Abubakar Shekau

Abubakar Shekau
Shekau announcing Boko Haram's abduction of 276 Nigerian schoolgirls, video from May 2014.
Born	1974 Shekau,Tarmuwa,Yobe State,Nigeria
Died	19 May 2021 (aged 46-47) Sambisa Forest,Borno State,Nigeria
Allegiance	Boko Haram(2002–2021) Islamic State(fully 2015–2016; loosely from 2016)
Years of service	2002–2021
Rank	Leader (2009–2021)
Battles/wars	Boko Haram insurgency 2009 Boko Haram uprising January 2015 raid on Kolofata 2015 West African offensive 2015 Niger raid Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)†

Abu Mohammed Abubakar al-Sheikawi(also known by the aliasDarul Akeem wa Zamunda Tawheed,orDarul Tawheed;"the abode of monotheism"; 1974– 19 May 2021) was aNigerianmilitant who was the leader ofBoko Haram,anIslamistextremist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, from 2009 to 2021.He served as deputy leader to the group's founder,Mohammed Yusuf,until Yusuf's execution in 2009.

Nigerian authorities believed that Shekau was killed in 2009 duringclashes between security forces and Boko Haramuntil July 2010, when Shekau appeared in a video claiming leadership of the group.He had subsequently been regularly reported dead and was thought to use doubles.

Shekau has been criticized by human rights advocates for terrorism, bombings,forced conversionsand kidnapping.

In March 2015 Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL leaderAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi.However, in 2016, ISIS Central tried to replace Shekau withAbu Musab al-Barnawias leader of the group, causing a split. Shekau's loyalists were called Boko Haram and al-Barnawi's loyalists were known asIslamic State's West Africa Province.Shekau was aSalafi,until 2016, when he ended his relation to ISIL.Relations between Shekau and ISIS declined, and in 2021 ISIS launched a major operation against Shekau and his supporters.

Shekau killed himself on 19 May 2021 bydetonatingasuicide vestduring thebattle of Sambisa Forestbetween Boko Haram andIslamic State's West Africa Province.His death was first reported byThe Wall Street Journaland was confirmed by Nigerian officials,ISWAP,and his surviving loyalists.

Biography

Early years

Shekau was born in Shekau town, inTarmuwalocal government,Yobe State;his exact date of birth is unknown but is said to be 1974. Shekau was an ethnicKanuri,and also spokeHausa,Fulani,Arabic,andEnglish.He was said to have had aphotographic memory.In 1990 he moved to the Mafoni area inMaiduguriand studied under a traditional cleric before entering the Borno College of Legal and Islamic Studies (now called Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies). Shekau left the college for ideological reasons and without earning a degree.He later metMohammed Yusuf,the founder of Jamaat Ahlus Sunnah li Dawah wal Jihad, and became one of his deputies. Shekau was appointed the leader of the group in July 2009, after the death of Yusuf in the2009 Boko Haram uprising.Shekau survived being shot in the leg during the 2009 attempt on his life by Nigerian security forces.He was married to one ofMuhammad Yusuf's four widows.His nickname was "Darul Tawheed", which translates as "specialist intawheed",the Islamic concept of oneness ofAllah.

Leader of Boko Haram

Shekau's leadership did not go unchallenged. He received a letter fromal-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebgiving him advice but he did not heed it.As a result of his erratic leadership, in 2012 a faction of the group broke off to form Jamaat Ansar al-Muslimin fi Bilād as-Sudn (Ansaru). This faction included his military commander Abu Muhammad al-Bauchawi, and religious advisor Sheikh Abu Osama al-Ansari Muhammad Awal al-Gombawi. Despite this, many soldiers and commanders stayed with Shekau, including military commanders Abu Sa'ad al-Bamawi and Muhammad Salafi. With his group mostly intact, Shekau engaged in conflict with Ansaru, killing their leader Abu Osama al-Ansari. As a result of this, and other arrests of Ansaru leaders by theNigerian government,Ansaru did not pose a further threat to Shekau's leadership of the jihadi movement in Nigeria, and the group became defunct by 2015.

Shekau's fellow jihadist fighters were undisciplined and abused the populations they encountered, resulting in the establishment of civilian militias such as theCivilian Joint Task Forceto fight them. Shekau was also thought to have killed his own religious advisors, including Sheikh Abd al-Malek al-Ansari al-Kadunawi and Abu al-Abbas al-Bankiwani.

In June 2012, theUnited States Department of Statedesignated Shekau as a terrorist and effectively froze his assets in the United States.Since June 2013,the department has had a standingrewardof US$7 million for information leading to Shekau's capture through itsRewards for Justiceprogram.In addition, the Nigerian army has offered a₦50 million reward (approximately US$300,000) for Shekau.

In videos Shekau posted online, he boasted often about his invincibility; mocked various armies; and stated that he "cannot be stopped" and "cannot die except by the will ofAllah".He has also boasted of being in possession of armoured tanks and other combat vehicles.His online videos frequently depictanti-Americanrhetoric, and he has made multiple threats to attack theU.S.

In one prominent incident, he took credit for thekidnapping of over 200 school girls in April 2014.Shekau also announced that the kidnapped girls have been converted to Islam.He has claimed to be waging ajihadagainstChristianity.

Amputation led by Boko Haram.

In a May 2014 video, he asserted that his goal was to create acaliphate.

With the rise of theIslamic State in Iraq and Syriaduring 2014 and 2015, Shekau faced pressure from his commanders and soldiers to pledge his allegiance to IS leaderAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi.A history of the group says that Shekau "was compelled to give allegiance, and that was through a coming together of the military commanders, and after he became convinced that the matter was about to go out of his hand, and that his throne would be shaken and emptied of him if he did not give allegiance".

AfterGwoza massacretook place, he declaredGwozato be under the control ofBoko Haram,saying “Thanks be toAllahwho has given us victory in Gwoza and made us part of theIslamic caliphate.Thanks be to Allah. We are in an Islamic caliphate and we have nothing to do withNigeria.”

Shekau threatened to attack participants in the2015 Nigerian general election.

In August 2016, ISIL appointedAbu Musab al-Barnawias the leader of the group in place of Shekau.Shekau refused to recognise Barnawi's authority and split off part of the group under its original name of Jamaat Ahlus Sunnah li Dawah wal Jihad, while Barnawi led the "Islamic State's West Africa Province" (ISWAP).While Shekau led his group, he only had 1,500 soldiers, whereas Barnawi had 3,500.Shekau has been widely denounced as following the ideology of theKhawarijby the Islamic State and West Africa province in Nigeria.

Following the split, many clashes occurred between Shekau and Barnawi's forces over the next years.Regardless, Shekau never fully renounced his allegiance to the Islamic State, instead framing the rebel infighting as being solely attributable to his local rivals.

Reports of death

Shekau was reported killed in 2009 but reappeared as the group leader less than a year later.The Nigerian army in mid-August 2013 stated that he was fatally wounded when soldiers raided a base of Boko Haram in Sambisa forest and had died between 25 July and 3 August.However, a video in September 2013 was released in which a man purported to be Shekau claimed he had not been killed.The Nigerian army also stated to have killed him during the 2014Battle of Kodungathat lasted from 12 to 14 September.The Cameroonian military posted a photoand also claimed that their forces killed Shekau in September 2014.In response to these reports, security analyst Ryan Cummings commented, "Is this his fourth or fifth death? He dies more often than an iPhone battery."In early October 2014, a video was obtained byAFP news agencythat showed Shekau alive, in which he mocked the Nigerian military's allegations that he had been killed.

Chadian PresidentIdriss Débyclaimed in mid-August 2015 that Shekau had been replaced by Mahamat Daoud without exactly specifying his fate.An audio message attributed to Shekau was released a few days later, in which he purportedly stated that he had neither been killed nor ousted as chief of the group.

Shekau was reported to have been "fatally wounded" during an airstrike in Taye village on 19 August 2016 byNigerian Air Forcewhich also killed some senior leaders of Boko Haram.On 25 September, a video of a man purported to be Shekau was released on YouTube, in which he claimed that he was alive and in good health.

On 27 June 2017, Shekau released a video in which he claimed responsibility for the abduction of Nigerian policewomen and criticized the Nigerian government for claiming that Boko Haram had been defeated.This video would seem to be further evidence of Shekau's continued survival. In February 2020, Shekau released a video threatening the minister of information and digital economy,Isa Ali Pantami,and making reference to what was done to Islamic scholarJa'afar Mahmud AdaminMaiduguriwhen he preached againstBoko Haram,Bulama Bukarti,explained why Boko Haram leader Shekau threatened the Minister in an interview with the BBC.

Death

Main article:Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)

Picture of Sambisa Forest.

In May 2021, fighting between ISWAP and Shekau's troops escalated. The formerinvaded Sambisa Forest,Boko Haram's traditional stronghold, and encircled Shekau on 19 May.ISWAP attempted to convince Shekau to surrender and acknowledge Barnawi's authority, but the Boko Haram leader refused. In the middle of the negotiations, Shekau reportedly used asuicide vestto kill himself as well as a senior ISWAP frontline commander who was talking to him at the time.ISWAP was surprised by this "dramatic" action.

In the next weeks, several sources gradually issued confirmations of his death.ISWAPdeclared Shekau dead in early June 2021, with al-Barnawi condemning him as "someone who committed unimaginable terrorism".In mid-June 2021, Shekau's loyalists under Bakura Sahalaba confirmed his death, but also declared that they would continue to fight against ISWAP.Initially, the leadership of theBoko Haramremnants remained disputed, as several sub-commanders like Bakura Doro and Bakura Sahalaba took charge. In May 2022, Boko Haram declared an obscure individual called "Abu Umaimata"its new overall leader.

See also

• Sharia in Nigeria
• Slavery in 21st-century Islamism

References

Works cited

• Zenn, Jacob (24 May 2021)."Killing of Boko Haram Leader Abubakar Shekau Boosts Islamic State in Nigeria"(PDF).Terrorism Monitor.19(10).Jamestown Foundation:1–2.
• Zenn, Jacob (6 June 2022)."Boko Haram Pledges Loyalty to Mysterious New Leader: Abu Umaimata".Militant Leadership Monitor.13(5).Jamestown Foundation.

External links

• Boko Haram: Its Beginnings, Principles and Activities in Nigeria(PDF),Kano, Nigeria: Islamic Studies Department, University of Bayero.
• Counter Extremism Projectprofile