Ablative case
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Ingrammar,theablative case(pronounced/ˈæblətɪv/AB-lə-tiv;sometimesabbreviatedabl) is agrammatical casefor nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in thegrammarsof various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses. The word "ablative" derives from theLatinablatus,the (suppletive) perfect, passive participle ofauferre"to carry away".[1]
The ablative case is found in several language families, such asIndo-European(e.g.,Sanskrit,Latin,Albanian,Armenian,Punjabi),Turkic(e.g.,Turkish,Turkmen,Azerbaijani,Uzbek,Kazakh,Kyrgyz,Tatar),Tungusic(e.g.,Manchu,Evenki),Uralic(e.g.,Hungarian), and theDravidianlanguages. There is no ablative case in modernGermanic languagessuch asGermanandEnglish.There was an ablative case in the early stages ofAncient Greek,but it quickly fell into disuse by theclassical period.
Indo-European languages[edit]
Latin[edit]
The ablative case inLatin(cāsus ablātīvus) appears in various grammatical constructions, including following various prepositions, in anablative absoluteclause, and adverbially. The Latin ablative case was derived[2]from threeProto-Indo-Europeancases: ablative (from), instrumental (with), and locative (in/at).
Greek[edit]
InAncient Greek,there was an ablative case (ἀφαιρετικὴ πτῶσιςaphairetikē ptōsis) which was used in the Homeric, pre-Mycenaean, and Mycenean periods. It fell into disuse during theclassical periodand thereafter with some of its functions taken by thegenitiveand others by thedative.[3]The genitive case with the prepositionsἀπόapó'away from'andἐκ/ἐξek/ex'out of'is an example.
German[edit]
Germandoes not have an ablative case but, exceptionally, Latin ablative case-forms were used from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century after someprepositions,for example aftervoninvon dem Nomine:ablative of the Latin loanwordnomen.Grammarians at that time,Justus Georg Schottel,Kaspar von Stieler,Johann Balthasar von Antesperg andJohann Christoph Gottsched,listed an ablative case (as the sixth case after nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) for German words. They arbitrarily considered the dative case after some prepositions to be an ablative, as invon dem Mann[e]'from the man, of the man'andmit dem Mann[e]'with the man',while they considered the dative case after other prepositions or without a preposition, as indem Mann[e],to be a dative.
Albanian[edit]
The ablative case is found inAlbanian;it is the fifth case,rasa rrjedhore.
Sanskrit[edit]
InSanskrit,the ablative case is the fifth case (pañcamī) and has a similar function to that in Latin. Sanskrit nouns in the ablative often refer to a subject "out of" which or "from" whom something (an action, an object) has arisen or occurred:pátramtaróḥpátati'the leaf fallsfrom the tree'.It is also used for nouns in several other senses, as for actions occurring "because of" or "without" a certain noun, indicating distance or direction. When it appears with a comparative adjective, (śreṣṭhatamam'the best'), the ablative is used to refer to what the adjective is comparing:'better than X'.
Armenian[edit]
The modernArmenianablative has different markers for each main dialect, both originating fromClassical Armenian.TheWestern Armenianaffix-է-ē(definite-էն-ēn) derives from the classical singular; theEastern Armenianaffix-ից-ic’(both indefinite and definite) derives from the classical plural. For both dialects, those affixes are singular, with the corresponding plurals being-(ն)երէ(ն)-(n)erē(n)and-(ն)երից-(n)eric’.
| Western | Eastern | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
մարդէ martē |
մարդից mardic’ |
from (a) man |
մարդէն martēn |
մարդից mardic’ |
from the man |
(տուն) (dun) > > տանէ danē |
(տուն) (tun) > > տնից tnic’ |
from a house/from home |
(տուն) (dun) > > տանէն danēn |
(տուն) (tun) > > տնից tnic’ |
from the house |
The ablative case has several uses. Its principal function is to show "motion away" from a location, point in space or time:
| Western | Eastern | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
քաղաքէն k’aġak’ēn եկայ yega |
քաղաքից k’aġak’ic’ եկա yeka |
I camefrom the city |
այստեղէն aysdeġēn հեռու heṙu կը gě բնակէի pnagēi |
այստեղից aysteġic’ հեռու heṙu էի ēi բնակվում bnakvum |
I used to live farfrom here |
It also shows the agent when it is used with the passive voice of the verb:
| Western | Eastern | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
ինծմէ incmē միշտ mišd կը gě սիրուէիր sirvēir |
ինձնից injnic’ միշտ mišt սիրվում sirvum էիր ēir |
You were always lovedby me. |
ազատիչներէն azadič’nerēn ազատեցանք azadec’ank’ |
ազատիչներից azatič’neric’ ազատվեցինք azatvec’ink’ |
We were freedby the liberators. |
It is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Armenian (including infinitives and participles):
| Western | Eastern | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
Ի՞նչ Inč’ մեղրէն meġrēn անուշ anuš է ē |
Ի՞նչն Inč’n է ē մեղրից meġric’ անուշ anuš |
"What is sweeterthan honey?"(proverb) |
Մարիամ Mariam եղբօրմէն yeġpōrmēn պզտիկ bzdig է ē |
Մարիամն Mariamn եղբորից yeġboric’ փոքր p’ok’r է ē |
Mary is younger (lit. smaller)than her brother |
թզեր t’ëzer համտեսել hamdesel տեսնելէ desnelē աւելի aveli լաւ lav է ē |
թուզ t’uz համտեսելը hamteselë տեսնելուց tesneluc’ լավ lav է ē |
Figs are better to tastethan to see |
Finally, it governs certain postpositions:
| Western | Eastern | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
ինծմէ incmē վար var |
ինձնից indznic’ վար var |
belowme |
քեզմէ k’ezmē վեր ver |
քեզնից k’eznic’ վեր ver |
aboveyou |
անոնցմէ anonc’mē ետք yedk’ |
նրանցից nranc’ic’ հետո heto |
afterthem |
մեզմէ mezmē առաջ aṙač |
մեզնից meznic’ առաջ aṙadž |
beforeus |
Uralic languages[edit]
Finnish[edit]
InFinnish,the ablative case is the sixth of the locative cases with the meaning "from, off, of":pöytä – pöydältä"table – off from the table". It is an outer locative case, used like theadessiveandallativecases, to denote both being on top of something and "being around the place" (as opposed to the inner locative case, theelative,which means "from out of" or "from the inside of" ). With the locative, the receding object was near the other place or object, not inside it.
The Finnish ablative is also used in time expressions to indicate times of something happening (kymmeneltä"at ten" ) as well as with verbs expressing feelings or emotions.
The Finnish ablative has the ending-ltaor-ltä,depending onvowel harmony.
Usage[edit]
- away from a place
- katolta:off the roof
- pöydältä:off the table
- rannalta:from the beach
- maalta:from the land
- mereltä:from the sea
- from a person, object or other entity
- häneltä:from him/her/them
- with the verblähteä(stop)
- lähteä tupakalta:stop smoking (in the sense of putting out the cigarette one is smoking now, lit. 'leave from the tobacco')
- lähteä hippasilta:stop playing tag (hippa=tag,olla hippasilla=playing tag)
- to smell/taste/feel/look/sound like something
- haisee pahalta:smells bad
- maistuu hyvältä:tastes good
- tuntuu kamalalta:feels awful
- näyttää tyhmältä:looks stupid
- kuulostaa mukavalta:sounds nice
Estonian[edit]
The ablative case in Estonian is the ninth case and has a similar function to that in Hungarian.
Hungarian[edit]
The ablative case in Hungarian is used to describe movement away from, as well as a concept, object, act or event originating from an object, person, location or entity. For example, one walking away from a friend who gave him a gift could say the following:
- a barátomtóljövök(I am coming (away) from my friend).
- a barátomtólkaptam egy ajándékot(I got a gift from my friend).
When used to describe movement away from a location, the case may only refer to movement fromthe general vicinityof the location and not from inside of it. Thus,a postától jövökwould mean one had been standingnext tothe post office before, not inside the building.
When the case is used to refer to the origin of a possible act or event, the act/event may be implied while not explicitly stated, such asMeg foglak védeni a rablótól:I will defend you from the robber.
The application ofvowel harmonygives two different suffixes:-tóland-től.These are applied to back-vowel and front-vowel words, respectively.
Hungarian has a narrowerdelative case,similar to ablative, but more specific: movement off/from a surface of something, with suffixes-róland-ről.
Turkic languages[edit]
Azerbaijani[edit]
The ablative inAzerbaijani(çıxışlıq hal) is expressed through the suffixes-danor-dən:
ev
house
ev-dən
house-ABL
'house' 'from/off the house'
aparmaq
carry
aparmaq-dan
carry-ABL
'to carry' 'from/off carrying'
Tatar[edit]
The ablative inTatar(чыгыш килеше) is expressed through the suffixes-дан,-дән,-тан,-тән,-нан,or-нән:
өй
öy
house
өй-дән
öydän
house-ABL
'house' 'from/off the house'
Turkish[edit]
The ablative inTurkish(-den haliorayrılma hali) is expressed through the suffix-den(which changes to-dan,-ten,or-tanto accommodate thevowelandvoicingharmony):
ev
house
ev-den
house-ABL
'house' 'from/off the house'
at
horse
at-tan
horse-ABL
'horse' 'from/off the horse'
taşımak
carry
taşımak-tan
carry-ABL
'to carry' 'from/off the horse'
ses
volume
ses-ten
volume-ABL
'sound/volume' 'from/off sound/volume'
In some situations simple ablative can have a "because of" meaning; in these situations, ablative can be optionally followed by the postpositiondolayı'because of'.
Yüksek
high
sesten
volume
(dolayı)
(because.of)
rahatsız
uneasy
oldum.
be.1.SG.PST.PFV.IND
I was uneasy because of high volume.
Tungusic[edit]
Manchu[edit]
The ablative inManchuis expressed through the suffix-ciand can also be used to express comparisons. It is usually not directly attached to its parent word.
boo-ci
house-ABL
tuci-ke
go.away-PAST
"(Someone) went away from the house"
Evenki[edit]
The ablative inEvenkiis expressed with the suffix-duk.
e:kun-duk
who-ABL
from whom/where?
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Karlsson, Fred (2018).Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar.London and New York: Routledge.ISBN978-1-138-82104-0.
- Anhava, Jaakko (2015)."Criteria for case forms in Finnish and Hungarian grammars".Journal.fi.Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.
References[edit]
- ^"The Ablative"(PDF).The Latin Library.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved14 January2006.
- ^"Case in Decline"(PDF).p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 October 2018.
- ^Smyth, Herbert Weir."Composite or mixed cases".Greek Grammar.¶1279.
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