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AIPAC

Coordinates:38°54′02″N77°00′53″W/ 38.9004676°N 77.0146576°W/38.9004676; -77.0146576
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American Israel Public Affairs Committee
FoundedJanuary 3, 1963;61 years ago(1963-01-03)[1]
53-0217164[2]
Legal status501(c)(4)organization
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.,U.S.[2]
Coordinates38°54′02″N77°00′53″W/ 38.9004676°N 77.0146576°W/38.9004676; -77.0146576
Betsy Berns Korn
Mort Fridman
Howard Kohr[2]
Subsidiaries251 Massachusetts Avenue LLC,
American Israel Educational Foundation,
AIPAC-AIEF Israel RA[2]
Revenue(2014)
$77,709,827[2]
Expenses(2014)$69,267,598[2]
Endowment$258,533[2]
Employees(2013)
396[2]
Volunteers(2013)
60[2]
Websiteaipac.org
American Israel Education Foundation
Founded1990
52-1623781
Legal status501(c)(3)organization
Revenue(2014)
$55,234,555
Expenses(2014)$50,266,476
Endowment$24,527,692
Employees(2013)
0
Volunteers(2013)
39
American Israel Public Affairs Committee Political Action Committee
Founded2021
Registration no.C00797670
Legal statusPolitical Action Committee
Location
  • Washington, DC
Treasurer
Justin Phillips
Federal Election Commission[3]

TheAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee(AIPAC/ˈeɪpæk/AY-pak) is a pro-Israellobbying groupthat advocates its policies to the legislative and executive branches of the United States.[4]One of severalpro-Israel lobbying organizations in the country,[5]it has been called one of the most powerful lobbying groups.[6]

AIPAC was founded in 1954 byIsaiah L. Kenen,a lobbyist for the Israeli government,[7][8]partly to counter negative international reactions to Israel'sQibya massacreof Palestinian villagers that year.[9]AIPAC only became a powerful organization during its peak influence in the 1980s.[10]In 2002, AIPAC expressed intent to lobby Congress toauthorize use of force in Iraq,[11]and in 2003, theIraq Warwas defended at AIPAC events.[12][13][14]In 2005, aPentagonanalyst pleaded guilty to espionage charges of passingU.S. governmentsecrets to senior AIPAC officials, in what became known as theAIPAC espionage scandal.[15]

Until 2021, AIPAC did not raise funds for political candidates itself; its members raised money for candidates throughpolitical action committeesunaffiliated with AIPAC and by other means.[16]In late 2021, AIPAC formed its own political action committee. It also announced plans for aSuper PAC,which can spend money on behalf of candidates.[3][17][18]Its critics have stated it acts as an agent of theIsraeli governmentwith a "stranglehold" on theUnited States Congresswith its power and influence.[19]AIPAC has been accused of being strongly allied with theLikudparty of Israel, and theRepublican Partyin the U.S. An AIPAC spokesman has called this a "malicious mischaracterization".[16][20]

AIPAC describes itself as a bipartisan organization,[21]and the bills for which it lobbies in Congress are always jointly sponsored by both a Democrat and Republican.[22]AIPAC states that it has over 3 million members,[23]17 regional offices, and "a vast pool of donors".[16]AIPAC's supporters claim its bipartisan nature can be seen at its yearly policy conference, which in 2016 included both major parties' nominees: DemocratHillary Clintonand RepublicanDonald Trump.[24][25]AIPAC has been criticized as being unrepresentative of American Jews who support Israel, and supportive only of right-wing Israeli policy and viewpoints.[26]

History

Formation (1953–1970s)

Journalist and lawyerIsaiah L. Kenenfounded the American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs (AZCPA) as a lobbying division of theAmerican Zionist Council(AZC), and they split in 1954.[9]Kenen, a lobbyist for the Israeli government,[8]had at earlier times worked for theIsraeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.As a lobbyist, Kenen diverged from AZC's usual public relations efforts by trying to broaden support for Israel among traditionally non-Zionist groups. The founding of the new organization was in part a response to the negative international reaction to the October 1953Qibya massacre,in which Israeli troops underAriel Sharonkilled at least sixty-nine Palestinian villagers, two-thirds of them women and children.[9]As the Eisenhower administration suspected the AZC of being funded by the government of Israel, it was decided that the lobbying efforts should be separated into a separate organization with separate finances.[9]

In 1959, AZCPA was renamed the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee, reflecting a broader membership and mission.[27][10]Kenen led the organization until his retirement in 1974, when he was succeeded byMorris J. Amitay.[28]According to commentatorM.J. Rosenberg,Kenen was "an old-fashioned liberal," who did not seek to win support by donating to campaigns or otherwise influencing elections, but was willing to "play with the hand that is dealt to us."[29]

Rise (1970s to 1980s)

By the 1970s, theConference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizationsand AIPAC had assumed overall responsibility for Israel-related lobbying within theJewish communal landscape.The Conference of Presidents was responsible for speaking to theExecutive Branchof the U.S. government, while AIPAC dealt mainly with theLegislative Branch.Although it had worked effectively behind the scenes since its founding in 1953, AIPAC only became a powerful organization in the 15 years after theYom Kippur Warin 1973.[10]

By the mid-70s, AIPAC had achieved the financial and political clout necessary to sway congressional opinion, according to historianMichael Oren.[30]During this period, AIPAC's budget soared from $300,000 in 1973 to over $7 million during its peak years of influence in the late 1980s. Whereas Kenen had come out of theZionist movement,with early staff pulled from the longtime activists among the Jewish community, AIPAC had evolved into a prototypical Washington-based lobbying and consulting firm. Leaders and staffers were recruited from legislative staff and lobbyists with direct experience with the federal bureaucracy.[10]Confronted with opposition from both houses of Congress,United States PresidentGerald Fordrescinded his 'reassessment.' "[30]George Lenczowskinotes a similar, mid-1970s timeframe for the rise of AIPAC power: "It [theJimmy Carterpresidency] also coincides with the militant emergence of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as a major force in shaping American policy toward the Middle East. "[31]

In 1980,Thomas Dinebecame the executive director of AIPAC, and developed its grassroots campaign. By the late 1980s, AIPAC's board of directors was "dominated" by four successful businessmen—Mayer (Bubba) Mitchell, Edward Levy, Robert Asher, andLarry Weinberg.[32]

AIPAC scored two major victories in the early 1980s that established its image among political candidates as an organization "not to be trifled with" and set the pace for "a staunchly pro-Israel" Congress over the next three decades.[33]In 1982, activists affiliated with AIPAC inSkokie, Illinois,backedRichard J. Durbinto oust U.S. RepresentativePaul Findley(R-Illinois), who had shown enthusiasm forPLOleaderYasir Arafat.In 1984, SenatorCharles H. Percy(R-Illinois), then-chairman of theSenate Foreign Relations Committeeand a supporter of a deal to allowSaudi Arabiato buy sophisticatedairborne early warning and control(AWAC) military planes was defeated by DemocratPaul Simon.Simon was asked by Robert Asher, an AIPAC board member in Chicago, to run against Percy.[33]

Contemporary period (Post-1980s)

In 2005, Lawrence Franklin, aPentagonanalyst pleaded guilty to espionage charges of passingU.S. governmentsecrets to AIPAC policy directorSteve J. Rosenand AIPAC seniorIrananalyst Keith Weissman, in what is known as theAIPAC espionage scandal.Rosen and Weissman were later fired by AIPAC.[15]In 2009, charges against the former AIPAC employees were dropped.[34]

In February 2019, freshman U.S. RepresentativeIlhan Omar(D-Minnesota), one of the first twoMuslimwomen (along withRashida Tlaib) to serve in Congress, tweeted that House Minority LeaderKevin McCarthy's (R-California) support for Israel was “all about the Benjamins” (i.e. aboutthe money).[35]The next day, she clarified that she meant AIPAC.[36]Omar later apologized but also made another statement attacking "political influence in this country that says it is okay to push for allegiance to a foreign country.” The statements aroused anger among AIPAC supporters, but also vocal support among the progressive wing of the Democratic Party and "revived a fraught debate" in American politics over whether AIPAC has too much influence over American policy in the Middle East,[33]while highlighting the deterioration of some relationships between progressive Democrats and pro-Israel organizations.[36]On March 6, 2019, the Democratic leadership put forth a resolution on theHousefloor condemning anti-Semitism, which was broadened to condemn bigotry against a wide variety of groups before it passed on March 7.[37][38]

In August 2024, AIPAC's headquarters in Washington DC were vandalized by anti-Israel activists.[39][40]

Aims, activities, size, and successes

AIPAC's stated purpose is to lobby theCongress of the United Stateson issues and legislation related to Israel. AIPAC regularly meets with members of Congress and holds events where it can share its views.

Size

As of early 2019, AIPAC had 17 regional and satellite offices and a new headquarters onK Streetin Washington, D.C.[33]AIPAC spent $3.5 million on lobbying in 2018, a relatively large sum in the realm of foreign policy (more than 10 timesJ Street's lobbying expenditure),[36]but less than many industry lobby groups, according toOpenSecrets,with the top 15 such groups in the US all spending over $15 million.[41]It has also been noted that, simple dollar value comparisons aside, AIPAC has "a somewhat unique model" that often begins donating early in careers of politicians with "long-term promise".[41]AIPAC also commits to spending on a variety of "less formal means of influence-peddling", such as luxury flights and accommodation for congress members,[36]and surreptitiously channels millions through groups such as theUnited Democracy Project.[42]

Generating support among policymakers

US Secretary of StateMike Pompeospeaks at the AIPAC 2020 Policy Conference.

Thomas Dinedeveloped a network to reach every member of congress. American Jews, the "vital core" of AIPAC membership,[43]made up less than 3% of the U.S. population and was concentrated in only nine states.[44]Today, thousands of AIPAC supporters gather at AIPAC's annual Policy Conference in Washington, D.C. every year. Donors and VIPs are invited to the Leadership Reception on the final night of the conference, which hosts hundreds of members of Congress.[45]

AIPAC has created "caucuses" in everycongressional district,with AIPAC staffers organizing every district's Jewish community, regardless of size. Campaign contributions were bundled and distributed to candidates in congressional districts and where they would do some good. According to journalist Connie Bruck, by the end of the 1980s, there were "dozens" of political action committees with no formal relation to AIPAC, but whose leader was often an AIPAC member.[44]The Wall Street Journalreports that in 1987 at least 51 of 80 pro-Israel PACs were operated by AIPAC officials.[46][47]Some committees that "operate independently" of AIPAC but "whose missions and membership align" with it include the Florida Congressional Committee, NORPAC inNew Jersey,To Protect Our Heritage PAC nearChicago,and theMarylandAssociation for Concerned Citizens nearBaltimore.[33]

The Washington Poststates that "its Web site, which details how members of Congress voted on AIPAC's key issues, and theAIPAC Insider,a glossy periodical that handicaps close political races, are scrutinized by thousands of potential donors. Pro-Israel interests have contributed $56.8 million in individual, group, andsoft moneydonations to federal candidates and party committees since 1990, according to the non-partisanOpenSecrets.Between the 2000 and the 2004 elections, the 50 members of AIPAC's board donated an average of $72,000 each to campaigns and political action committees. "[13]According to Dine, in the 1980s and 1990s contributions from AIPAC members often constituted "roughly 10 to 15% of a typical congressional campaign budget."[16]

AIPAC influences lawmakers in other ways by:

  • matching an AIPAC member with shared interests to a member of Congress.[48]Sheryl Gay Stolberg calls the system of "key contacts" AIPAC's "secret" and quotes activist Tom Dine as saying that AIPAC's office can call on "five to 15" key contacts for every senator including "standoffish" ones.[33]
  • carefully curated trips to Israel for legislators and other opinion-makers, all-expenses-paid for by AIPAC's charitable arm, the American Israel Education Foundation.[49]In 2005 alone, more than 100 members of Congress visited Israel, some multiple times.[50]
  • cultivating student leaders such as student body presidents.[51]At colleges, it provides "political leadership training" to undergraduate student groups. This is an effort to "build a stronger pro-Israel movement among students on and off campuses nationwide."[52]
  • sympathy for Israel among the general public.[53]

AIPAC has supported loyal incumbents (such as SenatorLowell P. Weicker Jr.,R-Connecticut) even when opposed by Jewish candidates, and the organization has worked to unseat pro-Palestinian incumbents (such as RepresentativePaul Findley) or candidates perceived to be unsympathetic to Israel (SenatorCharles H. Percy).[16]However, a Jewish member of Congress, RepresentativeJan Schakowsky(D-Illinois), who had maintained good relations with AIPAC and had been given campaign contributions by its members, was opposed by the group in her 2010 reelection campaign after she was endorsed by the advocacy groupJ Street.[16]

According to former RepresentativeBrian Baird(D-Washington), "Any member of Congress knows that AIPAC is associated indirectly with significant amounts of campaign spending if you're with them, and significant amounts against you if you're not with them." "AIPAC-connected money" amounted to about $200,000 in each of his campaigns for office— "and that's two hundred thousand going your way, versus the other way: a four-hundred-thousand-dollar swing."[54]AIPAC-directed campaign contributions—as with many interest groups—came with considerable "tactical input". AIPAC staffers told Baird and other lawmakers, "No, we don't say it that way, we say it this way." Baird complained, "There's a whole complex semantic code you learn.... After a while, you find yourself saying and repeating it as if it were fact."[16]

Goals

AIPAC strongly supports substantialU.S. aid to Israel.In March 2009, AIPAC executive director Howard Kohr appeared before theHouse Committee on Appropriations'Foreign Operations subcommitteeand requested that Israel receive $2.775 billion in military aid in fiscal year 2010, as called for in the 2007Memorandum of Understandingbetween the U.S. and Israel that allocates $30 billion in aid for Israel over 10 years. Kohr stated that "American assistance to Israel serves vital U.S. national security interests and advances critical U.S. foreign policy goals." The military hardware Israel must purchase to face the increased threat of terrorism and Islamist radicalism is increasingly expensive due to the recent spike in petroleum prices which have enabled countries such as Iran to augment their military budgets, according to Kohr.[52][55]

The Iraq War

The day afterGeorge W. Bushaddressed theUnited Nations General Assemblyto call foraction against Iraq,AIPAC said to theJewish Telegraphic Agencythat "[i]f the president asks Congress to support action in Iraq, AIPAC would lobby members of Congress to support him."[11]John Judiswrote inThe New Republicthat although AIPAC lobbying was not widely reported to prevent Arab states from connecting Bush's war plans to Israel, executive director Kohr called"'quietly' lobbying Congress toapprove the use of force in Iraq"one of AIPAC's successes at a January 2003 AIPAC meeting. AIPAC spokesman Josh Block toldThe New Republicthat AIPAC did no lobbying and that Kohr was misquoted.[56]In articles forThe Washington Post,bothDana MilbankandGlenn Frankelnoted that while AIPAC, like the Israeli government, officially had no position on the merits of going to war with Iraq, Bush administration officials were applauded at AIPAC events for defending theIraq War.[12][13]Jeffrey Goldbergreported inThe New Yorkerthat AIPAC had lobbied Congress in favor of the war, but that Iraq was not one of its chief concerns.[57]J. The Jewish News of Northern Californiaexplained that while AIPAC never explicitly supported or lobbied for the Iraq War, some in the pro-Israel community had seen the war as aligning the United States and Israel against Arab and Muslim radicalism. However, by the time of the 2007 AIPAC annual policy conference, continuing violence in Iraq had undermined that view, and at a conference session, the war was blamed for an increase in global terrorism.[14]

Policy towards Iran

AIPAC's official position on Iran is to encourage a strong diplomatic and economic response coordinated among theUnited States government,its European allies, Russia, and China.[13]

In 2012, AIPAC called for "crippling" sanctions on Iran in a letter to every member of Congress.[58]In line with this approach, AIPAC has lobbied to levy economicembargoesand increasesanctionson Iran (known as the Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013).[4]However, according toThe New York Times,its effort "stalled after stiff resistance from President Obama."[59][60]

Onagricultureand agricultural trade AIPAC lobbies for greater cooperation between the two countries.[61]AIPAC considers agriculture to be a key economic sector for economic cooperation between them.[61]

Successes

AIPAC has been compared to firearms, banking, defense, and energy lobbies as "long" being "a feature of politics in Washington." Its promotional literature notes that the Leadership Reception during its annual Policy Conference "will be attended by more members of Congress than almost any other event, except for a joint session of Congress or a State of the Union address."[62] The New York Timeshas described AIPAC as "a major force in shaping United States policy in the Middle East"[63]that is able to push numerous bills through Congress. "Typically," these "pass by unanimous votes."[59]

AHouse of Representativesresolution condemning theUN Goldstone Reporton human rights violations by Israel in Gaza, for example, passed 344–36 in 2009.[64][65]

In 1997,Fortunemagazine named AIPAC the second-most powerful influence group in Washington, D.C.[66]

AIPAC advises members of Congress about the issues that face today's Middle East, including the dangers of extremism and terrorism. It was an early supporter of the Counter-Terrorism Act of 1995, which resulted in increased FBI resources being committed to fight terrorism.[67]

AIPAC also lobbies for financial aid from the United States to Israel, helping to procure up to $3 billion in aid yearly, making Israel "the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II."[68]According to theCongressional Research Service(CRS), these include providing aid "as all grant cash transfers, not designated for particular projects, and...transferred as a lump sum in the first month of the fiscal year, instead of in periodic increments. Israel is allowed to spend about one quarter of the military aid for the procurement in Israel of defense articles and services, including research and development, rather than in the United States."[69]

Policy Conference

Donald Trumpspeaking at the 2016 AIPAC Policy Conference

2016

In 2016, nearly 20,000 delegates attended the AIPAC Policy Conference; approximately 4,000 of those delegates were American students.[70]For the first time in AIPAC's history, the general sessions of Policy Conference were held inWashington, D.C.'sVerizon Centerin order to accommodate the large number of delegates. Keynote speakers included Vice PresidentJoe Biden,former Secretary of StateHillary Clinton,Republican presidential candidateDonald Trump,GovernorJohn Kasich,SenatorTed Cruz,and SpeakerPaul Ryan.Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu,who has spoken at AIPAC before in person, addressed Policy Conference via satellite on the final day of the conference. SenatorBernie Sanderschose not to attend the conference.[71]

Prominent officers and supporters

Howard Kohr has been the CEO of AIPAC since 1996, nearly half of its existence, serving with most of its presidents.[72]

Presidents

AIPAC presidents
President Date range Short bio
Robert Asher 1962–1964 Lighting-fixtures dealer in Chicago
Larry Weinberg 1976–1982[73] Real-estate broker in Los Angeles and a former owner of thePortland Trail Blazers
Edward Levy Jr. Ended 1988[74] Building-supplies executive in Detroit
Mayer "Bubba" Mitchell 1990–1992[75] Real estate developer in Mobile, Alabama
David Steiner Resigned 1992[76] Construction and real estate executive
Steven Grossman 1992–1996[77] Communications executive and Democratic Party chairman
Melvin Dow Started 1996[78] Houston attorney
Lonny Kaplan 1998–2000[79] New Jersey insurance executive
Tim Wuliger Ended 2001[80] Cleveland investor
Amy Friedkin 2002–2004[81][82] San Francisco, active in grassroots Jewish organisations.
Bernice Manocherian 2004–2006[82]
Howard Friedman 2006–2010[83]
Lillian Pinkus Started 2016[82]
Betsy Berns Korn 2020–present[84][85] Former AIPAC vice president and formerNFLemployee

Supporters

AIPAC has a wide base of supporters both in and outside of Congress.

  • Support among congressional members includes a majority of members of both theDemocraticandRepublicanParties. According to AIPAC, the annual Policy Conference is second only to theState of the Unionaddress for the number of Federal officials in attendance at an organized event.[86][87]

American Israel Education Foundation

The American Israel Education Foundation is a sister organization of AIPAC,[88]that handles educational work, rather than lobbying. It is a501(c)(3)non-profit educational organization that conducts educational programs, including educational trips toIsraelfor members of theU.S. Congressand other American politicians.[89][90]

AIEF trips for members of Congress occur every two years, becoming "the top spender on congressional travel" in those years.[91]In August 2019, the foundation sponsored week-long trips with 72 members of Congress: 41 Democrats and 31 Republicans.[92]They traveled toIsraeland theWest Bankand visited with Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin NetanyahuandPalestinian AuthorityPresidentMahmoud Abbas.[93][94]Other educational activities include regular seminars for congressional staff.[95]

Critics alleges that these trips are propaganda rather than education and do not tell thePalestinian"side of the story,"[96]and that they violate ethics rules prohibiting lobbying groups from gifting personal travel to congresspersons.[97]

Political Action Committee

Until 2021 AIPAC did not raise funds for political candidates itself, but its members raise money for candidates throughpolitical action committeesunaffiliated with AIPAC and by other means.[16]In late 2021, AIPAC formed its own political action committee. It also announced plans for aSuper-PAC,which can spend money on behalf of candidates.[3][17][18][98]In a letter explaining the move, Betsy Berns Korn, AIPAC president, said: "The DC political environment has been undergoing profound change. Hyperpartisanship, high congressional turnover and the exponential growth in the cost of campaigns now dominate the landscape."[98]Dov Waxman, director of the UCLA Y&S Nazarian Center for Israel Studies, said: "Although for decades AIPAC has had informal ties with pro-Israel PACs, it has always refrained from forming its own PAC." He added: "I think its decision to establish its own PAC and super PAC is based on the recognition that campaign funding is a crucial means of exerting political influence in Congress, and that AIPAC now needs this tool in order to maintain its influence in Congress."[18]

Former AIPAC executive directorTom Dineand legislative director Douglas Bloomfield criticized the move, saying it could call the organization's neutrality into question.[99]

In March 2022, the PAC released its first endorsements of 130 candidates for the House of Representatives and the Senate.[100][101]The list included 37 Congresspersons of theSedition Caucuswho had voted to overturn the 2020 election of Joe Biden.[102]The endorsement drew criticism from a variety of sources. Former U.S. ambassador to IsraelDaniel C. Kurtzersaid it was "very disappointing that AIPAC has turned a blind eye to the damage that these people have done to our democracy. Their support of Israel cannot ever trump that damage." Conservative pro-Israel columnistJennifer Rubincalled it "truly horrifying".[103]

AIPAC's push into the political campaign support comes amid the erosion of bipartisan support for Israel in the US, with opinion polls showing growing criticism for the state among younger Democrats, including American Jews, the breaking of the taboo on comparisons between Israel's treatment of Palestinians and apartheid South Africa, and rising support for the Boycott, Sanctions and Divest (BDS) movement.[42]

United Democracy Project spending

In May 2022, it was also revealed that AIPAC has been spending millions, channeled through surrogate group, the United Democracy Project (UDP), which makes no mention of its creation by AIPAC, to defeat progressive Democrats and particularly female candidates who might potentially align with "the Squad"of progressive Congress members made up ofAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez,Ilhan OmarandRashida Tlaib.[42]

The UDP spent $2.3m in opposition toSummer Leein the Pennsylvania Democratic congressional primary race in Pennsylvania. Lee has supported setting conditions for US aid to Israel and accused the country of atrocities in Gaza, comparing Israeli actions to the treatment of young black men in the U.S.[42]The UDP also spent $2m in a North Carolina senate primary to support the incumbent Valeria Foushee againstNida Allam,the first Muslim American woman to hold elected office in North Carolina and the political director for the 2016 presidential campaign ofBernie Sanders.Both candidates are endorsed by the squad.[42]UDP spent an estimated $280,000 to support incumbentOhio's 11th Congressional DistrictincumbentShontel Brownover her primary challenger, progressiveNina Turner.[104][105]

The UDP spent a further $1.2m to help the Democratic congressman for Texas,Henry Cuellar,face off a challenge fromJessica Cisneros,a 28-year-old immigration lawyer also endorsed by the Squad.[42]AfterAmnesty InternationalandHuman Rights Watchreleased a report accusing Israel of imposing apartheid, Cuellar said "[t]hese inaccuracies incite antisemitic behavior" and decried what he called "dangerous effects of falsified name-calling."[42][106]

AIPAC veteran Darius Jones founded the "National Black Empowerment Fund" (NBEAF), which contributed money to defeat pro-Palestinian black candidates likeJamaal Bowman,[107]and Cori Bush.[108]NBEAF is lead by Richard St. Paul, a member of AIPAC’s National Council. Some black organizations argue NBEAF advocates for Israel, not black people.[109]

J Streetspokesperson Logan Bayroff, has called AIPAC "a Republican front organisation", a fact that he said they are obfuscating while "trying to persuade Democratic voters who they should support". He added: "The United Democracy Project sounds innocuous... but the reason that they’re aligning with certain candidates is because they are more aligned with their more hawkish positions on Israel".[42]

In mid-March 2024, with reports of AIPAC and UDP planning to spend $100M to primary incumbent progressive House Democrats, opponents formed theReject AIPAC coalition"to protect democracy & Palestinian rights".[110][111]Founding members include:Democratic Socialists of America (DSA),Gen-Z for Change,IfNotNow,Justice Democrats,National Iranian American Council,Our Revolution,Progressive Democrats of America (PDA),RootsAction,Sunrise Movement,Working Families Party.[112][113]

Controversy and criticism

Criticism

One critic, former CongressmanBrian Baird,who "had admired Israel since I was a kid," but became alienated from AIPAC, argued that "When key votes are cast, the question on the House floor, troublingly, is often not, 'What is the right thing to do for the United States of America?', but 'How is AIPAC going to score this?'" He cited a 2009 House resolution he opposed condemning theGoldstone Reporton civilian deaths. "When we had the vote, I said, 'We have member after member coming to the floor to vote on a resolution they've never read, about a report they've never seen, in a place they've never been.'"[16] Baird worries that AIPAC members and supporters believe that they're "supporting Israel" when they are "actually backing policies" such as the killing of civilians in Gaza, "that are antithetical to its highest values and, ultimately, destructive for the country."[16]

A criticism of AIPAC's proposal for tougher sanctions onIranis that the primary incentiveP5+1negotiators can give Iran to stop its nuclear program is reduction in thesanctionsthat have harmed Iran's economy. By imposing even harsher sanctions on Iran, AIPAC takes this chip away. According to a "senior" Obama Administration official, the administration told AIPAC leadership that its tougher sanctions on Iran "would blow up the negotiations—the Iranians would walk away from the table." The official asked them, "Why do you know better than we do what strengthens our hand? Nobody involved in the diplomacy thinks that."[29]A former congressional staffer complained to journalist Connie Bruck, "What was striking was how strident the message was," from AIPAC."'How could you not pass a resolution that tells the President what the outcome of the negotiations has to be?'"[114]

Protesters at AIPAC conference inWashington, D.C.,May 2005

AIPAC has been criticized as being unrepresentative of American Jews who support Israel, and supportive only of right-wing Israeli policy and viewpoints.[26]A PEW center poll found that only 38% of American Jews believe that the Israeli government is sincerely pursuing peace; 44% believe that the construction of new settlements damages Israel's national security.[115][116]

Among the best-known critical works about AIPAC isThe Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy,byUniversity of ChicagoprofessorJohn MearsheimerandHarvard Kennedy SchoolprofessorStephen Walt.In the working paper and resulting book, they accuse AIPAC of being "the most powerful and best known" component of a larger pro-Israel lobby that distorts American foreign policy. They write:[117]

[AIPAC's] success is due to its ability to reward legislators and congressional candidates who support its agenda, and to punish those who challenge it.... AIPAC makes sure that its friends get strong financial support from the many pro-Israelpolitical action committees.Anyone who is seen as hostile to Israel can be sure that AIPAC will direct campaign contributions to his or her political opponents.... The bottom line is that AIPAC, ade factoagent for a foreign government, has a stranglehold on Congress, with the result that US policy towards Israel is not debated there, even though that policy has important consequences for the entire world.

AIPAC has also been the subject of criticism by prominent politicians including DemocratsJ. William Fulbright,[118]Dave Obey[119]andMike Gravel,[120]as well as RepublicansJohn Hostettler[121]andThomas Massie.[122]

Democratic CongressmanJim MoranfromNorthern Virginiahas been a vocal critic of AIPAC, causing national controversy in 2007 and drawing criticism from many Jewish groups after he told California Jewish magazineTikkunthat AIPAC had been "pushing the [Iraq War] from the beginning," and that, "I don't think they represent the mainstream of American Jewish thinking at all, but because they are so well organized, and their members are extraordinarily powerful—most of them are quite wealthy—they have been able to exert power."[123][124]AIPAC's membership has been described as "overwhelmingly Democratic" by one conservative columnist (Jennifer Rubin).[125]

In 2020, Democratic CongresswomanBetty McCollumaccused AIPAC ofhate speechand said the group is ahate group.[126][127]

In 2020, SenatorBernie Sanderssaid AIPAC provides a platform forbigotryand said he will not attend their conference.[126]In 2023 (February 19), onCBSFace the Nation,Sanders said that AIPAC, formerly bipartisan, had evolved towards attempting to "destroy" theAmerican progressive movement.[128]

In August 2022, AIPAC tweeted that "George Soroshas a long history of backing anti-Israel groups...Now he’s giving $1 million to help @jstreetdotorg support anti-Israel candidates and attack pro-Israel Democrats. AIPAC works to strengthen pro-Israel mainstream Democrats. J Street & Soros work to undermine them. "In response to the tweet, the left-wing Jewish organizationIfNotNowdenounced AIPAC for antisemitism, tweeting that "AIPAC is the antisemitic far right...They are not a Jewish org, nor claim to be one."[129][130]

Controversies

FormerSenatorWilliam Fulbright,in the 1970s, and former seniorCIAofficialVictor Marchetti,in the 1980s, contended that AIPAC should have registered under theForeign Agents Registration Act(FARA).[131]FARA requires those who receive funds or act on behalf of a foreign government to register as a foreign agent. However, AIPAC states that the organization is a registered American lobbying group, funded by private donations, and maintains it receives "no financial assistance" from Israel or any other foreign group.[132]

In 2006,RepresentativeBetty McCollum(DFL) ofMinnesotademanded an apology from AIPAC, claiming an AIPAC representative had described her vote against the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006 as "support for terrorists." McCollum stated that AIPAC representatives would not be allowed in her office until she received a written apology for the comment.[133]AIPAC disputed McCollum's claim, and McCollum has since declared the incident over.[134]

Steiner resignation

In 1992, AIPAC presidentDavid Steinerwas forced to resign after he was recorded boasting about his political influence in obtaining aid for Israel. Steiner also claimed that he had "met with (then BushU.S. Secretary of State)Jim Bakerand I cut a deal with him. I got, besides the $3 billion, you know they're looking for the Jewish votes, and I'll tell him whatever he wants to hear... Besides the $10 billion in loan guarantees which was a fabulous thing, $3 billion in foreign, in military aid, and I got almost a billion dollars in other goodies that people don't even know about. "[135]Steiner also claimed to be "negotiating" with the incomingClintonadministration over who Clinton would appoint asSecretary of Stateand Secretary of theNational Security Agency.Steiner stated that AIPAC had "a dozen people in [the Clinton] campaign, in the headquarters... in Little Rock, and they're all going to get big jobs."[135]

New York real estate developer Haim Katz toldThe Washington Timesthat he taped the conversation because "as someone Jewish, I am concerned when a small group has a disproportionate power. I think that hurts everyone, including Jews. If David Steiner wants to talk about the incredible, disproportionate clout AIPAC has, the public should know about it."[136]

Spying allegations

Main articles:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandalandUnited States v. Franklin

In April 2005, AIPAC policy directorSteven Rosenand AIPAC senior Iran analystKeith Weissmanwere fired by AIPAC amid anFBIinvestigation into whether they passed classified U.S. information received fromLawrence Franklinon to the government of Israel. They were later indicted for illegally conspiring to gather and disclose classified national security information to Israel.[137][138]AIPAC agreed to pay the legal fees for Weissman's defense through appeal if necessary.[139]

In May 2005, theJustice Departmentannounced thatLawrence Anthony Franklin,a U.S. Air Force Reserves colonel working as a Department of Defense analyst at the Pentagon in the office ofDouglas Feith,had been arrested and charged by the FBI with providing classified national defense information to Israel. The six-count criminal complaint identified AIPAC by name and described a luncheon meeting in which, allegedly, Franklin disclosed top-secret information to two AIPAC officials.[140][141]

Franklin pleaded guilty to passing government secrets to Rosen and Weissman and revealed for the first time that he also gave classified information directly to an Israeli government official in Washington. On January 20, 2006, he was sentenced to 151 months (almost 13 years) in prison and fined $10,000. As part of the plea agreement, Franklin agreed to cooperate in the larger federal investigation. All charges against the former AIPAC employees were dropped in 2009.[142]

Support for 2020 election deniers

After the formation of its firstpolitical action committee(PAC) in early March 2022, AIPAC was criticized for backing the election campaigns of 37 Republican members of Congress who voted against certifying Biden's2020 U.S. presidential electionvictory after the2021 United States Capitol attack.[143][144][145]

The endorsement of the politicians was described as "morally bankrupt and short-sighted" byRichard Haass,president of theCouncil on Foreign Relations,whileAbe Foxman,former head of theAnti-Defamation League,called it a "sad mistake", andDan Kurtzer,a former U.S. ambassador to Israel, urged AIPAC to reconsider the move.[143]Halie Soifer, of theJewish Democratic Council of America,said the move suggested "one must compromise support of America’s democracy to support Israel",[143]which, she noted in an opinion piece published inHaaretz,presents "a patentlyfalse dichotomyrejected by the overwhelming majority of American Jews. "[143][146]

AIPAC defended the endorsements by stating that it was "no moment for the pro-Israel movement to become selective about its friends".[143][144][145]In a later, "rare rebuke" of the lobby group from within the Israeli government,Alon Tal,a member of theKnesset,criticized the AIPAC endorsements as "outrageous", noting that criticism was important for maintaining what Tal referred to as "a healthy relationship between Israel and American Jewry", according toThe Times of Israel.[147]

Financing pro-Israel Democrats in 2022

Having endorsed over 100 Republican members of Congress who had voted against certifying Joe Biden's election, AIPAC spent $24 million, via its political action committee, the United Democracy Project, to defeat candidates not considered pro-Israel enough in the primaries of the Democratic Party that select candidates for the 2022 midterm elections. Substantial contributions to this funding were obtained from Republican Trump campaign financiers such asPaul SingerandBernie Marcus,[148]together withHaim Saban.[149]It spent $4 million to supportHaley Stevensand defeat the Jewish congressmanAndy Levinwho is known to be critical of AIPAC's support for hardline Israeli policies.[148]It spent $7 million to defeat the favorite in a Maryland July primary,Donna Edwards,who had failed to back resolutions in support of Israel during itsWar in Gaza in 2012.[149][148]A number of AIPAC supporters assert that reports focusing on AIPAC's campaign funding against candidates critical of Israel's policies are 'antisemitic'.[148]

AIPAC in film

The Israeli documentary filmThe Kings of Capitol Hillfeatures interviews with former and current AIPAC personalities and depicts how AIPAC has moved toward the political right wing and away from political positions most American Jews hold.[150]

See also

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