685)
February 5–Crown Prince Sohyeon,Korean crown prince (d.1645)
February 6–Antoine Arnauld,French theologian (d.1694)
February 7–Thomas Killigrew,English dramatist and theatre manager (d.1683)^[9]
February 9–Pier Francesco Mola,Italian painter of the High Baroque (d.1666)
February 15–Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve,French military officer, founder of Montreal in New France (d.1676)
February 20–Richard Olmsted,Connecticut settler (d.1687)
February 21–Lorenzo Imperiali,Italian cardinal (d.1673)
February 22(bapt.)–George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol,English statesman (d.1677)
March 20–Anne Bradstreet,née Dudley, English-born American Puritan poet (d.1672)

Deaths

January–March

January 4–Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel,Dutch writer (b.1549)
January 9–Leonard Holliday,Lord Mayor of London, 1605-1606 (b.1550)
January 11–Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah,fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty of Golkonda; founded the city of Hyderabad (b.1565)
January 12–Charles III de Croÿ,Belgian noble (b.1560)
January 13–Jane Dormer,English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (b.1538)
January 20–Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor,Austrian Habsburg ruler (b.1552)^[10]
February 6–Christopher Clavius,German mathematician and astronomer (b.1538)
February 9–Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua(b.1562)
February 12–Jodocus Hondius,Flemish cartographer (b.1563)
February 17–Ernest of Bavaria,German Catholic bishop (b.1554)
February 18–Roberto di Ridolfi,Italian conspirator againstElizabeth I of England(b.1531)^[11]
February 21–Christian Barnekow,Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (b.1556)
March 16–Margaret Fiennes, 11th Baroness Dacre(b.1541)
March 18–Bartholomew Legate,English anti-Trinitarian martyr (b. c.1575)
March 19–Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill,Polish-Lithuanian noble (b.1585)

April–June

April 5–Diana Scultori,Italian engraver
April 8–Anne Catherine of Brandenburg(b.1575)
April 11
- Emanuel van Meteren,Flemish historian (b.1535)^[12]
- Edward Wightman,English Baptist preacher (burned at the stake) (b.1580)
April 19–Anne d'Escars de Givry,French Catholic cardinal (b.1546)
April 21–David van Goorle,theologian and theoretical scientist (b.1591)
May –False Dmitry III,pretender to the Russian throne (secretly executed)^[13]
May 19–Gregorio Petrocchini,Italian Cardinal Bishop, Conclave member, Cardinal protector of the Augustines (b.1535)
May 24–Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury,English statesman and spymaster (b.1563)
May 31–Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg,Dutch engraver (b.1580)
June 5–Arima Harunobu,Japanese daimyō (b.1567)
June 8–Hans Leo Hassler,German composer (b.1562)
June 21–Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp(b.1561)
June 26–Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland,eldest surviving son of John Manners (b.1576)

July–September

July 16–Leonardo Donato,Doge of Venice (b.1536)
July 24
- Ottavio Mirto Frangipani,Italian bishop and papal diplomat (b.1544)
- John Salusbury,Welsh politician (b.1567)^[14]
July 29–Jacques Bongars,French scholar and diplomat (b.1554)^[15]
August 3–John Bond,English politician and classicist (b.1550)
August 4–Hugh Broughton,English scholar (b.1549)
August 9–Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg(1580–1612) (b.1576)
August 12–Giovanni Gabrieli,Italian composer (b. c.1554)
August 15–Michael Hicks,English politician (b.1543)
August 18–Giacomo Boncompagni,Italian feudal lord of the 16th century (b.1548)
August 20–Naitō Nobunari,Japanese samurai and daimyō of Omi Province (b.1545)
September 9–Nakagawa Hidenari,Japanese warlord (b.1570)
September 12– TsarVasili IV of Russia(b.1552)
September 13–Karin Månsdotter,Queen of Sweden (b.1550)
September 24–Johannes Lippius,German theologian, philosopher, composer, and music theorist (b.1585)^[16]
September 27–Piotr Skarga,Polish Jesuit and polemicist (b.1536)^[17]
September 28–Ernst Soner,German physician (b.1572)

October–December

October 7
- Menso Alting,Dutch preacher and reformer (b.1541)
- Giovanni Battista Guarini,Italian poet (b.1538)^[18]
October 10–Bernardino Poccetti,Italian painter (b.1548)
October 23–János Petki,Hungarian politician (b.1572)
October 28–Edward Darcy,English politician (b.1544)
November 1–Charles, Count of Soissons,Frenchprince du sangand military commander in the struggles over religion and the throne (b.1566)
November 2–Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg,1581–1612 (b.1551)
November 6
- Nicholas Fitzherbert,English martyr (b.1550)
- Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales,elder son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark (b.1594)^[19]
November 9–Paul Jenisch,German pastor (b.1551)
November 16–William Stafford,English spy (b.1554)
November 20–John Harington,English courtier, writer and inventor of a flush toilet (b.1561)^[20]
November 23
- Juan Fernández de Olivera,Spanish colonial governor (b.1560)
- Elizabeth Jane Weston,English Czech poet (b.1582)
November 26–Thomas Walmsley,English judge (b.1537)
December 4–Jacob Taets van Amerongen,Teutonic Knights commander (b.1542)
December 12–Nicholas Mosley,Lord Mayor of London (b.1527)
December 22–Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua(b.1586)^[21]

Date unknown

Federico Barocci,Italian painter (b. c.1535)
Isabel Barreto,Spanish admiral (b.1567)

References

^Löfstrand, Elisabeth; Nordquist, Laila (2005).Accounts of an occupied city: catalogue of the Novgorod Occupation Archives 1611-1617(PDF)(1st ed.). Stockholm:National Archives of Sweden.p. 41.ISBN 9188366677.
^^a ^b ^cWilliams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.244.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^"The Lancashire Witches in Historical Context", by James Sharpe, inThe Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories,ed. by Robert Poole, (Manchester University Press, 2002) p.2
^Soma Mukherjee (2001).Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions.Gyan Books. p. 52.ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.
^Chester Dunning,A Short History of Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004) pp. 296–297
^"Ahmed I",Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
^Manekshah Sorabshah Commissariat (1980).A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions.Longmans, Green & Company, Limited. p. 192.
^Geoffrey Ridsdill Smith; Margaret Toynbee; Peter Young (1977).Leaders of the Civil Wars, 1642-1648.Roundwood Press. p. 59.ISBN 978-0-900093-56-2.
^Christopher Baker (2002).Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.ISBN 978-0-313-30827-7.
^"Rudolf II | Holy Roman emperor".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril 13,2020.
^Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926).The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information.Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited. p. 320.
^Walpole Society (Great Britain) (1980).The... Volume of the Walpole Society.Walpole Society. p. 205.
^Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1998).The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 139.ISBN 978-0-85229-633-2.
^Edmund Gosse (January 28, 2019).The Life and Letters of John Donne, Vol I: Dean of St. Paul's.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 312.ISBN 978-1-5326-7810-3.
^Keith Busby (1993).Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes.Rodopi. p. 98.ISBN 90-5183-603-1.
^Benito V. Rivera (1980).German Music Theory in the Early 17th Century: The Treatises of Johannes Lippius.UMI Research Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8357-1074-9.
^Harvard Theological Studies.Scholars Press. 1995. p. 865.ISBN 978-0-8006-7085-6.
^Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800.Gale Research Company. 2004. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-7876-6968-3.
^Robert L. Martensen; James a Knight Chair in Humanities and Ethics in Medicine and Professor of Surgery Robert L Martensen (April 8, 2004).The Brain Takes Shape: An Early History.Oxford University Press, USA. p. 102.ISBN 978-0-19-515172-5.
^Jason Scott-Warren (2001).Sir John Harington and the Book as Gift.Oxford University Press. p. 20.ISBN 978-0-19-924445-4.
^Ludwig Burchard; Roger Adolf d' Hulst (1963).Rubens Drawings.Arcade Press. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-8390-9043-4.

[1] Löfstrand, Elisabeth; Nordquist, Laila (2005).Accounts of an occupied city: catalogue of the Novgorod Occupation Archives 1611-1617(PDF)(1st ed.). Stockholm:National Archives of Sweden.p. 41.ISBN 9188366677.

[Cassell's_Chronology-2] Williams, Hywel (2005).Cassell's Chronology of World History.London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.244.ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[3] "The Lancashire Witches in Historical Context", by James Sharpe, inThe Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories,ed. by Robert Poole, (Manchester University Press, 2002) p.2

[4] Soma Mukherjee (2001).Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions.Gyan Books. p. 52.ISBN 978-81-212-0760-7.

[5] Chester Dunning,A Short History of Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004) pp. 296–297

[6] "Ahmed I",Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire

[7] Manekshah Sorabshah Commissariat (1980).A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions.Longmans, Green & Company, Limited. p. 192.

[8] Geoffrey Ridsdill Smith; Margaret Toynbee; Peter Young (1977).Leaders of the Civil Wars, 1642-1648.Roundwood Press. p. 59.ISBN 978-0-900093-56-2.

[9] Christopher Baker (2002).Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.ISBN 978-0-313-30827-7.

[10] "Rudolf II | Holy Roman emperor".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril 13,2020.

[11] Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926).The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information.Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited. p. 320.

[12] Walpole Society (Great Britain) (1980).The... Volume of the Walpole Society.Walpole Society. p. 205.

[13] Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1998).The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 139.ISBN 978-0-85229-633-2.

[14] Edmund Gosse (January 28, 2019).The Life and Letters of John Donne, Vol I: Dean of St. Paul's.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 312.ISBN 978-1-5326-7810-3.

[15] Keith Busby (1993).Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes.Rodopi. p. 98.ISBN 90-5183-603-1.

[16] Benito V. Rivera (1980).German Music Theory in the Early 17th Century: The Treatises of Johannes Lippius.UMI Research Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8357-1074-9.

[17] Harvard Theological Studies.Scholars Press. 1995. p. 865.ISBN 978-0-8006-7085-6.

[18] Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800.Gale Research Company. 2004. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-7876-6968-3.

[19] Robert L. Martensen; James a Knight Chair in Humanities and Ethics in Medicine and Professor of Surgery Robert L Martensen (April 8, 2004).The Brain Takes Shape: An Early History.Oxford University Press, USA. p. 102.ISBN 978-0-19-515172-5.

[20] Jason Scott-Warren (2001).Sir John Harington and the Book as Gift.Oxford University Press. p. 20.ISBN 978-0-19-924445-4.

[21] Ludwig Burchard; Roger Adolf d' Hulst (1963).Rubens Drawings.Arcade Press. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-8390-9043-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

1612 by topic
Arts and science
Architecture Art Literature Music Science
Leaders
State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births–Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments–Disestablishments
Works category
Works
v t e