1668
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1668(MDCLXVIII) was aleap year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Wednesdayof theJulian calendar,the 1668th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 668th year of the2nd millennium,the 68th year of the17th century,and the 9th year of the1660sdecade. As of the start of 1668, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 23– TheTriple Alliance of 1668is formed betweenEngland,Swedenand theUnited Provinces of the Netherlands.
- February 13– InLisbon,apeace treatyis established betweenAfonso VI of PortugalandCarlos II of Spain,by mediation ofCharles II of England,in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yieldsCeutato Spain.
- c. February – The English Parliament and bishops seek to suppressThomas Hobbes' treatiseLeviathan.[1]
- March 8– In theCretan War,the navy of theRepublic of Venicedefeats an Ottoman Empire naval force of 12 ships and 2,000 galleys that had attempted to seize a small Venetian galley near the port ofAgia Pelagia.
- March 22– NotablePrivateerHenry Morganlands inCubato raid and plunder the inland town ofPuerto del Príncipeduring the latter stages of theAnglo-Spanish War (1654–1660).[2]
- March 23– TheBawdy House Riots of 1668take place inLondonwhen a group ofEnglish Dissentersbegins attackingbrothels,initially as a protest against the harsh enforcement of laws against private worshippers and the lack of enforcement of laws against prostitution. Over a period of three days, rioters who join in the violence destroy brothels in the London districts of Poplar, Moorfields, East Smithfield, St Leonard's, Shoreditch, St Andrew's and Holborn.
- March 27– KingCharles II of Englandsignsan agreementwith representatives of theEnglish East India Companyto lease the Indian city ofBombay(modern-day Mumbai) to the company for a rent of 10 pounds sterling per year, with transfer taking effect on September 21.
April–June
[edit]- April 21–Henry Brounckeris expelled from the English House of Commons fortreasonduring the 1665Battle of Lowestoftduring theSecond Anglo-Dutch War.
- April 22–Tenzin Dalai Khanis proclaimed as the new Protector King of Tibet by the5th Dalai Lama,following the death of Tenzin's father,Dayan Khan.
- April 24–The Treaty of Breda,signed in 1667 and ending theSecond Anglo-Dutch War,goes into effect worldwide.
- April 25– TheSwedish Empiresigns a treaty with England and the Dutch Republic to join theTriple Alliance.
- May 2– The firstTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelleends theWar of Devolution.
- May 18–Charles Sedley's comedyThe Mulberry-Gardenpremieres at the Theatre Royal in London.
- June 4–Tangier,a city in Morocco that had come under control of the English colonial empire in 1661, is elevated by the English crown to the status of "free city".
- June 12–John Dryden's playAn Evening's Love,or The Mock Astrologerpremieres at the Theatre Royal in London in a performance by theKing's Companyplayers for King Charles and Queen Catherine.
- June 16– A group of Spanish Jesuit missionaries become the first European settlers to arrive at the island ofGuam,founding a mission to convert theChamorro peopleof theMariana Islandsto Christianity.
- June 18–Petro Doroshenkois proclaimed by the Russian Empire as thehetmanof all ofUkraine,after having previously been granted leadership of the western half.Ivan Briukhovetsky,who had ruled the eastern half and then led an uprising, is executed on the same day.
July–September
[edit]- July 7– BishopIsaac Barrowfounds theBishop Barrow Trustwith the intention of establishing a university on theIsle of Man;this becomesKing William's College.[3]
- July 10–Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello:Welsh privateerHenry Morganand 450 men under his command plunder the city ofPortobelloon the Isthmus of Panama and spend 14-days in the attack before withdrawing.
- July 25– The magnitude 8.5Shandong earthquakekills at least 43,000 people in China'sShandongprovince.[4][5]
- August 17– The magnitude 8.0North Anatolia earthquakecauses 8,000 deaths in northernAnatolia,Ottoman Empire,and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.[6][7]
- September 9–Molière'scomedyThe Miser(L'Avare) is first performed, in Paris.
- September 16–Jan II Kazimierz Wazaabdicates his titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after a 20-year reign.
- September 21– TheBritish East India Companytakes overBombayunder a Royal Charter of March 27.
- September 28–Diego de Salcedois overthrown from his position as the SpanishGovernor-General of the Philippinesin a coup d'etat led byJuan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz.Salcedo and other members of his administration are jailed and then sent into exile fromLuzonto the island ofPanay,and his fortune is confiscated.
October –December
[edit]- October 5(September 25 O.S.) – The English blockade of the Moroccan port ofSalébegins as HMSGarlandandHMSFrancisretaliate for raids from the port by the Barbary pirates. The blockade lasts for 10 days.
- October 7– French Jesuit missionaryJean Pierronarrives at theMohawk Nationcity ofTionondogen(near modern-dayPalatine, New York,U.S.) to replaceJacques Fréminin attempting to convert members of the Iroquois tribe to Christianity.
- October 31– The English shipHMSProvidenceis wrecked atTangieron the North African coast.
- November 8–Iliaș Alexandrusteps down as thevoivodeor elected ruler ofMoldavia(now part ofRomaniaand the Republic ofMoldova) and is replaced by his predecessor,Gheorghe Duca.
- December 6– TheOrder of the Jesuati,founded in1360byGiovanni Colombini,is abolished byPope Clement IX.
- December 16– InChina,the 1661 edict of the "Great Clearance",the forcible evacuation of the coastal areas ofGuangdong,Fu gian,Zhe gian g,Jiangnan,andShandongin order to fight a rebellion, is rescinded by theKangxi Emperorafter lobbying byZhou Youde,theViceroy of Liangguang.
- December 28–Fritz Cronmanarrives inMoscowas the Swedish Empire's ambassador to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a staff of 35 people.
Date unknown
[edit]- One of the world's earliestcentral banks,theSveriges Riksbank,is founded inStockholm,Sweden.
- EmperorYohannes IofEthiopiaconvenes a church council inGondar,which decides to expel allRoman Catholicsfrom the country.
- English scientistIsaac Newtonbuilds the firstreflecting telescope(Newton's reflector).[8]
Births
[edit]
- May 8–Alain-René Lesage,French writer (d.1747)
- June 23–Giambattista Vico,Italian philosopher and historian (d.1744)
- July 21–Frederick Heinrich of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt(d.1713)
- September 8–Giorgio Baglivi,Armenian doctor and writer (d.1707)
- October 18–John George IV, Elector of Saxony(d.1694)
- October 30–Sophia Charlotte of Hanover,sister of KingGeorge I of Great Britain(d.1705)
- November 10
- Louis III, Prince of Condé(d.1710)
- François Couperin,French composer (d.1733)
- November 11–Johann Albert Fabricius,German scholar (d.1736)[9]
- November 27–Henri François d'Aguesseau,Chancellor of France (d.1751)
- November 30–William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach(d.1671)
- December 11–Apostolo Zeno,Italian poet and journalist (d.1750)
- December 31–Herman Boerhaave,Dutch humanist and physician (d.1738)[10]
- date unknown–Stokkseyrar-Dísa,Icelandic Galdrmistress (d.1728)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 6
- January 14–Arnauld de Oihenart,Basque historian and poet (b.1592)
- January 31–Hermann Busenbaum,German Jesuit theologian (b.1600)
- February 2–Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra,Spanish artist (b.1616)
- February 8–Alessandro Tiarini,Italian painter (b.1577)
- February 21–John Thurloe,English Puritan spy (b.1616)
- March 16–Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury(b.1623)
- April 12–Alexander Daniell,sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall (b.1599)
- April 21–Jan Boeckhorst,Flemish painter (b. c.1604)
- May 1–Frans Luycx,Flemish painter (b.1604)
- May 8–Catherine of St. Augustine,French nun and nurse of New France (b.1632)
- May 9–Otto Christoph von Sparr,German general (b.1599)
- May 21–Christoph Delphicus zu Dohna,Prussian-born Swedish soldier, diplomat (b.1628)
- June 20–Heinrich Roth,German Sanskrit scholar (b.1620)
- July 26–Hans Svane,Danish statesman (b.1606)
- August 9–Jakob Balde,GermanLatinist(b.1604)[11]
- August 23–Artus Quellinus the Elder,Flemish sculptor (b.1609)
- August 24–Tyman Oosdorp,Dutch brewer and magistrate of Haarlem (b.1613)
- September 16
- Paolo Emilio Rondinini,Italian Bishop of Assisi (b.1617)
- Jan Miense Molenaer,Dutch painter (b.1610)
- September 19– SirWilliam Waller,English Civil War general (b. c.1635)
- October 12–Zacharias Wagenaer,secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator (Dutch East-India Company) (b.1614)
- October 13
- Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton,English politician (b.1594)
- Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland,English military leader (b.1602)
- November 17–Joseph Alleine,English non-conformist preacher (b.1634)
- November 21–Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach(b.1632)
- December 3–William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury,English earl (b.1591)
- December 14–Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge,English politician (b.1599)
- December 23–Martin Bauzer,Gorizian Jesuit priest and writer (b.1595)[12]
- December 24–Wadham Wyndham,English judge (b.1609)
- unknown date–Fang Weiyi,Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (b.1585)[13]
References
[edit]- ^Uglow, Jenny(2010) [2009].A Gambling Man.London: Faber. p. 443.ISBN978-0-571-21734-2.
- ^Cruikshank, Ernest Alexander(1935).The Life of Sir Henry Morgan With an Account of the English Settlement of the Island of Jamaica (1655-1688).Macmillan Company of Canada limited. pp. 84–87.
- ^"Bishop Barrow's Historic Deed".Journal of the Manx Museum.RetrievedAugust 28,2014.
- ^"25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong)".Global Historical Earthquake Archive.RetrievedJuly 23,2021.
- ^Jianshe Lei; Dapeng Zhao; Xiwei Xu; Mofei Du; Qi Mi; Mingwen Lu (2020)."P-wave upper-mantle tomography of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China".Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors.299(106402): 106402.Bibcode:2020PEPI..29906402L.doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106402.
- ^"Historic Worldwide Earthquakes".United States Geological Survey.Archived fromthe originalon August 25, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021.
- ^Zabci, C.; Akyüz, H. S.; Karabacak, V.; Sançar, T.; Altunel, E.; Gürsoy, H.; Tatar, O. (2011)."Palaeoearthquakes on the Kelkit Valley Segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for the Surface Rupture of the Historical 17 August 1668 Anatolian Earthquake"(PDF).Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences.20:411–427. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 26, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021.
- ^Hall, Rupert(April 11, 1996).Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought.Cambridge University Press. p. 67.ISBN9780521566698.
- ^Almut Spalding; Almut Marianne Grützner Spalding (2005).Elise Reimarus (1735-1805).Königshausen & Neumann. p. 518.ISBN978-3-8260-2813-7.
- ^Gerrit Arie Lindeboom (1968).Herman Boerhaave: The Man and His Work.Methuen. p. 4.ISBN978-0-416-10880-4.
- ^Rudolf Steiner (1975).Between Death and Rebirth: Ten Lectures Given in Berlin Between 5th November, 1912 and 1st April, 1913.Rudolf Steiner Press. p. 69.ISBN978-0-85440-287-8.
- ^Programm und Jahresbericht des K.K. Ober-Gymnasiums in Görz am Schlusse des Schuljahres 1856(in German). J. B. Seitz. 1856. p. 7.
- ^Kang-i Sun Chang; Haun Saussy; Charles Yim-tze Kwong (1999).Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism.Stanford University Press. p. 284.ISBN978-0-8047-3231-4.