Abu Kamil

Abu Kamil
أبو كامل
Abu Kamil; أبو كامل
Born	c. 850
Died	c. 930
Other names	Al-ḥāsib al-miṣrī
Academic background
Influences	Al-Khwarizmi
Academic work
Era	Islamic Golden Age; (Middle Abbasid era)
Main interests	Algebra,geometry
Notable works	The Book of Algebra
Notable ideas	Use of irrational numbers as solutions and coefficients to equations;
Influenced	Al-Karaji,Fibonacci

Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam ibn Muḥammad Ibn Shujāʿ(LatinizedasAuoquamel,^[1]Arabic:أبو كامل شجاع بن أسلم بن محمد بن شجاع,also known asAl-ḥāsib al-miṣrī—lit. "The Egyptian Calculator" ) (c. 850 – c. 930) was a prominentEgyptianmathematician during theIslamic Golden Age.He is considered the first mathematician to systematically use and acceptirrational numbersas solutions andcoefficientsto equations.^[2]His mathematical techniques were later adopted byFibonacci,thus allowing Abu Kamil an important part in introducing algebra toEurope.^[3]

Abu Kamil made important contributions toalgebraandgeometry.^[4]He was the firstIslamic mathematicianto work easily with algebraic equations with powers higher than $x^{2}$ (up to $x^{8}$ ),^[3]^[5]and solved sets of non-linearsimultaneous equationswith three unknownvariables.^[6]He illustrated the rules of signs for expanding the multiplication $(a\pm b)(c\pm d)$ .^[7]He wrote all problems rhetorically, and some of his books lacked anymathematical notationbeside those of integers. For example, he uses the Arabic expression "māl māl shayʾ" ( "square-square-thing" ) for $x^{5}$ (as $x^{5}=x^{2}\cdot x^{2}\cdot x$ ).^[3]^[8]One notable feature of his works was enumerating all the possible solutions to a given equation.^[9]

The Muslimencyclopedist Ibn Khaldūnclassified Abū Kāmil as the second greatest algebraist chronologically afteral-Khwarizmi.^[10]

Life

Almost nothing is known about the life and career of Abu Kamil except that he was a successor ofal-Khwarizmi,whom he never personally met.^[3]

Works

Book of Algebra (Kitāb fī al-jabr wa al-muqābala)

TheAlgebrais perhaps Abu Kamil's most influential work, which he intended to supersede and expand upon that ofAl-Khwarizmi.^[2]^[11]Whereas theAlgebraof al-Khwarizmiwas geared towards the general public, Abu Kamil was addressing other mathematicians, or readers familiar withEuclid'sElements.^[11]In this book Abu Kamil solves systems ofequationswhose solutions arewhole numbersandfractions,and acceptedirrational numbers(in the form of asquare rootorfourth root) as solutions andcoefficientstoquadratic equations.^[2]

The first chapter teaches algebra by solving problems of application to geometry, often involving an unknown variable and square roots. The second chapter deals with thesix types of problemsfound in Al-Khwarizmi's book,^[9]but some of which, especially those of $x^{2}$ ,were now worked out directly instead of first solving for $x$ and accompanied with geometrical illustrations and proofs.^[5]^[9]The third chapter contains examples ofquadratic irrationalitiesas solutions and coefficients.^[9]The fourth chapter shows how these irrationalities are used to solve problems involvingpolygons.The rest of the book contains solutions for sets ofindeterminate equations,problems of application in realistic situations, and problems involving unrealistic situations intended forrecreational mathematics.^[9]

A number of Islamic mathematicians wrote commentaries on this work, including al-Iṣṭakhrī al-Ḥāsib and ʿAli ibn Aḥmad al-ʿImrānī (d. 955-6),^[12]but both commentaries are now lost.^[4]

In Europe, similar material to this book is found in the writings ofFibonacci,and some sections were incorporated and improved upon in the Latin work ofJohn of Seville,Liber mahameleth.^[9]A partial translation to Latin was done in the 14th century by William of Luna, and in the 15th century the whole work also appeared in a Hebrew translation by Mordekhai Finzi.^[9]

Book of Rare Things in the Art of Calculation (Kitāb al-ṭarā’if fi’l-ḥisāb)

Abu Kamil describes a number of systematic procedures for findingintegral solutionsforindeterminate equations.^[4]It is also the earliest known Arabic work where solutions are sought to the type of indeterminate equations found inDiophantus'sArithmetica.However, Abu Kamil explains certain methods not found in any extant copy of theArithmetica.^[3]He also describes one problem for which he found 2,678 solutions.^[13]

On the Pentagon and Decagon (Kitāb al-mukhammas wa’al-mu‘ashshar)

In this treatise algebraic methods are used to solve geometrical problems.^[4]Abu Kamil uses the equation $x^{4}+3125=125x^{2}$ to calculate a numerical approximation for the side of a regularpentagonin a circle of diameter 10.^[14]He also uses thegolden ratioin some of his calculations.^[13]Fibonacciknew about this treatise and made extensive use of it in hisPractica geometriae.^[4]

Book of Birds (Kitāb al-ṭair)

A small treatise teaching how to solve indeterminatelinear systemswith positiveintegral solutions.^[11]The title is derived from a type of problems known in the east which involve the purchase of different species of birds. Abu Kamil wrote in the introduction:

I found myself before a problem that I solved and for which I discovered a great many solutions; looking deeper for its solutions, I obtained two thousand six hundred and seventy-six correct ones. My astonishment about that was great, but I found out that, when I recounted this discovery, those who did not know me were arrogant, shocked, and suspicious of me. I thus decided to write a book on this kind of calculations, with the purpose of facilitating its treatment and making it more accessible.^[11]

According to Jacques Sesiano, Abu Kamil remained seemingly unparalleled throughout the Middle Ages in trying to find all the possible solutions to some of his problems.^[9]

On Measurement and Geometry (Kitāb al-misāḥa wa al-handasa)

A manual ofgeometryfor non-mathematicians, like land surveyors and other government officials, which presents a set of rules for calculating the volume and surface area of solids (mainly rectangularparallelepipeds,right circularprisms,square pyramids,and circularcones). The first few chapters contain rules for determining thearea,diagonal,perimeter,and other parameters for different types of triangles, rectangles and squares.^[3]

Lost works

Some of Abu Kamil's lost works include:

A treatise on the use of doublefalse position,known as theBook of the Two Errors(Kitāb al-khaṭaʾayn).^[15]
Book on Augmentation and Diminution(Kitāb al-jamʿ wa al-tafrīq), which gained more attention after historianFranz Woepckelinked it with an anonymous Latin work,Liber augmenti et diminutionis.^[4]
Book of Estate Sharing using Algebra(Kitāb al-waṣāyā bi al-jabr wa al-muqābala), which contains algebraic solutions for problems ofIslamic inheritanceand discusses the opinions of knownjurists.^[9]

Ibn al-Nadimin hisFihristlisted the following additional titles:Book of Fortune(Kitāb al-falāḥ),Book of the Key to Fortune(Kitāb miftāḥ al-falāḥ),Book of the Adequate(Kitāb al-kifāya), andBook of the Kernel(Kitāb al-ʿasīr).^[5]

Legacy

The works of Abu Kamil influenced other mathematicians, likeal-KarajiandFibonacci,and as such had a lasting impact on the development of algebra.^[5]^[16]Many of his examples and algebraic techniques were later copied by Fibonacci in hisPractica geometriaeand other works.^[5]^[13]Unmistakable borrowings, but without Abu Kamil being explicitly mentioned and perhaps mediated by lost treatises, are also found in Fibonacci'sLiber Abaci.^[17]

On al-Khwarizmi

Abu Kamil was one of the earliest mathematicians to recognizeal-Khwarizmi's contributions toalgebra,defending him against Ibn Barza who attributed the authority and precedent in algebra to his grandfather,'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk.^[3]Abu Kamil wrote in the introduction of hisAlgebra:

I have studied with great attention the writings of the mathematicians, examined their assertions, and scrutinized what they explain in their works; I thus observed that the book by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī known asAlgebrais superior in the accuracy of its principle and the exactness of its argumentation. It thus behooves us, the community of mathematicians, to recognize his priority and to admit his knowledge and his superiority, as in writing his book on algebra he was an initiator and the discoverer of its principles,...^[11]

Notes

^Rāshid, Rushdī; Régis Morelon (1996).Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science.Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 240.ISBN 978-0-415-12411-9.
^^a ^b ^cSesiano, Jacques (2000)."Islamic mathematics".InSelin, Helaine;D'Ambrosio, Ubiratàn(eds.).Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Mathematics.Springer. p. 148.ISBN 1-4020-0260-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gO'Connor, John J.;Robertson, Edmund F.,"Abu Kamil",MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive,University of St Andrews
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fHartner, W. (1960). "ABŪ KĀMIL SHUDJĀʿ".Encyclopaedia of Islam.Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 132–3.ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eLevey, Martin (1970)."Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam ibn Muḥammad ibn Shujāʿ".Dictionary of Scientific Biography.Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 30–32.ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
^Berggren, J. Lennart (2007)."Mathematics in Medieval Islam".The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook.Princeton University Press. pp. 518, 550.ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.
^Mat Rofa Bin Ismail (2008), "Algebra in Islamic Mathematics", inHelaine Selin(ed.),Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Springer, p. 114,ISBN 9781402045592
^Bashmakova, Izabella Grigorʹevna;Galina S. Smirnova (2000-01-15).The beginnings and evolution of algebra.Cambridge University Press. p.52.ISBN 978-0-88385-329-0.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱSesiano, Jacques (1997-07-31). "Abū Kāmil".Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures.Springer. pp. 4–5.
^Sesiano, Jacques (2008). "Abū Kāmil".Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.Springer Netherlands: 7–8.doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9198.ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eSesiano, Jacques (2009-07-09).An introduction to the history of algebra: solving equations from Mesopotamian times to the Renaissance.AMS Bookstore.ISBN 978-0-8218-4473-1.
^Louis Charles Karpinski (1915).Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi, with an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version.Macmillan Co.
^^a ^b ^cLivio, Mario (2003).The Golden Ratio.New York: Broadway. pp.89–90, 92, 96.ISBN 0-7679-0816-3.
^Ragep, F. J.; Sally P. Ragep; Steven John Livesey (1996).Tradition, transmission, transformation: proceedings of two conferences on pre-modern science held at the University of Oklahoma.BRILL. p. 48.ISBN 978-90-04-10119-7.
^Schwartz, R. K (2004).Issues in the Origin and Development of Hisab al-Khata'ayn (Calculation by Double False Position).Eighth North African Meeting on the History of Arab Mathematics. Radès, Tunisia.Available online at:http://facstaff.uindy.edu/~oaks/Biblio/COMHISMA8paper.doc Archived2011-09-15 at theWayback Machineand"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-05-16.Retrieved2012-06-08.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Karpinski, L. C. (1914-02-01). "The Algebra of Abu Kamil".The American Mathematical Monthly.21(2): 37–48.doi:10.2307/2972073.ISSN 0002-9890.JSTOR 2972073.
^Høyrup, J. (2009).Hesitating progress-the slow development toward algebraic symbolization in abbacus-and related manuscripts, c. 1300 to c. 1550: Contribution to the conference "Philosophical Aspects of Symbolic Reasoning in Early Modern Science and Mathematics", Ghent, 27–29 August 2009.Preprints. Vol. 390. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.

References

Sesiano, Jacques (2009-07-09).An introduction to the history of algebra: solving equations from Mesopotamian times to the Renaissance.AMS Bookstore.ISBN 978-0-8218-4473-1.
Levey, Martin (1970)."Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam ibn Muḥammad ibn Shujāʿ".Dictionary of Scientific Biography.Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 30–32.ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
O'Connor, John J.;Robertson, Edmund F.,"Abu Kamil",MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive,University of St Andrews

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat
National	Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands
Academics	MathSciNet zbMATH
People	Deutsche Biographie
Other	IdRef