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IBM AIX

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"AIX" redirects here. For other uses, seeAIX (disambiguation).

AIX
DeveloperIBM
Written inC
OS familyUnix(System V)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelClosed source;formerlysource available
Initial releaseFebruary 1986;38 years ago(1986-02)[1]
Latest release7.3 TL2 / November 2023;8 months ago(2023-11)[2]
Marketing targetWorkstation,Server
PlatformsCurrent:Power ISA
Former:IBM ROMP,IBM POWER,PowerPC,x86(IBM PS/2),System/370,ESA/390,IA-64(Itanium)
KerneltypeMonolithicwithdynamically loadable modules
UserlandPOSIX/SUS
Default
user interface		KornShell(ksh88),[3][4]Common Desktop Environment,
(Plasma WorkspacesandGNOMEoptional)
LicenseProprietary
Official websiteibm/products/aix
History of IBM mainframe operating systems
Early mainframe computer OSes
Miscellaneous S/360 line OSes
DOS/360 and successors(1966)
OS/360 and successors(1966)
VM line
TPF line
UNIXandUnix-like

AIX(Advanced Interactive eXecutive,pronounced/ˌeɪ.aɪ.ˈɛks/ay-eye-EKS[5]) is a series ofproprietaryUnixoperating systemsdeveloped and sold byIBMfor several of its computer platforms.

Background[edit]

Originally released for theIBM RT PCRISCworkstationin 1986, AIX has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBMRS/6000series and laterPowerandPowerPC-based systems,IBM System i,System/370mainframes,PS/2personal computers, and theApple Network Server.It is currently supported onIBM Power SystemsalongsideIBM iandLinux.

AIX is based onUNIX System Vwith4.3BSD-compatible extensions. It is certified to the UNIX 03 and UNIX V7 marks of theSingle UNIX Specification,beginning with AIX versions 5.3 and 7.2 TL5 respectively.[6]Older versions were previously certified to the UNIX 95 and UNIX 98 marks.[7]

AIX was the first operating system to have ajournaling file system,and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor, disk and networkvirtualization,dynamic hardware resource allocation (including fractional processor units), andreliability engineeringported from itsmainframedesigns.[8]

History[edit]

IBMRS/6000AIX file servers used forIBMin the 1990s
AIX Version 4 console login prompt

Unix started life atAT&T'sBell Labsresearch center in the early 1970s, running onDECminicomputers.By 1976, the operating system was in use at various academic institutions, includingPrinceton,where Tom Lyon and others ported it to the S/370, to run as a guest OS underVM/370.[9]This port would later grow out to becomeUTS,[10]a mainframe Unix offering by IBM's competitorAmdahl Corporation.[11] IBM's own involvement in Unix can be dated to 1979, when it assisted Bell Labs in doing its own Unix port to the 370 (to be used as abuild hostfor the5ESS switch's software). In the process, IBM made modifications to theTSS/370Resident Supervisor to better support Unix.[12]

It took until 1984 for IBM to offer its own Unix on the S/370 platform, VM/IX, which was developed byInteractive Systems Corporationusing Unix System III as its base. VM/IX (and the modified version of VM/370 it required) was not a General Availability product; it was only obtainable as a PRPQ. In 1985, VM/IX was replaced by IBM IX/370, which was a GA product intended by IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS.[13]IX/370 which was based on AT&T's Unix/360 6th Edition port (which only ran onTSS/370as a time-share application), was updated to Unix System 5 and modified by IBM to run as a VM/370 guest OS. The IX/370 operating system offered special facilities for interoperating withPC/IX,Interactive/IBM's version of Unix forIBM PC compatiblehardware, and was licensed at $10,000 per sixteen concurrent users.[14]

AIX Version 1, introduced in 1986 for theIBM RT PCworkstation,was based onUNIX System VReleases 1 and 2. In developing AIX, IBM andInteractive Systems Corporation(whom IBM contracted) also incorporated source code from 4.2 and 4.3BSDUNIX.

Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 2 (also known asAIX/6000), based on AIX Version 1, for theirPOWER-basedRS/6000platform. Since 1990, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series (later renamedIBM eServerpSeries,thenIBM System p,and nowIBM Power Systems).

AIX Version 3, introduced in 1988, for the PS/2 and VM/370 systems, developed byLocus Computing Corporation,added the Transparent Computing Facility.[15]AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, addedsymmetric multiprocessingwith the introduction of the first RS/6000 SMP servers and continued to evolve through the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. Version 4.1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for theApple Network Serversystems sold byApple Computerto complement theMacintoshline.

In the late 1990s, underProject Monterey,IBM and theSanta Cruz Operationplanned to integrate AIX andUnixWareinto a single32-bit/64-bitmultiplatform UNIX with particular emphasis on running onIntelIA-64(Itanium) architecture CPUs. Abeta testversion of AIX 5L for IA-64 systems was released, but according to documents released in theSCO v. IBMlawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2002.[16]In 2003, theSCO Groupalleged that (among other infractions) IBM had misappropriated licensedsource codefromUNIX System VRelease 4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM's license to develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable, and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was adjudicated.

AIX was a component of the 2003SCO v. IBMlawsuit, in which theSCO Groupfiled a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed SCO's intellectual property to theLinuxcodebase. TheSCO Group,who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering theUnixoperating system, attempted to revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March 2010, a jury returned a verdict finding thatNovell,not the SCO Group, owns the rights to Unix.[17]

Old logo

AIX 6 was announced in May 2007, and it ran as an open beta from June 2007 until the general availability (GA) of AIX 6.1 on November 9, 2007. Major new features in AIX 6.1 included fullrole-based access control,workload partitions(which enable application mobility), enhanced security (Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v3 and v4), andLive Partition Mobilityon the POWER6 hardware.

AIX 7.1 was announced in April 2010, and an open beta ran until general availability of AIX 7.1 in September 2010. Several new features, including better scalability, enhanced clustering and management capabilities were added. AIX 7.1 includes a new built-in clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to organize multiple LPARs through the multipath communications channel to neighboring CPUs, enabling very high-speed communication between processors. This enables multi-terabyte memory address range and page table access to support global petabyte shared memory space for AIX POWER7 clusters so that software developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using message passing (i.e. semaphore-controlled Inter-process Communication). AIX administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By default, AIX V7.1 pins kernel memory and includes support to allow applications to pin their kernel stack. Pinning kernel memory and the kernel stack for applications with real-time requirements can provide performance improvements by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not paged out.[18]

AIX 7.2[19]was announced in October 2015, and released in December 2015. The principal feature of AIX 7.2 is the Live Kernel Update capability, which allows OS fixes to replace the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications, by live migrating workloads to a temporary surrogate AIX OS partition while the original OS partition is patched. AIX 7.2 was also restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component, bos.net.tcp.client was repackaged to allow additional installation flexibility. Unlike AIX 7.1, AIX 7.2 is only supported on systems based on POWER7 or later processors.

In January 2023, IBM moved development of AIX to its Indian subsidiary.[20]

Supported hardware platforms[edit]

IBM RT PC[edit]

The original AIX (sometimes calledAIX/RT) was developed for the IBM RT PC workstation by IBM in conjunction withInteractive Systems Corporation,who had previously portedUNIX System IIIto theIBM PCfor IBM asPC/IX.[21]According to its developers, the AIX source (for this initial version) consisted of one million lines of code.[22]Installation media consisted of eight1.2M floppy disks.The RT was based on theIBM ROMPmicroprocessor,the first commercialRISCchip. This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (theIBM 801).

One of the novel aspects of the RT design was the use of amicrokernel,called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel. One could "hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the Alt-Tab key combination. Each OS in turn would get possession of the keyboard, mouse and display. Besides AIX v2, thePICK OSalso included this microkernel.

Much of the AIX v2 kernel was written in thePL.8programming language, which proved troublesome during the migration to AIX v3.[citation needed]AIX v2 included fullTCP/IPnetworking, as well asSNAand two networking file systems:NFS,licensed fromSun Microsystems,andDistributed Services(DS). DS had the distinction of being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully compatible with DS onIBM mainframe systems[clarification needed]and on midrange systems runningOS/400throughIBM i.For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v2 came with the X10R3 and later the X10R4 and X11 versions of theX Window Systemfrom MIT, together with theAthena widget set.Compilers forFortranandCwere available.

IBM PS/2 series[edit]

AIX PS/2 1.3 console login
AIX PS/2 1.3 console login

AIX PS/2(also known asAIX/386) was developed byLocus Computing Corporationunder contract to IBM.[21]AIX PS/2, first released in October 1988,[23]ran onIBM PS/2personal computers withIntel 386and compatible processors.

AIX PS/2 1.3 AIXwindows Desktop
AIX PS/2 1.3 AIXwindows Desktop

The product was announced in September 1988 with a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities, such asUUCP,were included in a separate Extension package priced at $250.nroffandtrofffor AIX were also sold separately in a Text Formatting System package priced at $200. TheTCP/IPstack for AIX PS/2 retailed for another $300. TheX Window Systempackage was priced at $195, and featured a graphical environment called theAIXwindows Desktop,based onIXI'sX.desktop.[24]The C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price tag of $275. Locus also made available theirDOS Mergevirtual machine environment for AIX, which could run MS DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was sold separately for another $250.[25]IBM also offered a $150 AIX PS/2 DOS Server Program, which providedfile serverandprint serverservices for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.[26]

The last version of PS/2 AIX is 1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM (non-microchannel) computers as well.[27]Support for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.[28]

IBM mainframes[edit]

In 1988, IBM announcedAIX/370,[29]also developed by Locus Computing. AIX/370 was IBM's fourth attempt to offerUnix-likefunctionality for their mainframe line, specifically theSystem/370(the prior versions were aTSS/370-based Unix system developed jointly with AT&T c.1980,[12]aVM/370-based system namedVM/IXdeveloped jointly withInteractive Systems Corporationc.1984,[citation needed]and aVM/370-based version of TSS/370[citation needed]namedIX/370which was upgraded to be compatible withUNIX System V[citation needed]). AIX/370 was released in 1990 with functional equivalence to System V Release 2 and 4.3BSD as well as IBM enhancements. With the introduction of theESA/390architecture, AIX/370 was replaced byAIX/ESA[30]in 1991, which was based onOSF/1,and also ran on theSystem/390platform. This development effort was made partly to allow IBM to compete withAmdahlUTS.[citation needed]Unlike AIX/370, AIX/ESA ran both natively as the host operating system, and as a guest underVM.AIX/ESA, while technically advanced, had little commercial success, partially because[citation needed]UNIX functionality was added as an option to the existing mainframe operating system,MVS,asMVS/ESA SP Version 4 Release 3 OpenEdition[31]in 1994, and continued as an integral part of MVS/ESA SP Version 5, OS/390 and z/OS, with the name eventually changing fromOpenEditiontoUnix System Services.IBM also provided OpenEdition in VM/ESA Version 2[32]through z/VM.

IA-64 systems[edit]

As part ofProject Monterey,IBM released abeta testversion of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (Itanium) architecture in 2001, but this never became an official product due to lack of interest.[16]

Apple Network Servers[edit]

TheApple Network Server(ANS) systems were PowerPC-based systems designed byApple Computerto have numerous high-end features that standard Apple hardware did not have, including swappable hard drives, redundant power supplies, and external monitoring capability. These systems were more or less based on thePower Macintoshhardware available at the time but were designed to use AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as their native operating system in a specialized version specific to the ANS called AIX for Apple Network Servers.

AIX was only compatible with the Network Servers and was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. It should not be confused withA/UX,Apple's earlier version of Unix for68k-basedMacintoshes.

POWER ISA/PowerPC/Power ISA-based systems[edit]

AIXRS/6000serversrunningIBMin early 1998
AIXRS/6000serversrunningIBMin early 1998

The release of AIX version 3 (sometimes calledAIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the firstPOWER1-based IBMRS/6000models in 1990.

AIX v3 innovated in several ways on the software side. It was the first operating system to introduce the idea of ajournaling file system,JFS,which allowed for fast boot times by avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks (seefsck) on every reboot. Another innovation wasshared librarieswhich avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used. The resulting smaller binaries used less of the hardware RAM to run, and used less disk space to install. Besides improving performance, it was a boon to developers: executable binaries could be in the tens ofkilobytesinstead of a megabyte for an executable statically linked to theC library.AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that resulted in v3 containing noPL.8code and being somewhat more "pure" than v2.

Other notable subsystems included:

  • IRIS GL,a 3D rendering library, the progenitor ofOpenGL.IRIS GL was licensed by IBM fromSGIin 1987, then still a fairly small company, which had sold only a few thousand machines at the time. SGI also provided the low-end graphics card for the RS/6000, capable of drawing 20,000gouraud-shadedtriangles per second. The high-end graphics card was designed by IBM, a follow-on to the mainframe-attachedIBM 5080,capable of rendering 990,000 vectors per second.
  • PHIGS,another3D rendering API,popular in automotive CAD/CAM circles, and at the core ofCATIA.
  • Full implementation of version 11 of theX Window System,together withMotifas the recommended widget toolkit and window manager.
  • Network file systems:NFSfromSun;AFS, theAndrew File System;and DFS, theDistributed File System.
  • NCS, theNetwork Computing System,licensed fromApollo Computer(later acquired byHP).
  • DPSon-screen display system. This was notable as a "plan B" in case the X11+Motif combination failed in the marketplace. However, it was highly proprietary, supported only by Sun,NeXT,and IBM. This cemented its failure in the marketplace in the face of theopen systemschallenge of X11+Motif and its lack of 3D capability.

In addition, AIX applications can run in thePASEsubsystem underIBM i.

Source code[edit]

IBM formerly made the AIX for RS/6000 source code available to customers for an additional fee; in 1991, IBM customers could order the AIX 3.0 source code for a one-time charge of US$60,000;[33]subsequently, IBM released the AIX 3.1 source code in 1992,[34]and AIX 3.2 in 1993.[35]These source code distributions excluded certain files (authored by third-parties) which IBM did not have rights to redistribute, and also excluded layered products such as the MS-DOS emulator and the C compiler. Furthermore, in order to be able to license the AIX source code, the customer first had to procure source code license agreements with AT&T and the University of California, Berkeley.[33]

Versions[edit]

AIX 5.3 welcome banner
The default login banner for AIX 5.3 on PowerPC

POWER/PowerPC/Power ISA releases[edit]

Version Release date End of support date
Old version, no longer maintained:5L 5.1 May 4, 2001;23 years ago(2001-05-04)[36] April 1, 2006;18 years ago(2006-04-01)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained:5L 5.2 October 18, 2002;21 years ago(2002-10-18)[36] April 30, 2009;15 years ago(2009-04-30)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained:5L 5.3 August 13, 2004;19 years ago(2004-08-13)[36] April 30, 2012;12 years ago(2012-04-30)[36]
Old version, no longer maintained:6.1 November 9, 2007;16 years ago(2007-11-09)[37] April 30, 2017;7 years ago(2017-04-30)[38]
Old version, no longer maintained:7.1 September 10, 2010;13 years ago(2010-09-10)[39] April 30, 2023;14 months ago(2023-04-30)[40]
Older version, yet still maintained:7.2 December 4, 2015;8 years ago(2015-12-04)[41] TBA
Current stable version:7.3 December 10, 2021;2 years ago(2021-12-10)[42] TBA
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

IBM System/370 releases[edit]

  • AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 2[54]
    • Announced December 15, 1992
    • Available February 26, 1993
    • Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993
    • Runs only in S/370-ESA mode
  • AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 1[30]
    • Announced March 31, 1992
    • Available June 26, 1992
    • Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993
    • Runs only in S/370-ESA mode
  • AIX/370 Version 1 Release 2.1[55]
    • Announced February 5, 1991
    • Available February February 22, 1991
    • Withdrawn December 31, 1992
    • Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode
  • AIX/370 Version 1 Release 1[29]
    • Announced March 15, 1988
    • Available February 16, 1989
    • Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode

IBM PS/2 releases[edit]

  • AIX PS/2 v1.3, October 1992[citation needed]
    • Withdrawn from sale in US, March 1995
    • Patches supporting IBM ThinkPad 750C family of notebook computers, 1994
    • Patches supporting non PS/2 hardware and systems, 1993
  • AIX PS/2 v1.2.1, May 1991[citation needed]
  • AIX PS/2 v1.2, March 1990[citation needed]
  • AIX PS/2 v1.1, March 1989[citation needed]

IBM RT releases[edit]

User interfaces[edit]

TheCommon Desktop Environment,AIX's defaultgraphical user interface

The default shell wasBourne shellup to AIX version 3, but was changed toKornShell(ksh88) in version 4 forXPG4andPOSIXcompliance.[3]

Graphical[edit]

TheCommon Desktop Environment(CDE) is AIX's defaultgraphical user interface.As part of Linux Affinity and the freeAIX Toolbox for Linux Applications(ATLA), open-sourceKDE Plasma WorkspacesandGNOMEdesktop are also available.[citation needed]

System Management Interface Tool[edit]

Main article:System Management Interface Tool
The initial menu, when running in text mode

SMITis the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. Invocation is typically achieved with the commandsmit.Experienced system administrators make use of theF6function key which generates the command line that SMIT will invoke to complete it. SMIT also generates a log of commands that are performed in thesmit.scriptfile. Thesmit.scriptfile automatically records the commands with the command flags and parameters used. Thesmit.scriptfile can be used as an executable shell script to rerun system configuration tasks. SMIT also creates thesmit.logfile, which contains additional detailed information that can be used by programmers in extending the SMIT system.

smitandsmittyrefer to the same program, thoughsmittyinvokes the text-based version, whilesmitwill invoke an X Window System based interface if possible; however, ifsmitdetermines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead of failing. Determination of X Window System capabilities is typically performed by checking for the existence of theDISPLAYvariable.[citation needed]

Database[edit]

Object Data Manager(ODM) is a database of system information integrated into AIX,[56][57]analogous to theregistryinMicrosoft Windows.[58]A good understanding of the ODM is essential for managing AIX systems.[59]

Data managed in ODM is stored and maintained asobjectswith associatedattributes.[60]Interaction with ODM is possible viaapplication programming interface(API)libraryfor programs, andcommand-line utilitiessuch asodmshow,odmget,odmadd,odmchangeandodmdeleteforshell scriptsand users.SMITand its associated AIX commands can also be used to query and modify information in the ODM.[61]ODM is stored on disk usingBerkeley DBfiles.[62]

Example of information stored in the ODM database are:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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