1748
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1748(MDCCXLVIII) was aleap year starting on Mondayof theGregorian calendarand aleap year starting on Fridayof theJulian calendar,the 1748th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 748th year of the2nd millennium,the 48th year of the18th century,and the 9th year of the1740sdecade. As of the start of 1748, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 12–Ahmad Shah DurranicapturesLahore.[1]
- January 27– A fire at the prison and barracks atKinsale,inIreland,kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prisoners are safely conducted to another prison.[2]
- February 7– The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in theViceroyalty of New Spain,in what is now centralTexas.On orders of the Viceroy,Juan Francisco de Güemes,Friar Mariano Martiestablish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on theSan Gabriel Riverin what is nowMilam County.[3]The mission, located northeast of the future site ofAustin, Texas,is attacked by 60ApacheIndians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.
- March 11– In battle near Manupur (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest ofSirhind), Mughal forces under PrinceAhmad Shah Bahadurare victorious againstAhmad Shah Durrani.
- March 25– A fire in theCity of Londonstarts atChange AlleyinCornhilland continues for two days. Dr.Samuel Johnsonlater writes, "The conflagration of a city, with all its turmoil and concominant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can afford to human eyes".[2]Another history notes more than a century later that "the fire led to a great increase in the practice offire insurance",after the blaze causes more than £1,000,000 worth of damage.
April–June
[edit]- April 15– TheSiege of the Dutch fortress of Maastrichtis started by the French under the command ofMaurice de Saxeas part of theWar of the Austrian Succession.The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.
- April 24– A congress assembles atAix-la-Chapelle(nowAachen), with the intent to conclude theWar of the Austrian Succession.The treaty is signed on October 18.
- May 10– As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control ofMaastrichttoFrance,the French Army's leader of thesiege,Count Löwendal,marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.[4]
- June 1
- A fire inMoscowkills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings.[2]
- José de Escandónis designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor ofNuevo Santander.The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state ofTamaulipas,and the part of the U.S. state ofTexassouth of theGuadalupe River(including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).
July–September
[edit]- July 29–Royal NavyAdmiralEdward Boscawenarrives at the coast of southeasternIndiawith 28 ships, to defendFort St. Davidfrom attacks by armies ofFrench India.HistorianFrancis Groselater writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders "[5]and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort atPondicherryand drive France from the subcontinent.
- August 26– The firstLutheran Churchbody in America is founded at a conference inPhiladelphia,organized by German-born evangelistHenry Muhlenbergand attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities.[6]The two groups agree to create a commonliturgyto govern public worship.
- August– TheCamberwell beautybutterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.
- September 24–Shah Rukhbecomes ruler ofGreater Khorasan.
October –December
[edit]- October 12–War of Jenkins' Ear–Battle of Havana:aBritishCaribbeansquadron engages aSpanishsquadron based nearHavana.[7]
- October 18–War of the Austrian Succession:TheTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelleis signed to end the war. Great Britain obtainsMadras,in India, from France, in exchange for thefortressofLouisbourgin Canada.
- November 22– TheElectorate of Hanover(now occupied by most of the northwestern German state ofNiedersachsenor Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of theMoravian Church.[8]
- December 4– Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle theWar of the Austrian Succession,and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa.
Date unknown
[edit]- Leonhard EulerpublishesIntroductio in analysin infinitorum,an introduction to pure analytical mathematics, in Berlin.
- MontesquieupublishesDe l'esprit des lois.
- Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstockpublishes the first threecantosof hisepic poemDer Messiasinhexameters(anonymously), inBremer Beiträge(Leipzig).
- Adam Smithbegins to deliver public lectures inEdinburgh.
- TheRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesmakesEva Ekebladits first female member.
- Construction of theSveaborgfortification begins nearHelsinki.
- The ruins ofPompeiiare rediscovered.[9]
- Louis XV of Francebreaks his promise to eliminate theincome tax,after theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelleends the war. TheParlement of Parisprotests, so he reduces the tax to 5%.[10]
Births
[edit]- January 19–Antonio Carnicero,Spanish painter (d.1814)
- February 2–Adam Weishaupt,German founder of theOrder of the Illuminati(d.1811)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/110px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg)
- February 15–Jeremy Bentham,English philosopher (d.1832)[11]
- February 22–Timothy Dexter,American businessman (d.1806)
- February 27–Anders Sparrman,Swedish naturalist (d.1820)
- March 5
- William Shield,English violinist, composer (d.1829)
- Jonas C. Dryander,Swedish botanist (d.1810)
- March 8–William V, Prince of Orange(d.1806)
- March 10–John Playfair,Scottish scientist (d.1819)
- April 12–Antoine Laurent de Jussieu,French botanist (d.1836)
- April 13–Joseph Bramah,English inventor, locksmith (d.1814)
- April 27
- Pierre-Louis Ginguené,French author (d.1816)[12]
- Adamantios Korais,Greek scholar (d.1833)
- May 3–Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès,French cleric, constitutional theorist (d.1836)
- May 7–Olympe de Gouges,French playwright (d.1793)[13]
- May 10–Louis Pierre Vieillot,French ornithologist (d.1830)
- May 28–Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle(d.1825)
- June 30–Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini,French astronomer (d.1845)
- August 8–Johann Friedrich Gmelin,German naturalist (d.1804)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/David_Self_Portrait.jpg/110px-David_Self_Portrait.jpg)
- August 9–Bernhard Schott,German music publisher (d.1809)[14]
- August 30–Jacques-Louis David,French painter (d.1825)[15]
- October 7– KingCharles XIII of Sweden(Charles II of Norway) (d.1818)
- October 13–Johann Dominicus Fiorillo,German painter, art historian (d.1821)
- November 11– KingCharles IV of Spain(d.1819)[16]
- November 13–William Chalmers,Swedish merchant (d.1811)
- December 9–Claude Louis Berthollet,French chemist (d.1822)
- December 14–William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire(d.1811)
- date unknown
- Gioacchino Navarro,Maltese priest and poet (d.1813)
- James Sayers,English caricaturist (d.1823)
- Timur Shah,Afghan king (d.1793)
- Thomas Holloway,English portrait painter, engraver (d.1827
- Stylianos Vlasopoulos,Greek judge, writer (d.1822)
Deaths
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_Kent.jpg/110px-William_Kent.jpg)
- January 1–Johann Bernoulli,Swiss mathematician (b.1667)
- January 16–Arnold Drakenborch,Dutch classical scholar (b.1684)
- February 18–Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun,Austrian field marshal (b.1677)
- March 7–Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine,French noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (b.1664)
- March 14–George Wade,British military leader (b.1673)
- March 23–Johann Gottfried Walther,German music theorist, organist and composer (b.1684)
- April 8–Empress Xiaoxianchunof Qing dynasty (b.1712)
- April 12–William Kent,English architect (b. c.1685)
- April 16–Muhammad Shah,Mughal emperor of India (b.1702)
- May 12–Thomas Lowndes,British astronomer (b.1692)
- May 17–Henri, Duke of Elbeuf,member of the House of Lorraine (b.1661)
- June 16–Jean Philippe d'Orléans,illegitimate son of future French regentPhilippe d'Orleans(b.1702)
- June 28–Marretje Arents,Dutch rebel leader (b.1712)
- August 27–James Thomson,Scottish poet (b.1700)[17]
- September 6–Edmund Gibson,English jurist (b.1669)
- September 10– MotherIgnacia del Espíritu Santo,Filipino founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (b.1663)
- September 12–Anne Bracegirdle,English actress (b. c.1671)
- September 21–John Balguy,English philosopher (b.1686)[18]
- November 25–Isaac Watts,English hymn writer (b.1674)[19]
- December 2–Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset,English politician (b.1662)
References
[edit]- ^"Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions".Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2011.RetrievedNovember 2,2011.
- ^abc"Fires, Great", inThe Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance,Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p51
- ^Elizabeth A. H. John,Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795(University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) pp282-283
- ^Francis Henry Skrine,Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-1748(W. Blackwood and Sons, 1906) pp346-347
- ^Charles Rathbone Low,History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)(Richard Bentley and Son, 1877) p140
- ^Henry Eyster Jacobs,A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States(The Christian Literature Co., 1893 p243
- ^Thomas p 263
- ^ Paul Peucker,A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century(Penn State Press, 2015)
- ^"Archaeologists Investigate Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii".History.October 21, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon March 1, 2021.RetrievedAugust 3,2022.
- ^H. Parker Willis (December 1895)."Income Taxation in France".Journal of Political Economy.4(1). The University of Chicago Press: 37–53.doi:10.1086/250324.S2CID154527133.
The war of the Austrian Succession for the third time threw the treasury back upon the hated fiscal resource in October of 1741, when the income tax was reintroduced accompanied by a royal promise to the effect that upon the close of the war this means of raising revenue should once for all be done away with.
- ^Anom (1996).Historical Dictionary of the British Empire.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 129.ISBN978-0-313-29366-5.
- ^Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926).The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information.Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 28.
- ^Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange; Thomas A. Copeland (1989).Women in History, Literature, and the Arts: A Festschrift for Hildegard Schnuttgen in Honor of Her Thirty Years of Outstanding Service at Youngstown State University.The University. p. 22.ISBN978-0-9623146-1-2.
- ^Brück, Marion (2007),"Schott, Peter Bernhard",Neue Deutsche Biographie(in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 486–487;(full text online)
- ^Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Pierre Rosenberg (1987).French Paintings 1500-1825, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.The Museum. p. 143.ISBN978-0-88401-055-5.
- ^The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia.Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1995. p. 117.ISBN978-0-85229-605-9.
- ^Trevor Royle (November 11, 1984).Macmillan Companion to Scottish Literature.Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 300.ISBN978-1-349-07587-4.
- ^Richard Hurd (1995).The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd, 1739-1762.Boydell & Brewer. p. 20.ISBN978-0-85115-653-8.
- ^Isaac Watts (1782).The Beauties of the Late Revd. Dr. Isaac Watts;... To which is Added the Life of the Author.G. Kearsley. p. 12.
Further reading
[edit]- John Blair;J. Willoughby Rosse (1856)."1748".Blair's Chronological Tables.London:H.G. Bohn.hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n– via Hathi Trust.