Aaron
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According toAbrahamic religions,Aaron[note 1](/ˈɛərən/AIR-ənor/ˈærən/ARR-ən)[2]was aJewishprophet,ahigh priest,and the elder brother ofMoses.[3][4][5][6][7][8]Information about Aaron comes exclusively fromreligious texts,such as theHebrew Bible,theNew Testament(Luke,Acts,andHebrews),[9][10][11]and theQuran.
The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sisterMiriamremained with their kinsmen in thenortheastern region of the Nile Delta.When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about theenslavementof theIsraelites,Aaron served as his brother's spokesman to the Pharaoh (Exodus 7:1). Part of theLaw given to Moses at Sinaigranted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the firstHigh Priestof the Israelites.[12]Leviticalpriests orkohanimare traditionally believed andhalakhicallyrequired to be of directpatrilineal descentfrom Aaron.[13]
According to theBook of Numbers,Aaron died at 123 years of age, onMount Hor,in the fortieth year after the Israelites had come out of the land of Egypt.[14]Deuteronomy,however, places these events atMoseroth.[15][16]
Biblical narrative
[edit]According to theBook of Exodus,Aaron first functioned asMoses' assistant. Because Moses complained that he could not speak well, God appointed Aaron as Moses' "prophet" (Exodus 4:10-17; 7:1).[note 2]At the command ofMoses,he let his rod turn into a snake.[17]Then he stretched out hisrodin order to bring on the first three plagues.[18][19][20]After that, Moses tended to act and speak for himself.[21][22][23]
During the journey in the wilderness, Aaron was not always prominent or active. At thebattle with Amalek,he was chosen withHurto support the hand of Moses that held the "rod of God".[24]When the revelation was given to Moses atMount Sinai,he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the way to the summit. WhileJoshuawent with Moses to the top, however, Aaron and Hur remained below to look after the people.[25]From here on in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, Joshua appears in the role of Moses' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first high priest.
High Priest
[edit]The books ofExodus,LeviticusandNumbersmaintain that Aaron received from God a monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male descendants.[26]The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibility to make offerings on the altar toYahweh.The rest of his tribe, theLevites,were given subordinate responsibilities within the sanctuary.[27]Moses anointed and consecrated Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, and arrayed them in the robes of office.[28]He also related to them God's detailed instructions for performing their duties while the rest of the Israelites listened.[29]Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over theUrim and Thummimby which the will of God could be determined.[30][1]God commissioned the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the common and the clean from the unclean, and to teach the divine laws (theTorah) to the Israelites.[31]The priests were also commissioned to bless the people.[32][33][34]When Aaron completed the altar offerings for the first time and, with Moses, "blessed the people: and the glory of the LORDappeared unto all the people: And there came a fire out from before the LORD,and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces ".[35][36]In this way, the institution of the Aaronide priesthood was established.[37]
In later books of the Hebrew Bible, Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very often except in literature dating to theBabylonian captivityand later. The books ofJudges,SamuelandKingsmention priests and Levites, but do not mention the Aaronides in particular. TheBook of Ezekiel,which devotes much attention to priestly matters, calls the priestly upper class theZadokitesafter one of King David's priests.[1]It does reflect a two-tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position. A two-tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears inEzra,NehemiahandChronicles.As a result, many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic Israel. What is clear is that high priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated theSecond Temple period.[38]Most scholars think the Torah reached its final form early in this period, which may account for Aaron's prominence in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers.
Conflicts
[edit]Aaron plays a leading role in several stories of conflicts during Israel's wilderness wanderings. During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mount Sinai, the people provoked Aaron to make agolden calf.[39]This incident nearly caused God to destroy the Israelites.[40]Moses successfully intervened, but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits; a plague afflicted those who were left.[41]Aaron, however, escaped punishment for his role in the affair, because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy 9:20.[42]Later retellings of this story almost always excuse Aaron for his role.[43]For example, in rabbinic sources[44][45]and in the Quran, Aaron was not the idol-maker and upon Moses' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites.[46]
On the day of Aaron's consecration, his oldest sons,Nadab and Abihu,were burned up by divine fire because they offered "strange" incense.[47]Most interpreters think this story reflects a conflict between priestly families some time in Israel's past. Others argue that the story simply shows what can happen if the priests do not follow God's instructions given through Moses.[43]
The Torah generally depicts the siblings, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as the leaders of Israel after the Exodus, a view also reflected in the biblicalBook of Micah.[48]Numbers 12, however, reports that on one occasion, Aaron and Miriam complained about Moses' exclusive claim to be the LORD's prophet.[49]Their presumption was rebuffed by God who affirmed Moses' uniqueness as the one with whom the LORDspoke face to face. Miriam was punished with a skin disease (tzaraath) that turned her skin white. Aaron pleaded with Moses to intercede for her, and Miriam, after seven days' quarantine, was healed. Aaron once again escaped any retribution.
According to Numbers 16–17, a Levite namedKorahled many in challenging Aaron's exclusive claim to the priesthood. When the rebels were punished by being swallowed up by the earth,[50]Eleazar,the son of Aaron, was commissioned to take charge of thecensersof the dead priests. And when a plague broke out among the people who had sympathized with the rebels, Aaron, at the command of Moses, took his censer and stood between the living and the dead until the plague abated (Numbers 16:36, 17:1), atoning in the process.[51]
To emphasize the validity of the Levites' claim to the offerings and tithes of the Israelites, Moses collected a rod from the leaders of each tribe in Israel and laid the twelve rods overnight in thetent of meeting.The next morning, Aaron's rod was found to have budded and blossomed and produced ripe almonds.[52][53]The rod was then placed before theArk of the Covenantto symbolize Aaron's right to priesthood. The following chapter then details the distinction between Aaron's family and the rest of the Levites: while all the Levites (and only Levites) were devoted to the care of the sanctuary, charge of its interior and the altar was committed to theAaronitesalone.[54]
Death
[edit]Aaron, like Moses, was not permitted to enter Canaan with the Israelites[15]when Moses brought water out of a rock to quench the people's thirst. Although they had been commanded to speak to the rock, Moses struck it with the staff twice, which was construed as displaying a lack of deference to the LORD.[15][55]
There are two accounts of the death of Aaron in the Torah.[15]Numbers says that soon after the incident at Meribah, Aaron with his son Eleazar and Moses ascended Mount Hor. There Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and transferred them to Eleazar. Aaron died on the summit of the mountain, and the people mourned him for thirty days.[56][15][57][58]The other account is found in Deuteronomy 10:6, where Aaron died at Moserah and was buried.[15][59]There is a significant amount of travel between these two points, as the itinerary in Numbers 33:31–37 records seven stages between Moseroth (Mosera) and Mount Hor.[15][60]Aaron died on the 1st ofAvand was 123 at the time of his death.[61][62][63]
Descendants
[edit]Aaron marriedElisheba,daughter ofAmminadaband sister ofNahshonof the tribe of Judah.[64]The sons of Aaron wereNadab,Abihu,EleazarandIthamar;[note 3]only the latter two had progeny. A descendant of Aaron is an Aaronite, orKohen,meaning Priest.[66][67]Any non-AaronicLevite—i.e., descended from Levi but not from Aaron[68]—assisted the Levitical priests of the family of Aaron in the care of the tabernacle; later of the temple.[note 4]
TheGospel of Lukerecords that bothZechariahandElizabethand therefore their sonJohn the Baptistwere descendants of Aaron.[69]
Family tree
[edit]Jacob | Leah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Levi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gershon | Kehath | Merari | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Libni | Shimei | Izhar | Hebron | Uzziel | Mahli | Mushi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jochebed | Amram | Mishael | Elzaphan | Zithri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miriam | Aaron | Moses | Zipporah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gershom | Eliezer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Historicity
[edit]In religious traditions
[edit]Jewish rabbinic literature
[edit]The older prophets and prophetical writers beheld in their priests the representatives of a religious form inferior to the prophetic truth; men without the spirit of God and lacking the willpower requisite to resist the multitude in its idolatrous proclivities.[70]Thus Aaron, the first priest, ranks below Moses: he is his mouthpiece, and the executor of the will of God revealed through Moses, although it is written fifteen times in the Torah that "the Lord spoke to MosesandAaron. "[71]
Under the influence of the priesthood that shaped the destinies of the nation underPersianrule, a different ideal of the priest was formed, according to Malachi 2:4-7, and the prevailing tendency was to place Aaron on a footing equal with Moses.[70]"At times Aaron, and at other times Moses, is mentioned first in Scripture—this is to show that they were of equal rank," says theMekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael,which strongly implies this when introducing in its record of renowned men the glowing description of Aaron's ministration.[70]
In fulfillment of the promise of peaceful life, symbolized by thepouring of oil upon his head,[72]Aaron's death, as described in theaggadah,was of a wonderful tranquility.[63]Accompanied by Moses, his brother, and by Eleazar, his son, Aaron went to the summit of Mount Hor, where the rock suddenly opened before him and a beautiful cave lit by a lamp presented itself to his view. Moses said, "Take off thy priestly raiment and place it upon thy son Eleazar!" said Moses; "and then follow me."[63]Aaron did as commanded; and they entered the cave, where was prepared a bed around which angels stood. "Go lie down upon thy bed, my brother," Moses continued; and Aaron obeyed without a murmur.[63]Then his soul departed as if by a kiss from God. The cave closed behind Moses as he left; and he went down the hill with Eleazar, with garments rent, and crying: "Alas, Aaron, my brother! thou, the pillar of supplication of Israel!"[63]When the Israelites cried in bewilderment, "Where is Aaron?" angels were seen carrying Aaron's bier through the air.[63]A voice was then heard saying: "The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found on his lips: he walked with me in righteousness, and brought many back from sin."[73][63]He died on the first ofAv.[62][63]Thepillar of cloudwhich proceeded in front of Israel's camp disappeared at Aaron's death.[62][63]The seeming contradiction between Numbers 20:22 et seq. and Deuteronomy 10:6 is solved by the rabbis in the following manner: Aaron's death on Mount Hor was marked by the defeat of the people in a war with the king of Arad, in consequence of which the Israelites fled, marching seven stations backward to Mosera, where they performed the rites of mourning for Aaron; wherefore it is said: "There [at Mosera] died Aaron."[63][note 5]
The rabbis particularly praise the brotherly sentiment between Aaron and Moses. When Moses was appointed ruler and Aaron high priest, neither betrayed any jealousy; instead they rejoiced in each other's greatness. When Moses at first declined to go to Pharaoh, saying: "O my Lord, send, I pray, by the hand of him whom you will send",[74]he was unwilling to deprive Aaron of the high position the latter had held for so many years; but the Lord reassured him, saying: "Behold, when he sees you, he will be glad in his heart."[75][63]Indeed, Aaron was to find his reward, saysShimon bar Yochai;for that heart which had leaped with joy over his younger brother's rise to glory greater than his was decorated with theUrim and Thummim,which were to "be upon Aaron's heart when he goeth in before the Lord".[76][63]Moses and Aaron met in gladness of heart, kissing each other as true brothers,[77]and of them it is written: "Behold how good and how pleasant [it is] for brethren to dwell together in unity!"[78][63]Of them it is said: "Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed [each other]";[79]for Moses stood for righteousness[80]and Aaron for peace.[81]Again, mercy was personified in Aaron, according to Deuteronomy 33:8, and truth in Moses, according to Numbers 12:7.[63][82]
When Moses poured the oil of anointment upon the head of Aaron, Aaron modestly shrank back and said: "Who knows whether I have not cast some blemish upon this sacred oil so as to forfeit this high office." Then theShekhinahspoke the words: "Behold the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard of Aaron, that even went down to the skirts of his garment, is as pure as the dew of Hermon."[83][63][84]
According toTanhuma,[85]Aaron's activity as a prophet began earlier than that of Moses.[70]Hillel held Aaron up as an example, saying: "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace; love your fellow creatures and draw them nigh unto the Law!"[86][better source needed]This is further illustrated by the tradition[87]that Aaron was an ideal priest of the people, far more beloved for his kindly ways than was Moses.[15]While Moses was stern and uncompromising, brooking no wrong, Aaron went about as peacemaker, reconciling man and wife when he saw them estranged, or a man with his neighbor when they quarreled, and winning evil-doers back into the right way by his friendly intercourse.[88]As a result, Aaron's death was more intensely mourned than Moses': when Aaron died the wholehouse of Israelwept, including the women,[89][63][90]while Moses was bewailed by "the sons of Israel" only.[91][63][92]Even in the making of thegolden calfthe rabbis find extenuating circumstances for Aaron.[63][93]His fortitude and silent submission to the will of God on the loss of his two sons are referred to as an excellent example to men how to glorify God in the midst of great affliction.[63][94]Especially significant are the words represented as being spoken by God after the princes of theTwelve Tribeshad brought their dedication offerings into the newly constructedTent of Meeting:"Say to thy brother Aaron: Greater than the gifts of the princes is thy gift; for thou art called upon to kindle the light, and, while the sacrifices shall last only as long as the Temple lasts, thy light shall last forever."[63][95]
Christianity
[edit]In theEastern OrthodoxandMaronitechurches, Aaron isveneratedas asaintwhosefeast dayis shared with his brother Moses and celebrated on September 4. (Those churches that follow the traditionalJulian calendarcelebrate this day on September 17 of the modernGregorian calendar). Aaron is also commemorated with other Old Testament saints on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers, the Sunday beforeChristmas.
In Eastern Orthodox Church he is commemorated on 20 July, 12 March,Sunday of the Forefathers,Sunday of the Fathersand on April 14 with all saintSinaimonks.[96][97]
Aaron is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in theCalendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Churchon July 30. He is commemorated on July 1 in the modern Latin calendar and in the Syriac Calendar.
TheMoses and Aaron Church(Dutch:Mozes en Aäronkerk), in theWaterloopleinneighborhood ofAmsterdam,is one of the most well-knownCatholicchurches in the city.
One version of the Bible has an encyclopedia that describes Aaron's role in Scripture as the "spokesman for Moses".[51]
Mormonism
[edit]Inthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,theAaronic priesthoodis the lesser order of priesthood under the higher order of theMelchizedek priesthood.Those ordained to this priesthood have the authority to act in God's name in certain responsibilities in the church such as the administration of thesacramentandbaptism.[98]
In theCommunity of Christ,theAaronic order of priesthoodis regarded as an appendage to theMelchisedec order,and consists of the priesthood offices of deacon, teacher, and priest. While differing in responsibilities, these offices, along with those of the Melchisidec order, are regarded as equal before God.
Islam
[edit]Aaron (Arabic:هارون,Hārūn) is mentioned in theQuranas aprophetofGod.[99]The Quran praises Aaron repeatedly, calling him a "believing servant"[100]as well as one who was "guided"[101]and one of the "victors".[102]The Quran additionally denies the role of Aaron in the creation of the golden calf, attributing the action toSamiri.[103]Aaron is important inIslamfor his role in the events ofthe Exodus,in which, according to the Quran and Islamic belief, he preached with his younger brother,Musa(Moses) to thePharaoh of the Exodus.[104][6]
Aaron's significance in Islam, however, is not limited to his role as the helper of Moses. Islamic tradition also accords Aaron the role of apatriarch,as tradition records that the priestly descent came through Aaron's lineage, which included the entireHouse of Amran.[note 6][note 7]
Baháʼí Faith
[edit]In theBaháʼí Faith,although his father is described as both an apostle and a prophet, Aaron is merely described as a prophet. TheKitáb-i-ÍqándescribesImranas his father.[107][108]
In art
[edit]Aaron appears paired with Moses frequently in Jewish and Christian art, especially in the illustrations of manuscript and printed Bibles.[109]He can usually be distinguished by his priestly vestments, especially his turban or miter and jeweled breastplate. He frequently holds acenseror, sometimes, his flowering rod. Aaron also appears in scenes depicting the wilderness Tabernacle and its altar, as already in the third-century frescos in thesynagogueatDura-Europosin Syria. An eleventh-century portable silver altar fromFulda,Germany depicts Aaron with his censor, and is located in theMusée de ClunyinParis.This is also how he appears in the frontispieces of early printed Passover Haggadot and occasionally in church sculptures. Aaron has rarely been the subject of portraits, such as those byAnton Kern[1710–1747] and byPier Francesco Mola[c. 1650].[110]Christian artists sometimes portray Aaron as a prophet[111]holding a scroll, as in a twelfth-century sculpture from theCathedral of Noyonin theMetropolitan Museum of Art,New York and often in Eastern Orthodox icons. Illustrations of theGolden Calfstory usually include him as well – most notably inNicolas Poussin'sThe Adoration of the Golden Calf(c. 1633–34,National Gallery,London).[112]Finally, some artists interested in validating later priesthoods have painted the ordination of Aaron and his sons (Leviticus 8).Harry Anderson's realistic portrayal is often reproduced in the literature of theLatter Day Saints.[note 8][109]
Aaron has been depicted in Exodus-related drama, such asThe Ten Commandments(1956) andExodus: Gods and Kings(2014).[113][114]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Hebrew:אַהֲרֹן,romanized:ʾAhărōn;[1]Arabic:هارون,romanized:Hārūn;Greek(Septuagint):Ἀαρών,romanized:Aarṓn;often calledAaron the priest(אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן,ʾAhărōn ha-kōhēn).
- ^He spoke and acted on behalf of Moses with the Egyptian royal court, including performing miraculous "signs" to validate Moses' mission.
- ^Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.[65]
- ^According to Samaritan sources, a civil war once broke out between the sons of ItamarEli (Bible)and the sons of Phineas (son of Eleazar) that resulted in a division of those who followed Eli and those who followed High Priest Uzzi ben Bukki at Mount Gerizim Bethel. (A third group followed neither.) Ironically, and likewise according to Samaritan sources, the high priests' line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 CE with the death of the 112th High Priest, Shlomyah ben Pinhas, at which time the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Itamar. See article Samaritan for list of High Priests from 1613 to 2004—the 131st high priest of the Samaritans isElazar ben Tsedaka ben Yitzhaq.Also see article,Samaritan
- ^SeeMekhilta,Beshallaḥ, Vayassa, 1;Tanhuma,Hukkat, 18; Yerushalmi Sotah, 1 17c, andTargum Pseudo-JonathanNumbers and Deuteronomy on the above mentioned passages.
- ^All commentators, classical and modern, hold that the QuranicHouse of Amranrefers to Imrān's lineage, through his son Aaron. (cf.Muhammad Asad,Yusuf ‘AliandIbn Kathir's commentary on Q. 19:28)[105]
- ^"In the second group, we have the great founders of families, apart from Abraham, viz., Noah of the time of the Flood; David and Solomon, the real establishers of the Jewish monarchy; Job, who lived 140 years, saw four generations of descendants, and was blessed at the end of his life with large pastoral wealth (Job 42:16,12); Joseph, who as Minister of State did great things in Egypt and was the progenitor of two Tribes; and Moses and Aaron, the leaders of the Exodus from Egypt. They led active lives and called 'doers of good.'"[106]
- ^Harry Anderson'sAaron Is Called to the Ministryis in the Conference Center of the LDS Church in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Footnotes
[edit]- ^abcOlson 2000,pp. 1–2
- ^Wells, John C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN9781405881180.
- ^Ibn Hisham 1967,p. 604; §=897
- ^Exodus 6:16-20, 7:7
- ^Quran7:103-156
- ^abQuran19:41-53
- ^Quran20:9-98
- ^Quran28:34
- ^(Luke 1:5
- ^Acts 7:40
- ^Hebrews 5:4, 7:11, 9:4)
- ^Rockwood 2007,p. 1
- ^Mark Leuchter, Mark Leuchter (2021)."How All Kohanim Became Sons of Aaron".TheTorah.RetrievedJune 29,2021.
- ^Numbers 20:22, 33:38
- ^abcdefghMcCurdy 1906,p. 3
- ^Deuteronomy 10:6
- ^Exodus 7:9, New Revised Standard Version
- ^Exodus 7:19HE,Exodus 8:1,12.
- ^Exodus 8:1,HE
- ^Exodus 8:12HE
- ^Exodus 9:23HE
- ^Exodus 10:13HE
- ^Exodus 10:22HE
- ^Exodus 17:9
- ^ KJV
- ^Exodus 28:1
- ^Numbers 3
- ^Leviticus 8; cf. Exodus 28–29
- ^Leviticus 1–7, 11–27
- ^Exodus 28:30
- ^Leviticus 10:10-11
- ^Numbers 6:22-27
- ^Mariottini 2006
- ^Numbers 6:22–27
- ^Leviticus 9:23-24
- ^Leviticus 9:23–24
- ^Souvay 1913,p. 7
- ^VanderKam 2004[page needed]
- ^Exodus 32:1-6
- ^Exodus 32:10
- ^KJV
- ^KJV
- ^abWatts 2011
- ^Talmud Shabbat 99a
- ^Exodus Rabbah 41
- ^Quran7:142-152
- ^Leviticus 10:1
- ^Micah 6:4
- ^Numbers 12
- ^KJV
- ^abHoly Bible.Secondary source material written by Thomas Nelson (King James Red Letter ed.). Thomas Nelson. 1984. p. 736.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: others (link) - ^Numbers 17:8
- ^Mays 2000,p. 177
- ^Numbers 18:1
- ^Numbers 20:7
- ^Numbers 20:22-29; compare 33:38-39)
- ^Numbers 20:22
- ^Numbers 33:38
- ^Deuteronomy 10:6
- ^Numbers 33:31
- ^Gutstein 1997,p. 3
- ^abcaccording toSeder Olam Rabbah9, Rosh Hashana 2, 3a
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstKohler 1906,p. 4
- ^Exodus6:23
- ^1 Chronicles 24:1
- ^Steinmetz 2005,p. 95
- ^Freedman, Beck & Myers 2000,p. 1
- ^Harbour, Reed & Tinsley 2005,pp. 47–48
- ^Luke 1:5
- ^abcdKohler 1906,p. 3
- ^Sifra, Wa-yiḳra, 1
- ^Leviticus Rabbah10,Midrash Tehillim133:1
- ^Malachi 2:6
- ^Exodus 4:13
- ^Exodus 4:14
- ^Canticles Rabbah1:10
- ^Exodus 4:27; compareSong of Songs8:1
- ^Psalm 133:1
- ^Psalm 85:10
- ^Deuteronomy 33:21
- ^Malachi 2:6
- ^(Tanhuma,Shemot, ed. Buber, 24-26)
- ^Psalm 133:2–3
- ^Sifra,Shemini, Milluim;Tanhuma,Korah, ed. Buber, 14
- ^ed. Buber, 2:12
- ^Atlas Tours
- ^Preserved inAvot of Rabbi Natan12,Sanhedrin6b, and elsewhere
- ^Kohler 1906,pp. 3–4
- ^Numbers 20:29
- ^Numbers 20:29
- ^Deuteronomy 34:8)
- ^Deuteronomy 34:8
- ^Sanhedrin 7a
- ^Zebahim115b
- ^Tanhuma,ed. Buber, Behaalotecha, 6
- ^"Святой Ааро́н Первосвященник".Православный Церковный календарь(in Russian).RetrievedJune 25,2022.
- ^"ААРОН ПЕРВОСВЯЩЕННИК - Древо".drevo-info.ru(in Russian).RetrievedJune 25,2022.
- ^Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001,p. 25
- ^Quran19:53
- ^Quran37:122
- ^Quran6:84
- ^Quran37:114-122
- ^Quran20:85
- ^Glasse 1989,pp. 9–10
- ^Ali 1998,p. 773 §=2481
- ^Ali 1998,p. 312 §=904
- ^Bahá'u'lláh & 'Abdu'l-Bahá 1976,p. 270
- ^Baha'u'llah 2003,p. 243
- ^abWatts 2013[page needed]
- ^Kline 2010
- ^Exodus 7:1
- ^National Gallery 2013
- ^Lyden, John C. (May 7, 2009).The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film.Routledge. p. 390.ISBN978-1-135-22066-2.
- ^Kendrick, Ben (December 12, 2014)."'Exodus: Gods and Kings': Differences Between the Movie & the Bible ".Screen Rant.RetrievedFebruary 10,2024.
References
[edit]- --- (Atlas Tours)."Aaron's Tomb, Petra".Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency.Archivedfrom the original on July 26, 2008.RetrievedApril 29,2014.
- Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1998).The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary(in English and Arabic). Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an.ISBN978-0-940368-31-6.
- Baha'u'llah(2003) [1861].The Kitab-i-Iqan: The Book of Certitude.Translated byShoghi Effendi.Baha'i Pub.ISBN978-1-931847-08-7.
- Bahá'u'lláh; 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1976).Selected Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá.US Bahá'í Publishing Trust.
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (2001) [1979].Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood: Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders, Part A.Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
- Freedman, David Noel; Beck, Astrid P.; Myers, Allen C., eds. (2000)."Aaron".Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible.Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 1–2.ISBN9780802824004.
- Glasse, Cyril (1989). "Aaron".Concise Encyclopedia of Islam.Harper & Row.ISBN978-0-06-063123-9.
- Gutstein, Morris A. (1997). "Aaron". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).Collier's Encyclopedia.Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Harbour, Brian; Reed, Wilma; Tinsley, William (2005).The Gospel of Luke: Journeying to the Cross (Adult Study Guide).BaptistWay Press.ISBN978-1-931060-69-1.
- Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik (1967) [1955].The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah.Translated by A. Guillaume. Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Branch Oxford University Press.
- Kline, Fred R. (2010)."Aaron, Holy to the Lord".Kline Gallery.Archived fromthe originalon September 7, 2012.RetrievedJuly 20,2012.
- Kohler, Kaufmann (1906)."Aaron - In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature (Moses and Aaron Compared) & (Death of Aaron)".In Singer, Isidore (ed.).The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times: Complete in Twelve Volumes.Ktav Publishing House.ASINB000B68W5S.
- Lings, Martin(1983).Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources.HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.ISBN978-0-04-297050-9.
- Mariottini, Claude (March 17, 2006)."The Priestly Benediction: Numbers 6:24-26".Dr. Claude Mariottini – Professor of Old Testament.RetrievedMay 1,2014.
- Mays, James L., ed. (2000) [1988].The HarperCollins Bible Commentary(Revised ed.). San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco.ISBN0-06-065548-8.
- McCurdy, J. Frederic (1906)."Aaron - Biblical Data (Death)".In Singer, Isidore (ed.).The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times: Complete in Twelve Volumes.Ktav Publishing House.ASINB000B68W5S.
- National Gallery (2013)."The Adoration of the Golden Calf".National Gallery.
- Olson, Dennis T. (2000)."Aaron".In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (eds.).Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible(1st ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.ISBN978-0-8028-2400-4.
- Rockwood, Camilla, ed. (2007). "Aaron".Chambers Biographical Dictionary(8th ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltc.ISBN978-0550-10200-3.
- Souvay, Charles Léon (1913). "Aaron". In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Fallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.).The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. I: A — Assize. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Co. pp. 5–7.ASINB006UETSQM.
- Steinmetz, Sol (2005)."kohen".Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms.Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 95–96.ISBN978-0-7425-4387-4.
- VanderKam, James C. (2004).From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests after the Exile.Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers.ISBN0-8006-2617-6.
- Watts, James W. (2013). "Illustrating Leviticus: Art, Ritual, Politics".Biblical Reception.2:3–15.
- Wells, John C. (1990). "Aaron".Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.Harlow, UK: Longman.ISBN978-0-582-05383-0.
- Wheeler, Brannon (2013)."Tomb of Aaron".usna.edu.United States Naval Academy.Archivedfrom the original on June 24, 2008.RetrievedApril 29,2014.
Further reading
[edit]- Aberbach, Moses; Smolar, Leivy (June 1967). "Aaron, Jeroboam and the Golden Calves".Journal of Biblical Literature.86(2): 129–140.doi:10.2307/3263268.JSTOR3263268.
- Ginzberg, Louis, ed. (1909–1938).The Legends of the Jews (7 vols.).Translated by Henrietta Szold & Paul Radin. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America.LCCN0901-4182.
- Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960).The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile.Translated and abridged by Moshe Greenberg. New York, NY: Schocken Books.LCCN6000-5466.
- Kennet, R. H.(January 1905)."The Origin of the Aaronite Priesthood".The Journal of Theological Studies(22): 161–186.doi:10.1093/jts/os-VI.22.161.
- McCurdy, J. Frederic;Kohler, Kaufmann (1901)."Aaron".TheJewish Encyclopedia.Funk and Wagnalls.which cites
- NumbersRabbah9
- LeviticusRabbah10
- Midrash Peṭirat AharoninJellinek'sBet ha-Midrash,1:91–95
- YalḳuṭNumbers764
- Baring-Gould, Sabine(2009) [1871].Legends of Old Testament Characters.Vol. II: From the Talmud and Other Sources. BiblioBazaar.ISBN978-1-1037-2117-7.
- Elʻazar ben Asher, ha-Leṿi (1899).The Chronicles of Jerahmeel.translated byM. Gaster.London, UK: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp.130–133.LCCN4403-4408.
- Holweck, Frederick G.(1924).A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints.St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co.
- Meek, Theophile James (April 1929). "Aaronites and Zadokites".The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures.45(3). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 149–166.doi:10.1086/370226.S2CID170552287.
- Meek, Theophile James (1950) [1936].Hebrew Origins(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.LCCN5001-1526.
- Watts, James W. (Fall 2011)."Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch".Journal of Biblical Literature.130(3). Society of Biblical Literature: 417–430.doi:10.2307/41304211.ISSN0021-9231.JSTOR41304211.S2CID44054114.
References in the Qur'an
- Aaron's prophecy:4:163,6:84,
- Aaron is made helper of Moses:19:53,25:35,26:13,28:34,28:35
- Aaron and Moses sent to Pharaoh:23:45,10:75,10:87,21:48
- Praise for Aaron:37:114,37:114,37:118,37:119,37:120,37:122
- The Golden Calf:7:150,20:94
External links
[edit]- Media related toAaron (Biblical figure)at Wikimedia Commons
- Works related toAaronat Wikisource
- The dictionary definition ofaaronat Wiktionary
- Cook, Stanley Arthur(1911). .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 4.
- English-Ingles - Etymology of Aaron
- MFnames - Origin and Meaning of Aaron
- "Aaron"at theChristian Iconographywebsite
- Prophets in the Hebrew Bible
- Aaron
- High priests of Israel
- Ancient Egyptian Jews
- Book of Deuteronomy people
- Book of Exodus people
- Book of Leviticus people
- Christian saints from the Old Testament
- 15th-century BC clergy
- People whose existence is disputed
- Tribe of Levi
- Prophets in Judaism
- 15th-century BC people
- Family of Aaron and Moses