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Coordinates:5°33′N0°12′W/ 5.550°N 0.200°W/5.550; -0.200
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For the metropolitan district, which serves as the administrative boundaries of the City of Accra, seeAccra Metropolitan District.For the genus of moth, seeAccra (genus).For the suburb of Jerusalem that goes by almost the same name, seeAcra (fortress).For the city in Israel, seeAcre, Israel.For the capital of Turkey, seeAnkara.

Accra
Capital cityandmetropolis
Accra central skyline
Schoolchildren celebratingGhana's Independence DayatBlack Star Square
National Theatre
University of GhanaGreat Hall
King Tackie Tawia I statue
Jamestown Lighthouse
The Octagon
West Ridge
Labadi Beach
General Post Office
Flag of Accra
Flag
Accra is located in Ghana
Accra
Accra
Accra is located in Africa
Accra
Accra
Coordinates:5°33′N0°12′W/ 5.550°N 0.200°W/5.550; -0.200
CountryGhana
RegionGreater Accra Region
Districts
13 districts
Settled15th century
Government
• MayorElizabeth K. T. Sackey
Area
[1]
• Accra Metropolitan20.4 km2(7.9 sq mi)
• Urban
199.4 km2(77.0 sq mi)
• Metro
3,245 km2(1,253 sq mi)
Elevation
61 m (200 ft)
Population
(2021 census)[1]
• Accra Metropolitan284,124
• Density14,000/km2(36,000/sq mi)
•Urban
1,782,150
• Urban density8,900/km2(23,000/sq mi)
•Metro
5,455,692
• Metro density1,700/km2(4,400/sq mi)
DemonymAccran
Time zoneUTC+0(GMT)
Postcode districts
GA, GL, GZ
Area code030
Websiteama.gov.gh

Accra(/əˈkrɑː/;Ga:GaorGaga;Twi:Nkran;Ewe: Gɛ;Dagbani:Ankara) is the capital and largest city ofGhana,located on the southern coast at theGulf of Guinea,which is part of theAtlantic Ocean.[2][3]As of 2021 census, theAccra Metropolitan District,20.4 km2(7.9 sq mi), had a population of 284,124 inhabitants, and the largerGreater Accra Region,3,245 km2(1,253 sq mi), had a population of 5,455,692 inhabitants.[1]In common usage, the name "Accra" often refers to the territory of theAccra Metropolitan Districtas it existed before 2008, when it covered 199.4 km2(77.0 sq mi).[4]This territory has since been split into 13local government districts:12 independentmunicipal districts(total area: 179.0 km2) and the reduced Accra Metropolitan District (20.4 km2), which is the only district within the capital to be granted city status.[5]This territory of 199.4 km2contained 1,782,150 inhabitants at the 2021 census,[6]and serves as the capital of Ghana, while the district under the jurisdiction of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly proper (20.4 km2) is distinguished from the rest of the capital as the "City of Accra".[7]

Formed from the merger of distinct settlements around BritishFort James,DutchFort Crêvecoeur (Ussher Fort),and DanishFort ChristiansborgasJamestown,Usshertown,andChristiansborgrespectively, Accra served as the capital of the BritishGold Coastbetween 1877 and 1957 and has since transitioned into a modern metropolis. The capital's architecture reflects this history, ranging from 19th-centurycolonial architectureto modernskyscrapersand apartment blocks.[8]

Accra is theGreater Accra Region's economic and administrative hub, and serves as the anchor of the largerGreater Accra Metropolitan Area(GAMA),[9]which is inhabited by about 4 million people, making it thethirteenth-largest metropolitan area in Africa.In 2020, theGlobalization and World Cities Research Networkthink tankdesignated Accra as a "Gamma −" levelglobal city,indicating a growing level of international influence and connectedness.[10]

Etymology[edit]

The wordAccrais derived from theAkanwordNkranmeaning "ants", a reference to the numerous anthills seen in the countryside around Accra.[11][self-published source?]The name specifically refers tosoldier ants,and was applied to both the town and people by theTwispeakers.[12][13]

The name of Accra in the localGa languageisGaorGaga,the same name as that of theGa peopleand acognatewithNkran.The word is sometimes rendered with the nasalised vowels asGãorGãgã.HistorianCarl Christian Reindorfconfirmed this etymology, proposing a link between the martial qualities and migratory behaviour of the local ants and those of the Ga people. The link between theethnonymand ants was explicitly reflected in the recognition of anthills as sacred places. Often ringed by sacred fences (aklabatsa), the tall red mounds dotting Accra's hinterland were seen as microcosms of human community and as nodal points between the known world and the world of the dead.[12]

The Ga used the reference to the invasive species of dark-red swarming ants to connote military prowess and their ancient conquest ofGuangspeakers residing in the Accra Plains.[14]

The nameGais actually a cognate of the nameAkan,one of a few words in which[g]corresponds to[k]in Akan.[15]Gaalso gave its name to theGa districtssurrounding Accra.[16][self-published source?]

The spellingAccrawas given toNkranbyEuropeans.[16]An earlier spelling used by theDaneswasAkra.[17][18]

History[edit]

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Accra.
A contemporary drawing of theDanish empirefort,Fort Christiansborg,now Osu Castle. The outpost to the right isFort Prøvestenen

The mainGagroup known as the Tumgwa Were led by Ayi Kushie arrived by sea. When the Guan (Lartehs) on the coast saw them on their canoes at sea, they looked like ants. Hence, the Lartehs refer to them as Nkran (ants). Nkran was later corrupted by theDanesto Akra, then to present-day Accra.Nkranin theGa languageisGaga,thus they also started calling themselves Ga. Due to the sheer numbers of the Ga immigrants, the indigenous Lartehs relocated to theAkuapemridge.

Initially, Accra was not the most prominent trading centre; the trade hubs of the time were the ports atAdaandPrampram,along with the inland centres ofDodowaandAkuse.The Dutch built the nearby outposts ofUssher Fortwhile the British and the Swedes built James Fort and Christiansborg castles, respectively. By the 17th century, Portugal,Franceand Denmark, had constructed forts in the city.[citation needed]

Britain gradually acquired the interests of all other countries beginning in 1851, when Denmark soldChristiansborg(which they had acquired from the Swedes) and their other forts to the British. TheNetherlandswas the last to sell out, in 1871. In 1873, after decades of tension between the British andAshantis,the British capturedKumasi,destroying portions of the city. The British then captured Accra in 1874, and in 1877, at the end of the secondAnglo-Asante War,Accra replacedCape Coastas the capital of the BritishGold Coast.This decision was made because Accra had a drier climate relative to Cape Coast. Until this time, the settlement of Accra was confined between Ussher Fort to the east and theKorle Lagoonto the west.[19]

As the newly established Gold Coast's administrative functions were moved to Accra (1877), an influx of British colonial administrators and European settlers grew around the Christiansborg (modernOsu,Ministries, Ridge, Labone, and Cantonments) began, and the city began to expand to accommodate the new residents. Victoriaborg was formed in the late 19th century as an exclusively European residential neighbourhood, located to the east of the city limits of the time. The boundaries of Accra were further stretched in 1908. This expansion entailed the creation of a native-only neighbourhood, intended to accommodate members of the native population as a means of relieving congestion problems in the overcrowded city centre.Adabrakawas thus established to the north of the city.[20]

A main street of central Accra sometime between 1885 and 1908

One of the most influential decisions in the history of the city was that of building the Accra-Kumasi railway in 1908. This was to connect Accra, the country's foremost port at that time, with Ghana's maincocoa-producing regions. In 1923, the railway was completed, and by 1924, cocoa was Ghana's largest export.[citation needed]

The colonial era heavily influenced the shape that Accra took during this period. For example, thesegregationof European and African neighbourhoods was mandated by law until 1923, and all new buildings were required to be built out of stone or concrete.[citation needed]Despite these regulations, European settlers in the Gold Coast were very hesitant to invest any large amount of money into the city to maintain its infrastructure or improve public works. This did not change until the governorship ofSir Frederick Gordon Guggisbergduring which period the three separate settlements (Osu, La and Jamestown) merged to become modern Accra. Guggisberg's administration laid out the present grid networked neighbourhoods of Tudu, Adabraka and Asylum Down.[citation needed]

Among the achievements of Guggisberg was the building of a bridge across the Korle Lagoon in 1923, which opened the land west of the lagoon for settlement. Guggisberg also oversaw the building of a major hospital (Korle-Bu) and secondary school (Achimota). Such improvements led to an increase in Accra's population due to themigration of rural dwellersinto the city, and the immigration of increasing numbers of British businessmen and administrators.[citation needed]

After World War II[edit]

Jamestown LighthouseinJamestown/Usshertown

In the years followingWorld War II,the neighbourhoods of Ridge and Cantonments were planned as low-density developments for Europeans, while many rural migrants settled in neighbourhoods which had not yet been incorporated into Accra's municipal boundary, such as Nima and surrounding areas.[citation needed]Thus, the development of these neighbourhoods was unregulated by the government, creating a crowded and jumbledshanty-townlandscape.[citation needed]

Another area of Accra that took shape at this time was the central business district (CBD). More administrative buildings were built on High Street, forming a massive judicial/administrative complex. Additionally, the expansion of the economy led to many more commercial buildings being built in the CBD.[citation needed]

In 1944, Accra's city planner Maxwell Fry devised a town plan, which was revised in 1958 by B.D.W. Treavallion and Alan Flood. Although the Fry/Trevallion plan was never followed through, it illustrated the British vision of how Accra should develop.[citation needed]

In 1948, Ghana remained a colony of Great Britain following World War II. The chief of Osu Alata, Nii Kobina Bonney III, had set up a boycott of European goods across the country due to the rise of prices for essential commodities.[21]At the same time veterans of the war were fighting for their benefits and promised pay.[22]Unarmed ex-servicemen organized a march on Christiansborg Castle, Accra on February 28, 1948. Their plan was to hand a petition to the colonial governor demanding they receive their pay and benefits. Before reaching the castle, the veterans were fired upon, after being ordered by the colonial police chief to disperse. Three of the leaders of the demonstration were killed, including Sergeant Nii Adjetey, who now has a memorial in Accra.[citation needed]

Fry/Treavallion plan[edit]

In the Fry/Treavallion plan, a reorganization of the CBD was called for, as well as the development of the coastal region of the city. To reorganize the CBD, the planners decided to superimpose a tight street grid north of Fort Ussher.

To the east of this newly organized CBD, the planners hoped to preserve a broad, open space for a restaurant, country club, andpoloandcricketfields. Additionally, the British planners intended to build large numbers of public squares, fountains, and ornamental pools and statues throughout the city, as well as a vast Parliament Complex in the city centre. Lastly, the Fry/Treavallion plan included plans to make the coastal region an extension of the exclusive European neighbourhood of Victoriaborg, and to create a recreational preserve for the elite. However, theBritish Gold Coast endedbefore the Fry/Treavallion plan was enacted.

Nkrumah Plan[edit]

Black star Square

WhenKwame Nkrumahbecame Ghana's first post-independencePrime Ministerin 1957, he created his own plan for Accra's development.[23]Instead of creating spaces to serve the elite, Nkrumah sought to create spaces to inspire pride and nationalism in his people and people throughout Africa.[citation needed]

Rather than creating ornamental fountains and a large Parliament complex, Nkrumah decided to build landmarks such as Independence Square, the State House, and the Organisation of African Unity building, and to refurbish Christianborg Castle. Nkrumah decided to leave the Atlantic coastal region undeveloped, so as to not detract attention from the Community Centre or Independence Square, lending both spaces symbolic significance.[citation needed]The Nkrumah plan did not emphasise order nearly as much as the Fry/Treavallion plan did; whereas the British plan strove to lessen crowding in the commercial district and help relieve the overcrowding of neighbourhoods bordering the CBD, the Nkrumah plan allowed for continued compression of commercial establishments into the CBD, as well as increased migration into Jamestown.[citation needed]

The modern city is centred on the original British, Danish, and Dutch forts and their surrounding communities:Jamestownnear the BritishJames Fort,Osunear the Danish fort ofChristiansborg(nowOsu Castle), andUssherstownnear the DutchUssher fort.

Tourist attractions include the National Museum of Ghana, the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Archives of Ghana and Ghana's central library, the National Theatre, the Accra Centre for National Culture, and theJamestown Lighthouse.

TheParliament,Supreme Court of Ghana,Black Star Squareand theBank of Ghanaare also located in Accra.

The city is also a transportation hub, home to theKotoka International Airport,and railway links toTema,Sekondi-TakoradiandKumasi.Accra has become a location for national and international business conferences, such as the BarCamp Ghana series, organised by GhanaThink Foundation.[24]

Geography[edit]

Accra
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
15
31
23
33
31
24
56
31
24
81
31
24
142
31
24
178
29
23
46
27
23
15
27
22
36
27
23
64
29
23
36
31
24
23
31
24
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█Precipitation totals in mm
Source: BBC Weather[25]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
0.6
87
73
1.3
88
75
2.2
88
76
3.2
88
76
5.6
87
75
7
84
74
1.8
81
74
0.6
80
71
1.4
81
73
2.5
85
74
1.4
87
75
0.9
88
75
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█Precipitation totals in inches

Owing to its location in theDahomey Gap,where the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean coast runs parallel to the prevailing moist monsoonal winds, Accra features a very marginalhot semi-arid climate(Köppen climate classification:BSh) that borders on atropical wet and dry climate(Köppen climate classification:Aw/As). The average annual rainfall is about 730 mm, which falls primarily during Ghana's two rainy seasons. The chief rainy season begins in April and ends in mid-July, whilst a weaker second rainy season occurs in October. Rain usually falls in short intensive storms and causes local flooding in which drainage channels are obstructed.

Very little variation in temperature occurs throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature ranges from 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) in August (the coolest) to 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) in March (the hottest), with an annual average of 27.6 °C (81.7 °F). The "cooler" months, which are summer months tend to be morehumidthan the warmer months, which are winter and spring months. As a result, during the warmer months and particularly during the windyharmattanseason, the city experiences a breezy "dry heat" that feels less warm than the "cooler" but more humid rainy season.

As a coastal city, Accra is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise, with population growth putting increasing pressure on the coastal areas.[26]Drainage infrastructure is particularly at risk, which has profound implications for people's livelihoods, especially in informal settlements. Inadequate planning regulation and law enforcement, as well as perceived corruption in government processes, lack of communication across government departments and lack of concern or government co-ordination with respect to building codes are major impediments to progressing the development of Accra's drainage infrastructure, according to theClimate & Development Knowledge Network.[27]

As Accra is close to theequator,the daylight hours are practically uniform during the year. Relative humidity is generally high, varying from 65% in the midafternoon to 95% at night. The predominant wind direction in Accra is from the WSW to NNE sectors. Wind speeds normally range between 8 and 16 km/h. High wind gusts occur withthunderstorms,which generally pass insquallsalong the coast.

The maximum wind speed record in Accra is 107.4 km/h (58 knots). Strong winds associated with thunderstorm activity often cause damage to property by removing roofing material. Several areas of Accra experience microclimatic effects. Low-profiledrainage basinswith a north–south orientation are not as well ventilated as those oriented east–west.

Air is often trapped in pockets over the city, and an insulation effect can give rise to a local increase in air temperature of several degrees. This occurs most notably in the Accra Newtown sports complex areas.

Climate data for Accra (Accra International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1936–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.6
(97.9) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		38.7
(101.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.5
(94.1) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		38.7
(101.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.6
(90.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.3
(88.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 28.5
(83.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.0
(59.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 11.8
(0.46) 		25.5
(1.00) 		61.1
(2.41) 		87.8
(3.46) 		151.4
(5.96) 		189.6
(7.46) 		63.0
(2.48) 		21.0
(0.83) 		42.9
(1.69) 		80.0
(3.15) 		37.2
(1.46) 		27.2
(1.07) 		798.5
(31.44)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 0.8 1.6 4.1 4.7 8.3 10.2 5.4 3.6 5.4 5.7 2.8 1.5 54.1
Averagerelative humidity(%) 77 78 79 80 81 85 84 83 81 82 80 80 81
Mean monthlysunshine hours 185.9 189.7 211.9 221.2 219.4 157.9 150.8 146.8 173.0 237.6 244.9 222.7 2,361.8
Source 1:NOAA[28]
Source 2:Deutscher Wetterdienst(extremes 1936–1990, humidity 1952–1967)[29]

Administration[edit]

The administration of Accra occurs at two levels. Strategic initiatives, such as the urban transportation project, are coordinated between district authorities,[30]while local administration is carried out by local government authorities, which are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, local roads and refuse collection within their area of jurisdiction.

Aerial photograph 7 November 1929

The former territory of the Accra Metropolitan District, 199.4 km2(77.0 sq mi),[4]as it existed before 2008, is now divided into 13 separate local government districts, all governed as municipal assemblies with their own town hall and a municipal executive appointed by the president of the republic. Each municipal assembly is responsible for most local services, such as local planning and refuse collection. The reducedAccra Metropolitan District(also referred to as City of Accra), 20.4 km2(7.9 sq mi), once comprised the entirety of Accra until the Ledzokuku, Krowor, La Dadekotopon, Ablekuma North, Ablekuma Central, Ablekuma West, Ayawaso East, Ayawaso North, Ayawaso Central, Ayawaso West, Okaikwei North, and Korley Kottey districts were carved out as separate municipal districts between 2008 and 2019.

Districts[edit]

Accra Metropolitan District (City of Accra)

Main article:Accra Metropolitan District

The Accra Metropolitan District is one of the 13 local government districts that contains the historic centre and the primary central business district (CBD) of Accra. To promote efficiency in the administrative machinery and also meet the ever-pressing demands for amenities and essential services, the district is divided into the Ashiedu Keteke, Okaikoi South, and Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan districts.[31]

The Accra Metropolitan Assembly, which governs the City of Accra within the boundaries of theAccra Metropolitan District,is led by a Metropolitan Chief Executive who is appointed by thePresidentof the Republic ofGhana.TheMayor of AccraisMohammed Adjei Sowah,who was appointed by PresidentNana Akufo-Addoand approved unanimously by the AMA on 23 March 2017.[32]

TheAblekuma South sub-metropolitan districtcovers an area of 6 km2(2.3 sq mi) and is bordered by the Ablekuma Central and Ablekuma North Municipal Assemblies, and the Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district.[33]It includes 5 electoral areas: Korle Gonno, Korlebu, Chorkor, Mamprobi, and New Mamprobi.

Communities within theOkaikoi South sub-metropolitan districtinclude Darkuman, New Fadama, Kaneshie, Bubiashie, and Avenor.[34]The sub-metro has 8 electoral areas namely Awudome, Goten, Kaatsean, Mukose, Bubuashie, Bubui, Avenor and Kaneshie.

TheAshiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan districtcovers the Central Business District (CBD) and as such the hub of major commercial activities within the Metropolis. Major markets include Makola, Agbogbloshie, and Kwasiodwaso. There are 8 electoral areas namely Ngleshie, Mudor, Kinka, Nmlitsagonno, Amamomo, Korle Wonkon, and Korle Dudor.[35]

Ledzekuku Municipal District

Main article:Ledzokuku Municipal District

The Ledzekuku Municipal District, with its administrative capital atTeshie,covers an estimated area of 31.3 km2(12.1 sq mi).[1]

Krowor Municipal District

Main article:Krowor Municipal District

The Krowor Municipal District was carved out of the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District in 2018. Its administrative capital isNungua.[36]

La Dadekotopon Municipal District

Main article:La Dade Kotopon Municipal District

The La Dadekotopon Municipal District, with its administrative capital at La, was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2012.[37]The Kotoka International Airport, Airport City, Accra Mall, and the US Embassy are located within the district, which covers an area of 32 km2(12 sq mi).[1]Other communities within this district include Cantonments, Labone, and Burma Camp.

Ablekuma North Municipal District

Main article:Ablekuma North Municipal District

The Ablekuma North Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2018 with an administrative capital atDarkuman Kokompe.[38]

Ablekuma Central Municipal District

Main article:Ablekuma Central Municipal District

The Ablekuma Central Municipal District covers a total land area of 8.8 km2(3.4 sq mi).[1]Its administrative capital isLartebiokorshie.

Ablekuma West Municipal District

Main article:Ablekuma West Municipal District

The Ablekuma West Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2018 and its administrative capital isDansoman.[39]

Ayawaso East Municipal District

Main article:Ayawaso East Municipal District

The Ayawaso East Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2018 and its administrative capital isNima.

Ayawaso North Municipal District

Main article:Ayawaso North Municipal District

The Ayawaso North Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2018 and its administrative capital isAccra Newtown.[39]

Ayawaso Central Municipal District

Main article:Ayawaso Central Municipal District

The Ayawaso Central Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District with an administrative capital beingKokomlemle.[40]

Ayawaso West Municipal District

Main article:Ayawaso West Municipal District

The Ayawaso West Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District and its administrative capital isDzorwulu.

Okaikwei North Municipal District

Korley Kottey Municipal District

The Korley Klottey Municipal District was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District in 2019 and covers an area of 10 km2(3.9 sq mi)[1]Some of the communities within the district include Osu, Ringway Estates, Asylum Down, North Ridge, West Ridge, Ministries, Gold Coast City, North Adabraka, and Tudu. There are 9 electoral areas namely Osu Doku, Ringway Estates, Kinkawe, Osu Alata, Asylum Down, North Adabraka, Tudu, Odorna/Sahara, and Official Town.

Cityscape[edit]

Main article:Neighbourhoods of Accra

Accra Central[edit]

The Ring Road, extending from the Korle Lagoon in the west, north to Kwame Nkrumah Circle, following east to the juncture of Independence Avenue, and continuing on toOsu,forms a ring around the oldest districts of Accra, and separates central Accra from the outlying suburbs.

Central Accra includes the CBD, which consists of the historic districts ofUsshertown,Tudu,Victoriaborg,West Ridge,andEast Ridge,as well as the historic residential districts ofJamestown,Adabraka,Asylum Down,North RidgeandChristiansborg/Osu.

Although satellite business districts such as the Airport City have been established across the city, Central Accra remains the administrative and cultural centre of Accra, hosting government ministries, hotels, businesses, and financial institutions.

Central Accra's principal attractions include theKwame Nkrumah Mausoleum,theNational Museum,Independence Square,theNational Theatre,and theOhene Djan Stadium.

Accra North[edit]

Northern Accra is a residential and business district. The area contains the "37" Military Hospital,The Flagstaff House,several foreignembassies,Achimota School,Achimota Golf Park, and theUniversity of Ghana's Legon campus, which serves as Accra's northern boundary.

Geographically, the areas north of Ring Road West and Central, east of Winneba/Graphic Road, west of Liberation Road, and the districts just north and south of the Kwame Nkrumah motorway are regarded as Northern Accra. Some areas North of Accra include, Ashongnman, Madina, Haatso, North and West Legon and others.

Accra East[edit]

Eastern Accra is largely residential and geographically north of Ring Road East, stretching as far north as Kwame Nkrumah Motorway; the district is bordered to the west by Liberation Road.

Accra West[edit]

Western Accra is largely a residential and business area. Whilst geographically less expansive than the northern and eastern reaches of the city as a result of the large saltponds of Tettegu and Aplaku, it nonetheless boasts one of Accra's most important landmarks, theKorle Bu Teaching Hospital.

Geographically, the areas west of Ring Road West, extending as far west as the saltponds and south of Graphic Road, are considered Accra West.[41]

Demographics[edit]

The period between 1960 and 1970 saw rapid industrialization and expansion in Accra's manufacturing and commercial sectors. This contributed to highrural-urban migrationto the city, and consequently a high population growth rate.[42]The stagnation of the Ghanaian economy during the 1970s slowed the growth of Accra's population, as shown by the falling growth rate of the 1970–1984 intercensal years. Later, however, the decline in agriculture in rural communities in Ghana and rising industrialization in urban regions, coupled with the late-1980s boom in theservice sector,once again propelled immigration to Accra. The primacy of the Accra Metropolitan Area as the Greater Accra region's administrative, educational, industrial and commercial centre continues to be the major force for its population growth, with immigration contributing to over 35% of the Accra's population growth.

Distribution and density[edit]

The gross density of population for the Accra Metropolitan Area in 2000 was 10.03 persons per hectare, compared to 6.23 per hectare in 1970. The highest densities were recorded in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly, with an overall average of 69.3 persons per hectare. At the community level, densities exceeding 250 persons per hectare occurred mostly in the immigrant and depressed areas in the oldest parts of Accra, such as Accra New Town, Nima, Jamestown and Usshertown. In higher-income areas, densities ranged between 17.5 and 40 persons per hectare.

Population distribution by age and gender[edit]

Accra's population is a very youthful one, with 56% of the population being under 24 years of age. This predominance of young people is not expected to decline in the foreseeable future. Fifty-one percent (51%) of the population are females, and the remaining 49% males. This gives a males-to-females ratio of 1:1.04. The greater number of females is a reflection of the nationwide trend, where the estimated ratio of males to females is 1:1.03.[43]

Migration[edit]

Decentralization is expected to reduce the migration rates in Accra. An assessment of the extent of migration to Accra, based on present locality and gender, reveals that 45% of residents in Accra are African immigrants from countries across the African continent.

Housing[edit]

Parts of Central Accra comprise a mixture of very low-density development with under-used service infrastructure on the one hand, high-density development and overstretched infrastructure services on the other. The growth of Accra has led to the neglect of some of the old settlements, whilst efforts are being made to provide the newly developing suburban areas with services and infrastructure to cater for the needs of the middle-income earners. Peripheral residential development in Accra barely has sufficient infrastructure to support it. There are also large numbers of uncompleted houses, interspersed with pockets of undeveloped land, which are often subject of litigation, due to the inability of organisations and individuals who own them to complete or develop them due to lack of funds. Housing can be grouped into three broad categories: the low-income, middle-income and high-income areas. The low-income housing areas comprise Osu, Jamestown, Adedenkpo, Chorkor, La, Teshie, Nungua, Sukura, Kwashieman, Odorkor, Bubiashie, Abeka, Nima, Maamobi and Chorkor. Altogether, these areas accommodate about 58% of Accra's total population. Most of Accra's informal businesses are located in low-income areas.

Almost all low-income areas are built up with little room for expansion. This is particularly so in the areas of the inner city. The middle-income areas of Accra are predominantly populated by Ghanaian citizens and business, administrative and professional families. Much of the housing in these areas has been provided by state, parastatal andprivate sectororganisations and individuals. The middle-income areas include Dansoman Estates, North Kaneshie Estates, Asylum Down, Kanda Estates, Abelempke, Achimota, Adenta and Tesano. Usually, these areas, unlike the low-income areas, are planned developments, but are in need of infrastructure services. Building materials and general housing conditions are of better quality. The middle-income group comprises 32% of the city's population of which are Ghanaian citizens make up. The high-income areas provide housing for the remaining 10% of the population of which Ghanaian citizens also make up. They include areas like North Ridge and West Ridge, Ringway Estates, north Labone Estates, Airport Residential Area, Roman Ridge, East Legon.

These areas are all planned and have well developed infrastructure with spacious and landscaped ground in sharp contrast with, particularly, the low-income areas. Buildings are usually built withsandcreteblocks, and have walls and roofed with aluminium, orasbestosroofing sheets. There are also high-income peripheral areas like Haatso, Kwabenya, Pokuase, Adenta, Taifa, Mallam, where development of engineering infrastructure is not yet complete. These areas developed ahead of infrastructure, however the Achimota-Ofankorcontrolled-access highwaywas scheduled to open in May 2012,[needs update][44][45]dual carriagewayroad constructionwas also due to be completed in 2012.[needs update]In total, 84.4% of all houses in the Accra Metropolitan Area have their outside walls made up of cement. Similarly, houses found within Accra have 99.2% of their floor materials made up of cement.

Economy[edit]

In 2008, theWorld Bankestimated that Accra's economy only constituted aroundUS$3 billion of Ghana's total gross domestic product (GDP).[46]The economically active population of Accra is estimated to be 823,327.

Accra Central, Accra, Ghana

Accra is a centre for manufacturing, marketing, finance, insurance, and transportation. Its financial sector incorporates a central bank, nine commercial banks (with 81 branches), four development banks (with 19 branches), four merchant banks (with seven branches), three discount houses, one home finance mortgage bank, multiplebuilding societies,Ghana Stock Exchange,foreign exchangebureaus, finance houses, insurance companies, insurance brokerage firms, two savings and loans companies, and numerous real estate developers, with industrial sites and residential developments.[47][48]The road network in the Accra Metropolitan Area totals 1,117 kilometres (694 mi) in length.

There are over 50,506 identified residential properties in Accra, and about 4,054 commercial/industrial/mixed properties, with a total rateable value of GH¢13,849,014.[49]There are also supermarkets, 36 facilities for both on–street and off-street parking,and shopping malls, as well as several facilities for sports and recreation.

Sectors of the economy[edit]

PricewaterhouseCoopers building, Accra

The sectors of Accra's economy consist of the primary, secondary (manufacturing, electricity, gas, water, construction) and tertiary sectors (supermarkets, shopping malls, hotel, restaurant, transportation, storage, communication, financial intermediation, real estate service, public administration, education, health and other social services). The tertiary service sector is the city's largest, employing about 531,670 people. The second-largest, the secondary sector, employs 22.34% of the labour force, or around 183,934 people. 12.2% of the city's workforce are reportedly unemployed, totalling around 114,198 people.[49]

Primary sector[edit]

Licensed and Commercialfishing vesselsoff thecoastof Accra.

Accra's smallest economic sector, the primary sector, employs approximately 91,556 people. The predominant economic activities arefisheryandurban agriculture,with fishery accounting for 78% of production labour. Urban agriculture in Accra centres on the growth of vegetables, several crops and poultry. Thefisheryindustry is the most important sub-sector, with 10% of the catch being exported and the rest consumed locally. The industry is characterised by extreme seasonableness, operating primarily between June and September. Although most deep-water Atlantic fishing around Accra takes place in the June–September period, fishery operations take place close to the shore throughout the year, and there are clear indications of thedepletion of fish stocksin the near future. Fishing operations are most prominent at the Jamestown, La, Teshie, Nungua and Chorkor fishing shores.

Education[edit]

Pre-school[edit]

Pre-school comprises nursery and kindergarten. In 2001, there were 7,923 children (3,893 girls and 4,030 boys) inpre-schoolsin Accra. In 2010, the enrolment rate at Pre-school was 98%.[50]Pre-schools are regulated by the Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare, and are mostly privately owned and operated. In 2001, there were 62 government-owned pre-schools in the Accra metropolis.

Primary school[edit]

Primary school enrolment of girls is higher than that of boys.[50]In 2010, the enrollment rate at primary school level was 95%.[50]

Junior high school (JHS)[edit]

The Junior High School is part of Ghana's basic education program. Its nationwide implementation began on 29 September 1987.

In the 2001/2002 academic year, 61,080 pupils had enrolled in Accra, representing 57.17% of the 129,467 school-age 12–to-14-year-olds. In 2010, the enrolment rate at Junior high school level was 95%.[50]The ratio of girls is also higher at this level.[50]

Senior high school (SHS)[edit]

Achimota School

The transition rate between junior high and senior high school increased from 30 per cent in 1990 to 50 per cent in 2001. The number of students grew by 23,102 between 1990 and 2005, an increase of about 2,310 a year, since 2010 the senior high school enrolment rate has been 95%.[50]

Ghana International School(GIS), a private non-profitA-Levelschool founded in 1955 for children from ages 3–18, is located in Accra's Cantonments. Abelemkpe is the home ofLincoln Community School,a private, non-profitInternational Baccalaureate(IB) school for students aged 3–18, established in 1968.[51]TheAmerican International SchoolandAbundant Grace Academyare also situated in Accra.

A number of notable public secondary schools lie on the outskirts of Accra:Achimota School,commonly referred to as "Motown", which was founded in 1924 and opened in 1927;[52]theAccra Academy,known as "Accra Aca"; thePresbyterian Boys' Secondary SchoolinLegon,commonly known as "Presec"; Wesley Grammar School – WESS-G Dansoman,St. Mary's Senior High School,commonly referred to as "Merriez", is a well-known girls' boarding school in Ghana;St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School,commonly known as "Quinas";Accra High Schoolcommonly known as "Ahisco";West Africa Secondary School,commonly known as "WASS"; theAccra Girls' Senior High School,commonly known as "Agiss";Kaneshie Secondary Technical School( "Kateco"); the Armed Forces Secondary Technical; and St. John'sGrammar School;among others.

Universities[edit]

TheUniversity of Ghanais located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the city centre atLegon.A number of other public and private universities andtertiary institutionshave since been founded in Accra, some of which are listed below.

Institution Location Public/Private Affiliation
University of Ghana(Legon) Legon Public
Accra Institute of Technology(AIT) Cantonments Private Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Regional Maritime University(RMU) Nungua Private University of Ghana
Ghana Communication Technology University(GCTU) Tesano Public
Islamic University College(ICUG) East Legon Private University of Ghana
Knutsford University College (Knutsford) East Legon Private University of Ghana
Methodist University College(MUCG) Dansoman Private University of Ghana
Regent University College of Science and Technology(Regent) Mataheko Private Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Ashesi University(Ashesi) Berekuso Private University of Cape Coast
Heritage Christian College Amasaman Private Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Central University College(Central) Mataheko/Miotso Private University of Cape Coast
Zenith University College(ZUC) La, Trade Fair Private University of Cape Coast
Ghana Institute of Journalism(GIJ) Ridge Public University of Ghana
Accra Technical University(ATU) Tudu Public
Advanced Business University College (ABUC) Kaneshie Private University of Education, Winneba
Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration(GIMPA) Achimota Public
TheUniversity of Professional Studies(UPS) Legon Public
National Film and Television Institute(NAFTI) Cantonments Public University of Ghana
Valley View University(VVU) Oyibi Private
African University College of Communications(AUCC) Adabraka Private University of Ghana
University of Professional Studies, Accra(UPSA) East-Legon Public Accra
Academic City University College (ACUC) Haatso Private
Pentecost University(Pentvars) Sowutuom Private
Wisconsin International University College, Ghana North Legon Private
Webster University, Ghana East Legon Private

Institutes[edit]

Healthcare[edit]

Hospitals[edit]

SeeList of hospitals in the Greater Accra Region.

Environment[edit]

Water[edit]

As a growing city, Accra has a water supply and scarcity challenge.[54]Water access uses a patchwork of different delivery processes.[54]

Pollution[edit]

Accra as a rapidly growing city, with lots of vehicles and other urban pollution sources, has also an increasing amount of air pollution andplastic pollution.Accra's urban ecosystem has been a site of dumping by international waste networks, with theAgbogbloshiesuburb known for its highly toxice-waste recyclingsites, and theKantamanto Marketas handling an overwhelming flow of usedfast fashionfrom other parts of the world.[55]Both sites are sources of pollution and trash for other parts of the urban ecosystem.[55][56]

Air pollution varies seasonally, but the average measure PM2.5average concentration of 49.5 μg/m3.[57]Live monitoring of air pollution is done at three sites in the city of Accra.[58]A 2021 review by theEnvironmental Protection Agencyin Ghana found that the levels were well exceeding both national and international standards for health.[59]

Plastic management is also an increasing challenge.[60]Use of plastic water bottleswater sachetsand other packaging for food safety, as well as the use of plastic during events like COVID-19 have significantly increased plastic pollution.[61]The beaches around Accra have significant plastic pollution, and surrounding fisheries are heavily impacted by plastics.[62]Multiple non-profit organizations have been formed to collect the plastic and an increasingly growing network of recyclers and informal waste recovery networks.[62][61][63]However, activists and researchers largely attribute the issue to upstream use of plastics.[62]

Green spaces[edit]

Rapidly growing population and construction within the city has been resulting in a reduction inUrban green space.[64]A 2021 study of low income communities in the city found increasing concern and desire among these communities for urban green spaces for recreation and health.[65]A 2018 study of greenspaces in the city, found the ones that do exist are important for mammal biodiversity in the city.[66]

Transportation[edit]

Kotoka International Airport(KIA)
KIA Main entrance
KIA Main terminal building

Accra is on the Atlantic coast but it has not served as a port city since the 1950s. Instead, the Port ofTema,about 29 km to the east along the Atlantic coast, was developed for deepwater shipping to and from Ghana as it can accommodate larger ships; the port opened in 1961.[67]Tema is part of the metropolitan area of Accra.

Transport within Accra includes roads and rails, and an international airport

Rapid transit[edit]

Public transports exist between Accra and major cities such asKumasi;Tamale,Mim, Ahafo;Cape Coast,Sunyani;Takoradi;Tema;Ho;Wa;Bolgatanga;Elubo;Aflao,Techiman;

In 2003, theMetro Mass Transit Service,was inaugurated in Accra as a more comfortable and cheaper alternative to the trotro.

Accra is served by theAayalolobus system, which was inaugurated in November 2016. It was initially planned as abus rapid transitwith dedicated lanes, but because these lanes were not provided it was renamedQuality Bus System(QBS).

An agreement was signed in 2019 to build a five line, 194 km (121 mi), automated, elevated light railway metro system calledAccra Skytrain.As of 2021 construction has not commenced on the $2.6 billion project. The government said in February 2021 it intends to proceed with the project which will developed under abuild-own-operateconcession by private South African firm.

Accra is connected by railway line toKumasiandTakoradi.[68] There is a suburban railway line fromAccra Central StationtoTema.[69]

Aviation[edit]

Accra is served byKotoka International Airport,which has both civil and military uses.[70]Located 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from downtown Accra, the airport handles all of the city'sscheduled passenger services.There are plans to build a second airport to relieve the aviation pressure on the Kotoka International Airport. This new airport will be located at Prampram in Accra and will be constructed by China Airport Civil Construction. This plan was still under review in 2020, as additional runways at Kotoka are in consideration as an alternative to a new international airport.[71]

Taxis[edit]

Taxis on Accra's High Street

Accra has an extensivetaxinetwork and numeroustaxi ranks,but most taxis lack a meter system, so price negotiation is required between the passenger and driver. Metered taxis do operate in the city, but tend to be more expensive. Taxis in Ghana are painted in two colours: the four bumpersfendersare yellow/orange, and the rest of the car is in a colour of the operator's choice. These taxis usually function on a shared ride model, where several passengers share one vehicle and the fare is calculated based on the distance traveled. Recently, modern taxi services such asUber,Taxify,andYangohave joined the market, providing a more advanced and comfortable alternative. Some taxi drivers might charge extra for luggage or late-night trips while some also offer fixed prices and allow for advance bookings, offering a more reliable and secure option.[72]

Tro tros and buses[edit]

Further information:Tro troandMetro Mass Transit Company Limited

By far the most common form of transport in Accra,tro tros(minibuses or cargo vans modified for passenger transport) is the third biggest, and second most efficient and cost-effective way of getting around the city. The buses are typically minibuses or vans. Some of the most popular models used as tro tros are Nissan Urvan 15-seaters and Mercedes Benz Sprinter or D 309 vans. Trotros are typically decorated with decals such as flags of various countries or (local and international) soccer teams, popular sayings, proverbs (in English or local languages) or Bible verses. Trotros pick up and offload passengers at designated bus stops along their regular routes. Tro tros will also usually offload at undesignated locations along the route, by passenger request. Most routes commence and terminate at large urban transport terminals such as the Neoplan station or theAchimota Transport Terminal.[73]

Sport[edit]

Ghana national football team (Black Stars) badge and national anthem

Footballis the most popular sport in Accra.[74]The most famous football clubs in the city are Accra Great Olympics F.C. andAccra Hearts of Oak,whose main rival isAsante KotokoofKumasi.TheAccra Sports Stadiumis home toAccra Great Olympicsand theHearts of Oak,[75]and a host venue of theBlack Stars,the national football team of Ghana. In 2008, theAccra Sports Stadiumhosted nine matches in the2008 African Cup of Nations.[76]

Another notable club isAccra Lions FC,which also plays in theAccra Sports Stadium.[77]

Accra is home to theRight to Dream Academy,which gives young Ghanaians a chance at a career in professional football. Many of the academy's alumni, includingChicago Fire'sDavid Accam,Helsingborg'sEma Boateng,Halmstad'sKing GyanandManchester City'sGodsway DonyohandEnock Kwakwa,as well as Ghana national team players,Brimah Razak,Harrison Afful,John Boye,Jonathan Mensah,Mohamed Awal,Yaw Frimpong,Mohammed Rabiu,Paul de Vries,Seidu Bancey,Mahatma Otoo,Asamoah Gyan,Latif Mohammed,Yahaya Mohamed,Theophilus Annorbaah,Michael Essien,Yussif Raman Chibsah,Kwadwo Asamoah,Joshua Otoo,Nuru Sulley,David Addy,Jerry Akaminko,Daniel OpareandFoli Adade,were also born in Accra.

Bo xingis also popular, with many former world champions coming out of Ghana, includingAzumah Nelson,Joshua Clottey,andIke Quartey.

Accra hosted the2023 African Games.

Places of worship[edit]

Among theplaces of worship,they are predominantlyChristianchurches and temples:Church of the Province of West Africa(Anglican Communion),Presbyterian Church of Ghana,Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana(World Communion of Reformed Churches),Ghana Baptist Convention(Baptist World Alliance),Lighthouse Chapel International,Church of Pentecost,Assemblies of God,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra(Catholic Church).[78]There are alsoMuslimmosques.

Notable places of worship in the city include theHoly Trinity Cathedral,Wesley Methodist Cathedral,Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu,Holy Spirit Cathedral,theGhana National Mosque,theMadina Mosque,and theAccra Ghana Templeof The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Culture[edit]

TheBlack Star Squarein Accra

Tourism in Ghanaaccounted for 1,087,000 international tourist arrivals in 2011.[79] Accra is the Greater Accra region's tourist hub, sporting a wide variety of hotels, monuments, museums and nightclubs. The city has threefive-star hotels:the Labadi Beach Hotel, the La Palm Royal Beach Hotel and the Movenpick Ambassador Hotel. The Golden Tulip Hotel and Novotel Accra, located in Accra's central business district, are both ranked four stars. There are numerous three-star hotels, including the Hotel Wangara, Hotel Shangri-La and Erata Hotel, as well as many budget hotels. TheAccra International Conference Centreand other meeting facilities provide venues for conference tourism.[80]

The Du Bois Centre houses a research library and gallery of manuscripts, as well as the graves of its namesake, the scholarW.E.B. Du Bois,and his wifeShirley Graham Du Bois.TheKwame Nkrumah Mausoleumis the resting place of Ghana's first President,Kwame Nkrumah,who oversaw the Gold Coast's independence from Britain and was a leading exponent ofPan-Africanism.

TheNational Theatrein Accra, home of theNational Symphony Orchestra Ghana

Accra furthermore hosts theNational Museum,National Theatre,with its distinctive modernChinese architecture.

The city's foremost historical site is the Jamestown area, which contains theUssher FortandJames Fort,andOsu Castle(also known asChristiansborg), built by Danish settlers in the 17th century.

Other sites of note include theJubilee House(the office of theGovernment of Ghanaand thePresident of Ghana), theParliament House of Ghana,theGhana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT,theBlack Star Square,Accra Sports Stadium,and the Accra Centre for National Culture. The Accra-basedAfrican Fashion Foundationsupports theAfrican fashion industry,especially the fashion industry inGhana.

Accra has an Atlantic beachfront and the most popular of the city's beaches isLabadi Beach,along with Kokrobite Beach, which is located 25 kilometres (16 miles) west of Accra. Thebeachfrontarea also houses the Academy of African Music and Arts.

Ghana's film industry is growing. Its first documentary addressing the impacts of climate change premiered in Accra on 14 October 2022.[81]The Ghana Youth Film Programis a compilation film of 12 documentary short films made youth from across Ghana aged 18 to 30. It participated in the United Nations climate summit, COP27, on 9November 2022.

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Accra has four officialsister cities,as recognised bySister Cities International:[82]

City Province / Region / State Nation Year Ref
Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa [83]
Sterling Connecticut United States [82]
Washington District of Columbia United States 2006 [84]
Columbia South Carolina United States [85]
Columbus Ohio United States 2015
Chattanooga Tennessee United States 2024 [86]

UNESCO World Book[edit]

In October 2022, Accra was named by theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) asWorld Book Capitalfor 2023.[87][88][89][90]

See also[edit]

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Bibliography[edit]

See also:Bibliography of the history of Accra

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accra&oldid=1234937166"