AFDL

Not to be confused with theAlliance of Democratic Forces,a political party in Ivory Coast, orAllied Democratic Forces,a militia group active in Uganda and the Congo.

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre
Leaders	Laurent-Désiré Kabila André Kisase Ngandu Anselme Masasu Nindaga Déogratias Bugera
Dates of operation	October 1996 – 17 May 1997
Motives	OverthrowMobutu Sese Sekoand establish ademocratic state
Active regions	Zaire
Allies	Uganda Rwanda Burundi Eritrea
Opponents	Zaire UNITA ALiR

TheAlliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire(ADFLC;French:Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre), also known by the French acronymAFDL,was a coalition ofRwandan,Ugandan,Burundian,andCongolesedissidents, disgruntled minority groups, and nations that toppledMobutu Sese Sekoand broughtLaurent-Désiré Kabilato power in theFirst Congo War.Although the group was successful in overthrowing Mobutu, the alliance fell apart after Kabila did not agree to be dictated by his foreign backers,RwandaandUganda,which marked the beginning of theSecond Congo Warin 1998.

Background

See also:Great Lakes refugee crisis

By the middle of 1996, the situation in easternZairewas simmering with tension. Following theRwandan genocidein 1994, hundreds of thousands of ethnicHutushad fled across the border into Zaire where they settled in largerefugeecamps. Many of those responsible for thegenocide,the formerRwandan Armed Forces(FAR) andinterahamwemilitia, used the anonymity offered by the camps to reorganize into the rebelRassemblement pour le Retour et la Démocratie au Rwanda(RDR). The RDR began to use the camps as bases to infiltrate back across the border and conduct aninsurgency.Despite protests by the newgovernment of Rwanda,the Zairian government and international organizations providing humanitarian aid to the camps were unwilling to remove the militants from the refugee population.

At the same time, the position of theBanyamulengeminority, ethnicTutsiswho had lived in Zaire for generations, was growing precarious. They had long been discriminated against for being relative newcomers to the region and having a different language and culture than neighboring tribes, part ofMobutu Sese Seko's strategy of encouraging a low level of internal discord in the country so an alliance would not form against him. The arrival of large numbers of Hutus, many of them militant Hutus who carried out attacks on Banyamulenge targets, had substantially upset what equilibrium existed. The Rwandan government also saw the Banyamulenge, as natural allies and had quietly armed and trained a substantial force in anticipation of what it felt to be an unstable situation.

Formation of the AFDL

On 7 October 1996, the vice-governor based in theKivutown ofBukavuproclaimed that the Banyamulenge were no longer welcome and would have to leave the country. In response, the Banyamulenge began an uprising against the local government, which was used as a pretext by the AFDL to start a war in Zaire, which was initially characterized as a tribal war quickly turned into something more. With support from the Rwandan government, the Banyamulenge managed to fend off an attack by theZairian Armed Forces.The rising tension between Rwanda and Zaire then led to an exchange of mortar fire overLake Kivubetween the two nations' armed forces. This violence involving the Banyamulenge in September–October 1996 is seen as the beginning of theFirst Congo War.

Seemingly out of nowhere,Laurent-Désiré Kabila,a formerMarxistrebel who had spent most of the previous decade selling gold inTanzania,appeared as head of his old rebel group, the Party of the Peoples' Revolution, which had been defunct. In a remarkably short period of time, Kabila found himself head of the new the AFDL, which also included the National Council of Resistance for Democracy (CNRD) led byAndré Kisase Ngandu,the Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Zaire (MRLZ) led byAnselme Masasu Nindaga,and the Democratic Alliance of the People (ADP) led byDéogratias Bugera,often known as "Douglas". On October 18, a North Kivu Tutsi,Déogratias Bugera,became the first general secretary of the organization.

There has been much speculation about foreign involvement in facilitating the creation of the AFDL. Most of it swirls around Rwandan PresidentPaul Kagameand Ugandan PresidentYoweri Museveni,both of whom knew Kabila very well. (Kabila had been introduced to Kagame and Museveni by MwalimuJulius Nyerere,president of Tanzania). After an initial period of denial, since 1997 both Rwanda and Uganda have openly acknowledged the role they played in the formation of the AFDL and its military success. Rwanda and Uganda quickly threw the weight of their support behind the AFDL and sent forces across the Zairian border.Burundi,Angola,the rebels of southern Sudan, and the security forces of the province ofKatanga,all of which had long-standing grievances with the Mobutu government, especially his sponsoring of foreign rebel groups to destabilize neighboring countries, also proved to be important backers of the AFDL.

The course of the war

Further information:First Congo War

One of the first actions of the AFDL after it began to capture towns along the Zairian border was the dispersal of the large Hutu refugee camps that were offering safe haven to manyRDRmilitants, an act humanitarian and human rights organizations fiercely criticized. As each camp was destroyed, the refugees fled to the next, creating camps with massive populations. One camp at Mugungu, north ofLake Kivu,reached 500,000 inhabitants, which is completely unmanageable by humanitarian organizations. However, in fierce fighting in mid-November the Zairian government forces and RDR were either destroyed or forced out of the provinces ofNorthandSouth Kivu.The Hutu refugees then split, about 800,000 fleeing back into Rwanda and several hundred thousand moving west into the Zairian jungles where many died of starvation and exposure to the elements or fell victim to attacks by various armed parties. TheRwandan Defence Forcesand the AFDL carried out mass atrocities during the war, with tens of thousands of Rwandan Hutu refugees going missing.

While Kabila, due to his international contacts and ability to speak multiple languages, was clearly the AFDL spokesperson, there was some question about who was the ultimate leader. André Kisase Ngandu, an elder insurgent with revolutionary credentials, was the president of the AFDL's military wing, the National Resistance Council (CNRD), and apparently expressed opposition to the massacre of Hutu refugees in Congolese camps. This internal tension between the two men was resolved on 4 January 1997, when Ngandu was assassinated in North Kivu by Rwandan Tutsi soldiers, allegedly at the instigation of Kabila and/or Rwandan President Paul Kagame.Kabila thereafter appointed himself president of the CNRD as well as retaining his position as spokesperson and head of the political wing.

Once the Kivus were secured, the remainder of the First Congo War consisted for the most part of the AFDL and its allies walking and driving across Zaire to the capital,Kinshasa.The population proved to have a deep antipathy towardsMobutu Sese Sekoafter decades of corruption and despotism. Most of the demoralized soldiers in the national army either joined the AFDL or deserted. Men from villages and towns throughout Zaire spontaneously joined the AFDL's advance. The AFDL was only slowed down by the country's decrepit infrastructure. In several parts of the country, no paved roads existed; the only links to the outside world were irregularly used dirt paths.

On 16 May 1997, after seven months of rebellion and the failure of peace talks, Mobutu fled the country. The AFDL marched into Kinshasa a day later. Kabila declared himselfpresidentand renamed the country to theDemocratic Republic of the Congo(DRC). The AFDL then became the new national armed forces.

See also

• Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Kinsangani battle (1997)

Bibliography

• Plaut, Martin (2016).Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State.Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN9780190669591.

External links

• What Kabila is Hiding: Civilian Killings and Impunity in Congo,Report by Human Rights Watch, October 1997
• Congo backgrounder by Socialism Today– left wing perspective