1794
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1794(MDCCXCIV) was acommon year starting on Wednesdayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Sundayof theJulian calendar,the 1794th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 794th year of the2nd millennium,the 94th year of the18th century,and the 5th year of the1790sdecade. As of the start of 1794, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 1– TheStiboGroup is founded by Niels Lund as a printing company inAarhus(Denmark).
- January 13– TheU.S. Congressenacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United States flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes, in recognition of the recent admission ofVermontandKentuckyas the 14th and 15th states.[1]A subsequent act restores the number of stripes to 13, but provides for additional stars upon the admission of each additional state.
- January 21– KingGeorge III of Great Britaindelivers the speech opening Parliament and recommends a continuation of Britain's war with France.
- February 4–French Revolution:TheNational Conventionof theFrench First Republicabolishes slavery.
- February 8–Wreck of the Ten SailonGrand Cayman.
- February 11– The first session of theUnited States Senateis open to the public.
- March 4– TheEleventh Amendment to the United States Constitutionis passed by Congress for submission to the states for ratification.[2]
- March 11– Canonsburg Academy (modern-dayWashington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[3]
- March 12– GeneralAntoni Madaliński,a commander of theNational Cavalryin thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,disobeys an order from the rulingRussian EmpireandKingdom of Prussiaimposingdemobilization,advancing his troops fromOstrołękatoKraków.
- March 14–Eli Whitneyis granted a United Statespatentfor thecotton gin.
- March 22– Congress prohibits American ships from supplying slaves to any nation other than the United States, setting a penalty of forfeiture of the ship and a $2,000 fine.[2]
- March 23– British troops captureMartiniquefrom theFrench.[4]
- March 24–Tadeusz Kościuszkomakeshis proclamationstarting theKościuszko Uprisingagainst theRussian EmpireandKingdom of Prussiain thePolish–Lithuanian CommonwealthandPrussian Partition.
- March 26– The U.S. lays a 60-day embargo on all shipping to and from Great Britain.[2]
- March 27
- The United States Government authorizes the building of the first sixUnited States Navyvessels; in1797the first three frigates,United States,ConstellationandConstitutionwill go into service (not to be confused with October 13, 1775, which is observed as the Navy's Birthday).[5]
- The U.S. Senate passes a rule ending its policy of closing all of its sessions to the public.[2]
April–June
[edit]- April 4–Battle of Racławice:Polish supporters of theKościuszko Uprisingdefeat forces of theRussian Empire.
- April 5–Reign of Terror:Georges DantonandCamille Desmoulinsare executed.
- April 17–19–Kościuszko Uprising–Warsaw Uprising:The Polish people overthrow theRussiangarrison inWarsaw.
- April 19– Britain,Prussiaand theNetherlandssign a treaty of alliance against France.[4]
- April 28–Sardinian Vespers:The people ofCagliariinSardiniaoust the viceroy and his Piedmontese functionaries.
- April 29–May 1–Battle of Boulou:The French defeat the Spanish and Portuguese forces.
- May 7–Robespierreestablishes theCult of the Supreme Beingas the newstate religionof theFrench First Republic.
- May 8–Reign of Terror:chemistAntoine Lavoisieris tried, convicted and executed in Paris with 27 co-defendants also associated with the formerferme générale.
- May 18–Battle of Tourcoing:French troops defeat British forces.
- May 21– theFrench RevolutionaryGovernment decides that theTerrorwould be centralised, with almost all thetribunalsin the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris.[6]
- May 28–June 1– TheGlorious First of June(Battle of Ushant): The British win a crushing tactical victory over the French fleet, but the merchant convoy escorted by the French fleet arrives safely in France.
- May 30–June 4–Battle of Port-Républicain:British troops capturePort-au-PrinceinHaitifrom the French.[4]
- June 17
- TheAnglo-Corsican Kingdomis established.
- Battle of Mykonos:The BritishRoyal NavycapturesFrench frigateSibylle.
- June 24–Bowdoin Collegeis founded inBrunswick, Maine.
- June 26–Battle of Fleurus:French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of theAustrian Netherlandsand destruction of theDutch Republic.French use of anobservation balloonmarks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.
- June–July –Mount Vesuviuserupts in Italy; the town ofTorre del Grecois destroyed.[7]
July–September
[edit]- July 12–Horatio Nelsonloses the sight in his right eye in the BritishSiege of CalviinCorsica.
- July 13–Battle of TrippstadtbetweenFrenchforces and those ofPrussiaandAustria(First Coalition).
- July 13–September 6–Kościuszko Uprising:Siege of Warsaw– The Polish people resist a siege by armies of theRussian EmpireandKingdom of Prussia.
- July 17– The sixteenCarmeliteMartyrs of Compiègneareguillotinedin Paris in the last stage of the French Revolution'sReign of Terror.
- July 27(9 Thermidor) –French Revolution–Thermidorian Reaction:Maximilien,Augustin RobespierreandSaint-Justare arrested on the orders of the FrenchNational Convention;they are executed the next day, ending the French Revolution'sReign of Terror.
- August – ColombianAntonio Nariñois denounced as a traitor after he translates and publishes the FrenchDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]
- August 1– Aristocrats inSwedengather to mourn the demise ofcoffeeafter the beverage is forbidden by royal decree.[9][10]
- August 9–Napoleonis arrested and put underhouse arrestatNicefor his association with theRobespierresduring their fall in theThermidorian Reaction.He is later taken toAntibesand detained in a military fort.[11]
- August 20–Battle of Fallen TimbersinNorthwestern Ohio:American troops under the command of GeneralAnthony Wayne(nicknamed "Mad Anthony" ) defeat Native American tribes of theWestern Confederacy.[2]
- August 21– British troops captureCorsicafollowing the bombardment byNelson.[4]
- August 29–Stonyhurst Collegeis finally established as a Roman Catholic school in Lancashire, England, having had several European locations.
- September 10– TheUniversity of Tennesseeis established atKnoxville.
- September 23– France occupiesAachen.[12]
- September 28–Austria,Britain andRussiaally against France.[4]
October–December
[edit]- October 2–Battle of AldenhovenbetweenFrenchforces and those ofAustria.
- October 4– In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle,George Washingtonarrives atCarlisle, Pennsylvaniato guide the U.S. Army's suppression of theWhiskey Rebellion.[13]The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month.
- October 10–Battle of Maciejowice:Forces of theRussian Empiredefeat Polish supporters of theKościuszko Uprising;Tadeusz Kościuszkois wounded and captured.
- October 22–Fort Waynefounded in what is now the U.S. state ofIndiana.
- November 4–Battle of Praga:Russian GeneralAlexander SuvorovstormsWarsawin the war against the PolishKościuszko Uprisingand captures Praga, one of its suburbs, unwittingly killing many civilians.
- November 14– The first recorded meeting of theFranklin Literary Societyis held at Canonsburg Academy (modern-dayWashington & Jefferson College).[14]
- November 16– TheKościuszko Uprisingends in the defeat ofTadeusz Kościuszkoand his forces.
- November 19– The United States and Great Britain sign theJay Treaty(coming into effect in 1796), which attempts to clear up some issues left over from theAmerican Revolutionary War[15]and secures a decade of peaceful trade between the two nations.[2]Britain agrees to evacuate border forts in theNorthwest Territory(roughly the area north of theOhio Riverand east of theMississippi) and thereby end British support for the Indians.
- November 20–Battle of St-Laurent-de-la-Mugafought between French and Spanish forces.
- December 8– TheGreat New Orleans Fire (1794)burns over 200 buildings in theFrench Quarter.
- December 23–St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleansis dedicated.
Date unknown
[edit]- TheAyrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry,aBritishYeomanryCavalryRegiment,is formed by theEarl of CassillisatCulzean Castle,Ayrshire.
- TheOban distilleryis built in Scotland.
Births
[edit]
- January 7–Eilhard Mitscherlich,German chemist (d.1863)
- February 8–Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge,German chemist (d.1867)
- February 11–Charlotta Eriksson,Swedish actor (d.1862)
- February 20–William Carleton,Irish novelist (d.1869)
- February 21–Antonio López de Santa Anna,Mexican general andPresident of Mexico(d.1876)
- March 5
- Robert Cooper Grier,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1870)
- Joseph Livesey,English temperance movement campaigner (d.1884)
- April 10–Matthew Calbraith Perry,American commodore (d.1858)
- April 11–Edward Everett,American politician (d.1865)
- May 17–Anna Brownell Jameson,British writer (d.1860)
- May 24–William Whewell,English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (d.1866)
- May 27–Cornelius Vanderbilt,American entrepreneur (d.1877)
- June 16–María Trinidad Sánchez,heroine of the Dominican War of Independence (d.1846)
- July 5–Sylvester Graham,American nutritionist, inventor (d.1851)
- July 7–Frances Stackhouse Acton,British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (d.1881)
- July 18–Feargus O'Connor,Irish political radical,Chartistleader (d.1855)
- July 28–Charles Longley,Archbishop of Canterbury(d.1868)
- August 8–Francesco Puccinotti,Italian pathologist (d.1872)
- September 24–Jeanne Villepreux-Power,Frenchmarine biologist(d.1871)
- November 3–William Cullen Bryant,American poet (d.1878)
- November 10–Robert Towns,merchant, founder of Townsville, Queensland, Australia (d.1873)
Date unknown
[edit]- Caroline Howard Gilman,American author (d.1888)
- Gustafva Lindskog,Swedish athlete (d.1851)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 4–Nicolas Luckner,Marshal of France (executed) (b.1722)
- January 6
- Pierre Bouchet,French physician (b.1752)
- Maurice d'Elbée,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1752)
- January 8–Justus Möser,German statesman (b.1720)
- January 11–Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich,English peeress (b.1717)
- January 16–Edward Gibbon,English historian (b.1737)
- January 17–Peniston Portlock Powney,English politician (b.1743)
- January 28–Henri de la Rochejaquelein,French Revolutionary leader (b.1772)
- January 31–Mariot Arbuthnot,British admiral (b.1711)
- February 10–Jacques Roux,French priest (b.1752)
- February 12–Mahadaji Shinde,Maratha emperor of India (1764–1794)
- March 24–Jacques Hébert,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1757)
- March 29–Marquis de Condorcet,French mathematician, philosopher and political scientist (died in prison) (b.1743)
- April 5
- Georges Danton,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1759)
- Camille Desmoulins,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1760)
- Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1759)
- Fabre d'Églantine,French dramatist, revolutionary (executed) (b.1750)
- François Joseph Westermann,French Revolutionary leader and general (executed) (b.1751)
- April 13
- Pierre Gaspard Chaumette,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1763)
- Lucile Duplessis,wife of Camille Desmoulins (executed) (b.1770)
- April 18–Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden,Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b.1714)
- April 23–Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes,French statesman (executed) (b.1721)
- April 27
- James Bruce,Scottish explorer (b.1730)
- Sir William Jones,British philologist (b.1746)
- May 8–Antoine Lavoisier,French chemist (executed) (b.1743)
- May 10–Élisabeth of France,French princess (executed) (b.1764)[16]
- May 17–Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 9th Baronet(b.1752)
- May 27–Mary Palmer,English writer (b.1716)
- June 14–Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford,Viceroy of Ireland (b.1718)
- June 17–Marguerite-Élie Guadet,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1753)
- June 18
- François Buzot,French Revolutionary leader (suicide) (b.1760)
- James Murray,British military officer, administrator (b.1721)
- June 19–Richard Henry Lee,12thPresident of the Continental Congress(b.1732)
- June 25–Jean-Olivier Briand,French-born Catholic bishop of Quebec (b.1715)
- June 27
- Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg,Austrian statesman (b.1711)
- Philippe de Noailles,French soldier (executed) (b.1715)
- Victor de Broglie,French soldier (executed) (b.1756)
- July 13–James Lind,British pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy (b.1716)
- July 17–John Roebuck,English inventor (b.1718)
- July 23–Alexandre de Beauharnais,French politician and general (executed) (b.1760)
- July 25
- André Chénier,French writer (executed) (b.1762)
- Joseph Frye,American general (b.1712)
- July 28
- Maximilien Robespierre,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1758)[17]
- Augustin Robespierre,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1763)
- Louis Antoine de Saint-Just,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1767)[18]
- Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette,French general (executed) (b.1753)
- François Hanriot,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1761)
- August 6–Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst,British politician (b.1714)
- August 14–Jacoba van den Brande,Dutch cultural personality (b.1735)
- August 17–Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach,politically active Electress of Bavaria (b.1721)
- September 1–Catherine Théot,French visionary (b.1716)
- September 4–John Hely-Hutchinson,Irish statesman (b.1724)
- September 15–Abraham Clark,American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b.1725)
- September 16–Hester Bateman,English silversmith (bap.1708)
- September 25–Paul Rabaut,French Huguenot pastor (b.1718)
- October 21
- Francis Light,founder of the British colony of Penang (b.1740)
- Antoine Petit,French physician (b.1722)
- November 3–François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis,French cardinal, statesman (b.1715)
- November 9–Thomas Walker,distinguished Virginia physician, explorer (b.1715)
- November 15
- Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach,German aristocrat (b.1724)
- John Witherspoon,American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b.1723)
- November 22
- John Alsop,American Continental Congressman (b.1724)
- Alison Cockburn,British poet (b.1712)
- November 28
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben,Prussian army officer (b.1730)
- Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet,English politician (b.1736)
- December 2–Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost,German physician (b.1715)
- December 12–Meshullam Feivush Heller,Austrian Hasidic author (b. c.1742)
- December 16–Jean-Baptiste Carrier,French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b.1756)
References
[edit]- ^"Flag of the United States".The Port Folio(July, 1818) p. 18.
- ^abcdefLossing, Benson John; Wilson, Woodrow, eds. (1910).Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909.Harper & Brothers. p. 170.
- ^Coleman, Helen Turnbull Waite (1956).Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College.University of Pittsburgh Press.p.204.OCLC2191890.
- ^abcdeEverett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1794".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale. Archived fromthe originalon August 22, 2007.RetrievedJune 5,2007.
- ^"Navy's Birthday".Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2015.
- ^The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny by Ian Davidson, p. xiv
- ^Constantine, David(2002).Fields of Fire.London: Phoenix Press. pp. 194–5.ISBN1842125818.
- ^Victor M. Uribe-Uran (March 15, 2000).Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780–1850.University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 40.ISBN978-0-8229-7732-2.
- ^Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001).The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the world's most popular drug.Psychology Press. pp. 92–3.ISBN978-0-415-92722-2.RetrievedMay 12,2015.
- ^Calestous Juma (2016).Innovation and Its Enemies: Why People Resist New Technologies.Oxford University Press. p. 62.ISBN978-0-19-046703-6.
- ^Dwyer, Philip (2015). "Napoleon, the Revolution and the Empire".The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution,p. 157. Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-963974-8.
- ^Christopher J. Kauffman (December 1, 1978).Tamers of Death: The history of the Alexian Brothers from 1789 to the present.Seabury Press. p. 23.ISBN9780816403875.
- ^Hogeland, William (2015).The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty.Simon and Schuster. p. 213.
- ^McClelland, W. C. (1903)."A History of Literary Societies at Washington & Jefferson College".The Centennial Celebration of the Chartering of Jefferson College in 1802.Philadelphia: George H. Buchanan and Company. pp. 111–132.
- ^Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1794".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale. Archived fromthe originalon August 22, 2007.RetrievedJune 5,2007.
- ^"Elizabeth Of France | princess of France".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedMay 19,2020.
- ^"BBC - History - Historic Figures: Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)".bbc.co.uk.RetrievedJune 17,2022.
- ^"Louis de Saint-Just | French revolutionary | Britannica".britannica.RetrievedJune 17,2022.