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Acela

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This article is about the U.S. passenger train. For other uses, seeAcela (disambiguation).

Acela
AcelaatRahway, New Jersey,in May 2021
Overview
Service typeInter-city,high speedtilting train
LocaleNortheast megalopolis
PredecessorMetroliner
First serviceDecember 11, 2000(2000-12-11)
Current operator(s)Amtrak
Annual ridership2,959,384 (FY23)Increase38.0%[a][1]
Route
TerminiBoston,Massachusetts
Washington,D.C.
Stops12
Distance travelled457 miles (735 km)
Average journey time63⁄4hours[2]
Service frequency20 per day[2][3]
Train number(s)2100–2290
On-board services
Class(es)First Class
Business Class
Disabled accessFully accessible
Seating arrangements4 across in business class
3 across in first class
Catering facilitiesCafé; at-seat meals in first class
Baggage facilitiesRacks and overhead bins; no checked luggage
Technical
Rolling stockAcela Express (trainset)
Track gauge4 ft8+1⁄2in(1,435 mm)standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line;
Operating speed150 mph (240 km/h) (top)[4]
170 mph (110 km/h) (avg.)[5]
Map of the areas and stations served byAcela

TheAcela(/əˈsɛlə/ə-SEL-ə;originally theAcela Expressuntil September 2019) isAmtrak's flagshippassenger trainservice along theNortheast Corridor(NEC) in theNortheastern United StatesbetweenWashington, D.C.,andBostonvia 13 intermediate stops, includingBaltimore,New York CityandPhiladelphia.Acelatrains are the fastest in theAmericas,reaching 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) (qualifying ashigh-speed rail), but only over 49.9 miles (80.3 km) of the 457-mile (735 km) route.[6]

Acelacarried more than 2.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2023, second only to the slower and less expensiveNortheast Regional,which had over 9 million passengers.[7]Ridership is down from the pre-Covid-19 pandemic high of 3,557,455 passengers in 2019.[8]Its 2016 revenue of $585 million was 25% of Amtrak's total.[9]

Acelaoperates along routes that are used by freight and slower regional passenger traffic, and reaches themaximum allowed speedof the tracks only along some sections, with the fastest peak speed along segments betweenMansfield, Massachusetts,andRichmond, Rhode Island,and South Brunswick and Trenton, New Jersey.[10]Acelatrains useactive tiltingtechnology, which helps control lateralcentrifugal force,allowing the train to travel at higher speeds on the sharply curved NEC without disturbing passengers.[11]The high-speed operation occurs mostly along the 226-mile (364 km) route fromPennsylvania Stationin New York City toUnion Stationin Washington, D.C., with a fastest scheduled time of 2 hours and 45 minutes and an average speed of 82 miles per hour (132 km/h), including time spent at intermediate stops.[3][12]Over this route,Acelaand theNortheast Regionalservice captured an 83% share of air/train commuters between New York and Washington in 2021, up from 37% in 2000.[13]

TheAcela'sspeed is limited by traffic and infrastructure on the route's northern half. On the 231-mile (372 km) section from Boston'sSouth Stationto New York's Penn Station, the fastest scheduled time is 3 hours and 30 minutes, or an average speed of 66 miles per hour (106 km/h).[2][14]Along this section,Acelahas captured a 54% share of the combined train and air market.[15][16]The entire 457-mile (735 km) route from Boston to Washington takes between 6 hours, 38 minutes and 6 hours, 50 minutes,[2]at an average speed of around 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[17]

The presentAcela Expressequipment will be replaced by newAvelia Libertytrainsets, beginning in 2024.[18]The new trains will have greater passenger capacity and an enhancedactive tilt systemthat will allow higher speed on the many curved sections of the route.[19][20]

History[edit]

Background[edit]

Following the success of Japan's newly inauguratedShinkansennetwork, theHigh Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965authorized the U.S. government to explore the creation of high-speed rail, which resulted in the introduction of the higher-speedMetrolinertrains betweenWashington, D.C.,andNew York Cityin 1969, the predecessor toAcela.During the 1980s, the U.S.Federal Railroad Administrationexplored the possibilities ofhigh-speed rail in the United States.On December 18, 1991, five potential high speed rail corridors were authorized, including the Northeast Corridor.[21]

In the early 1990s, Amtrak tested several different high-speed trains from Europe on the Northeast Corridor. AnX 2000 train was leasedfrom Sweden for test runs from October 1992 to January 1993, followed by revenue service between Washington, D.C., and New York City from February to May and August to September 1993.Siemensshowed theICE 1train from Germany, organizing theICE Train North America Tourwhich started to operate on the Northeast Corridor on July 3, 1993.[22]

Building and development[edit]

With the testing of the trains from Europe complete, Amtrak was able to define a set of specifications for high-speed equipment and in October 1994, Amtrak requested bids from train manufacturers for a trainset that could reach 150 miles per hour (240 km/h).[23]A consortium ofBombardier(75%) and GEC Alsthom (nowAlstom) (25%) was selected in March 1996.[23]

On March 9, 1999, Amtrak unveiled its plan for theAcela Express,a high-speed train on theNortheast Corridorbetween Washington, D.C., and Boston.[24][25]Several changes were made to the corridor to make it suitable for higher-speed electric trains. TheNorthend Electrification Projectextended existing electrification fromNew Haven, Connecticut,to Boston to complete theoverhead power supplyalong the 454-mile (731 km) route, and several grade crossings were improved or removed.[25][26][27]Prior to 2000, all trains bound for Boston had to switch to diesel power at New Haven.

Acela Expresstrainset undergoing testing atTTCin 2000

A pilot trainset was completed by early 2000 and sent toTransportation Technology Center(TTC) for testing in June 2000. An inaugural VIP run of theAcelaoccurred on November 16, 2000,[28]with the VIP train being led by power car number 2020 with no. 2009 at the opposite end, followed by the first revenue run on December 11, 2000, a few months after the intended date.[29]

Impact of theAcela[edit]

Vice PresidentJoe Bidenand SenatorArlen Specterriding theAcela Expressto Philadelphia in February 2009

By 2005, Amtrak's share of the common-carrier market between New York and Boston had reached 40%, from 18% pre-Acela.[30]With the increasing popularity of the faster, modernAcela Express,Metrolinerservice was phased out in late 2006.[31][32]To meet the demand, moreAcelaservices were added in September 2005.[33]By August 2008 crowding had become noticeable.[34]

By 2011, theAcelafleet had reached half of its designed service life. Amtrak proposed several replacement options, including one as part of itsA Vision for High-Speed Rail in the Northeast Corridor.[35]In 2011, Amtrak announced that forty newAcelacoaches would be ordered in 2012 to increase capacity on existing trainsets. The existing trains would have received two more coaches, lengthening the trainsets from a 1-6-1 configuration to 1-8-1 (power car—passenger cars—power car). The longer trainsets would have required the modifications of theAcelamaintenance facilities in Boston, New York and Washington. The first of the stretched trainsets was to have entered service infiscal year2014.[36]This plan was cancelled in 2012 in favor of replacing, rather than refurbishing, theAcelafleet.[37]

In January 2014, Amtrak issued a request for proposals on 28 or more new modelAcelatrainsets, in a combined order with theCalifornia High-Speed Rail Authority.These bids were due May 17, 2014.[38]After discussions with manufacturers, Amtrak and the California High Speed Rail Authority concluded their needs were too disparate for common rolling stock and decided not to pursue the joint option.[39]

Cost[edit]

Amtrak's original contract with the Bombardier-Alstom consortium was for the delivery of 20 trainsets (six coaches each, with power cars at front and rear) for $800 million.[40]By 2004, Amtrak had settled contract disputes with the consortium, paying a total of $1.2 billion for the 20 trainsets plus 15 extra high-speed locomotives and the construction of maintenance facilities in Boston, New York, and Washington.[41]

Branding[edit]

Before the introduction of the Acela, there were several classes of trains on the Northeast Corridor: the expressMetroliners,the Philadelphia-New YorkClockers,Empire Servicetrains between New York City andNiagara Fallsvia theEmpire Corridor,Keystone Servicetrains between New York City and toHarrisburgvia theKeystone Corridor,and theumbrella termNortheastDirect,applied to other trains on the corridor (in addition to unique names assigned to many departures).

AnAcela Regionaltrain atSouth Station,Boston in 2002

TheAcelaname was announced on March 9, 1999, as a part of the original announcement of the service itself.[42]The branding team based the name "Acela"on the ideas ofaccelerationand excellence.[43][44]At the same time, Amtrak launched what it called the Capstone Program, a short-lived plan torebrandtheNortheastDirect,Keystone ServiceandEmpire Servicetrains asAcela Regionaland theClockertrains asAcela Commuter.[45][46][47]

TheAcela Regionalname was first applied toNortheastDirecttrains 130–133 on January 31, 2000.[48]Those trains were the first electrified trains to run on the full Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston.[49]As more trains were electrified, they too were rebranded.

Following mass rider confusion between the three services, the branding was removed from the lower-speedAcela RegionalandAcela Commutertrains in 2003.[50][51]

On September 23, 2019, Amtrak shortened the name of the service fromAcela Expressto simplyAcela.[52]

At the same time, Amtrak introduced theAcela Nonstop,a direct train from Washington, D.C., to New York's Penn Station. The nonstop service was temporarily suspended as of March 10, 2020, due to low ridership caused by theCOVID-19 pandemic.[53]

Engineering[edit]

First-generation trainsets[edit]

Main article:Acela Express (trainset)
Overhead view of anAcelapower car inBoston;anMBTAOrange Linesubway train is also visible in the background.

The first-generationAcelatrainset is a unique set of vehicles designed specifically to satisfy governmental rolling stock requirements established primarily by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). This includes the ability to withstand a collision with a freight train at speed without collapsing. Most manufacturers that bid on theAcelawere unable to meet the structural requirements, due to increased costs and complications for the manufacture of the trains, and the need for manufacturers to make significant engineering changes to their standard designs. In the end, only three qualified bidders remained:ABB(Swedish-Swiss manufacturer of theX 2000train), Siemens (manufacturer of the GermanICE), and a consortium of Bombardier (manufacturer of the LRC trains) and Alstom (manufacturer of the FrenchTGV).[30]

The design, using identical 6,200 horsepower (4,600 kW)power carsat each end which operate on voltages of 12 kV, 12.5 kV, and 25 kVAC,and either 25 or 60Hzfrequency, derives several components from the TGV,[54]such as the third-generation TGV's traction system (including the four asynchronous AC motors per power car, rectifiers, inverters, and regenerative braking), the trucks/bogies structure (a long-wheelbase dual transom H frame welded steel with outboard mounted tapered roller bearings), the brake discs (although there are only three per axle, versus four on the TGV), and crash energy management techniques to control structural deformation in the event of an accident.[55][54]

The tilting carriages are based upon Bombardier's earlierLRCtrains used onVia Railrather than the TGV's non-tilting articulated trailers.Acelapower cars and passenger cars are much heavier than those of the TGV in order to meet the FRA's crash standards.[56]French and Canadian crews testing theAcelareferred to it as "the pig" due to its weight.[57][58]The extra weight leads to theAcela'spower-to-weight ratio being about 22.4 hp per tonne, compared to 30.8 hp for aSNCF TGV Reseautrainset.[54]The Tier II crash standards, adopted in 1999, have also resulted in the passenger cars being designed without steps and trapdoors, which means that the trainsets can only serve lines withhigh-level platformssuch as the Northeast Corridor.Acelatrains are semi-permanently coupled (but not articulated as in the TGV) and are referred to as trainsets. Bombardier later used theAcelacarriage design and adiesel/gas turbinevariant of the power car for its experimentalJetTrain.[59]

Second-generation trainsets[edit]

Main article:Avelia Liberty
Avelia Liberty trainset testing at Newark, Delaware in March 2021

On August 26, 2016, then-Vice PresidentJoe Bidenannounced a $2.45 billion federal loan package to pay for new equipment for theAcela Expressservice, as well as upgrades to the NEC. The loans will finance 28Avelia Libertytrainsets that will be built by Alstom inHornellandRochester, New York,and will replace the existing fleet of twenty Acela trainsets.

The fleet expansion will allow for hourly New York-Boston service all day and half-hourly New York-Washington service at peak hours.[60]The new trainsets will be longer, have 386 seats compared to 304 on Acela Express (a 27% increase) and will featureactive tilttechnology that will initially allow service to operate at 160 mph (260 km/h) and would allow for 186 miles per hour (299 km/h) service if proposed infrastructure improvements are completed.[citation needed]

The new trains were expected to be phased in between 2021 and 2022, after which the current fleet was to be retired.[61]Trains are now expected to enter passenger service in 2024.[18]

Operating speeds[edit]

AnAcela Expresstrain passes aMetro-NorthNew Haven Linetrain in southwesternConnecticut

Although the first-generation Acela Express trainsets were designed with a top speed of 165 mph (266 km/h) and the second-generation Avelia Liberty trainsets will be designed to reach 220 mph (354 km/h), the existing infrastructure of the Northeast Corridor significantly limits speeds.[citation needed]

The maximum speed limit on the Northeast Corridor is 150 mph (240 km/h) on 49.9 miles (80.3 km) of the 457-mile (735 km) route, in four sections of track in Rhode Island, Massachusetts,[6]and New Jersey. TheAcelaachieves an average speed (including stops) of 90 mph (140 km/h) between Washington and New York,[3][12]and an average speed of 66 mph (106 km/h) from New York to Boston.[2][14]The average speed over the entire route is 70.3 mph (113 km/h).[2][17]

Speeds are limited by the route the corridor takes through urban areas, and there are several speed restrictions below 60–80 mph (97–129 km/h) over bridges or through tunnels that are over a century old. Altogether, Amtrak has identified 224 bridges alongAcela'sroute that are beyond their design life.[62]

South of the Delaware River, theAcela's top speed is 135 mph (217 km/h).[6]One limiting factor is theoverhead catenarysupport system which was constructed before 1935 and lacks the constant-tension features of the new catenary east of New Haven.[35]ThePennsylvania RailroadranMetrolinertest trains in the late 1960s as fast as 164 mph (264 km/h) and briefly intended to run theMetrolinerservice at speeds reaching 150 mph (241 km/h). Certification testing for commercial operation at 160 mph (257 km/h) involving test runs at up to 165 mph (266 km/h) began between Trenton and New Brunswick in September 2012.[63]Passenger operation at 150 mph (241 km/h) began in this region in late May 2022.

The fastest schedule between New York and Washington, DC was 2 hours, 45 minutes in 2012. $450 million was allotted by PresidentBarack Obama's administration to replace catenary and upgrade signals[64]betweenTrentonandNew Brunswick,which will allow speeds of 160 mph (257 km/h) over a 23 mi (37 km) stretch. The improvements were scheduled to be completed in 2016, but have been delayed; the project was partially completed in late May 2022, with the remainder projected in 2024.[65]This section of track holds the record for the highest speed by a train in the US, which is 170.8 mph (274.9 km/h), achieved in a test run by the U.S./Canada-builtUAC TurboTrainon December 20, 1967.[35][66]

North of New York City,Amtrak upgraded the trackalong the Connecticut shoreline east of New Haven to allow maximum speeds in excess of 110 mph (177 km/h), in preparation for theAcelalaunch.[67]Although this area contains the fastest current operating speeds (150 mph (241 km/h)), it also has the slowest section of the NEC: betweenNew Rochelle, New York,and New Haven, Connecticut. This section is owned byMetro-North Railroadand theConnecticut Department of Transportationand is heavily used by commuter trains which limit the speed of theAcela.Amtrak's trains achieve 90 mph (145 km/h) only on a limited 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch in New York State and rarely exceed 60 mph (97 km/h) at any time eastbound through Connecticut until reaching New Haven.[68]In 1992, ConnDOT began plans to upgrade the catenary system and replace outdated bridges on the New Haven Line to enable theAcelato run slightly faster. As of May 2017the catenary replacement and bridge work were under way and expected to be completed by mid-2018.[69][needs update]

On July 9, 2007, Amtrak introduced a limited-stop round trip, with trains stopping only at Philadelphia between New York and Washington. This shortened the trip between the two cities to 2 hours 35 minutes, making the trip roughly an hour faster than some of theNortheast Regionaltrain services. These trains were an experiment to find ways to expedite travel time on theAcela;Amtrak has since dropped them.[70]

High speed infrastructure[edit]

The dense population of the northeastern United States makes theNortheast Corridorthe most heavily traveled portion of the American passenger rail system.Two-thirds of rail passengers in the United States live in or near New York City,also home to the nation's busiest passenger rail station,Penn Station.[71]In order to compete withairliners,Amtrak needed to increase the speed of trains in the region. The formerShore Linefrom New Haven to Boston is burdened by sharp turns andgrade crossings,the crossings being of special concern.[72]

Tilting enables passengers to ride more comfortably on curved sections of track faster than would otherwise be possible, by leaning into the bend.Acelatrainsets use active tilting above 60 mph (97 km/h) on most of the system, but some segments of track in the Northeast Corridor are too close together for the cars to safely tilt while maintaining FRA minimum space between trains on parallel tracks. Metro-North Railroad restricts tilting on the segment of track north of New York which it owns. The system was originally designed for a 6.8° tilt, but the cars were redesigned 4 in (102 mm) wider to accommodate wider seats and aisles that reduced allowable tilt to 4.2° to fit within the clearance constraints of the existing tracks.[55]Traveling at higher than 135 mph (217 km/h) also requires constant-tension catenary, which is only implemented on the more modern catenary system north of New York City. South of New York City, the trains are restricted to 135 mph (217 km/h). By comparison, theNortheast Regionaland the now-defunctMetrolinerservice reached 125 mph (201 km/h).

Acelaservice was originally expected to begin in late 1999 but was delayed. The catenary system could not support the intended speeds between Washington DC and New York City, but the newer system between New York City and Boston allows the higher speeds. Attention was drawn to the decreased 4.2° tilt, but this was not the root of the speed problem, as the tracks from New York to Boston are similar to those between New York and Washington, and the tilt mechanism is not the factor enabling higher speeds.[23][55]Following repairs, the firstAcelaservice began on December 11, 2000, a year behind schedule.[73]

Acelatravels between Boston and New York in about three and a half hours (an improvement of half an hour); New York to Washington runs take a minimum of two hours and forty-five minutes.[2]These schedules, as well as the relative convenience of direct downtown-to-downtown rail service as opposed to air travel, especially after theSeptember 11 attacks,have made theAcela Expressmore competitive with theair shuttles.Due to this competition,Southwest Airlinescanceled service between Washington and New York.[74]

Platform track speeds[edit]

Acela passing through a platform track at Kingston Station in Rhode Island at 150 mph.

Due to the high speed at whichAcelatrains bypass platforms of local stations, concerns have mounted in some communities over inadequate warnings and safeguards for passengers waiting for other trains, including that the two-foot wide yellowplatform markingsmay not keep people at a safe distance. AtKingston stationin Rhode Island andMansfield stationin Massachusetts,Acelatrains pass by at 150 mph (241 km/h).[75][76]Suggestions include platformsafety barriers,or use of different announcements for approachingAcelatrains versus slower ones.[77]

Outages[edit]

In August 2002, shortly after their introduction,Acelatrainsets were briefly removed from service when the brackets that connected truck (bogie) dampers (shocks) to the powerunit carbodies ( "yaw dampers" ) were found to be cracking.[78][79]TheAcelareturned to service when a program of frequent inspections was instituted. The damper brackets have since been redesigned and old brackets replaced by the newer design.

On April 15, 2005, theAcelawas removed from service when cracks were found in thedisc brakesof many passenger coaches.[80]The Bombardier-Alstom consortium replaced the discs under warranty. Limited service resumed in July 2005, as a portion of the fleet operated with new brake discs.[81]Metrolinertrains, which theAcela Expresswas intended to replace, filled in during the outage. Amtrak announced on September 21, 2005, that all 20 trainsets had been returned to full operation.

In October 2012,Acelaservice was cancelled immediately before, during, and afterHurricane Sandy,[82]which damaged theNorth River Tunnelscausing lasting delays and reliability problems.

In March 2020, allAcelatrips were suspended as part of a round of service reduction in response to theCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[83]Amtrak resumedAcelaservice on June 1, 2020.[84]

Service[edit]

Composition[edit]

The production sets are formed as follows:[55]

Car no. — 1 2 3 4 5 6 — Total
Designation Power First Class Business Class
(quiet car) 		Café Business Class Business Class
(end car)		 Power
Weight (US ton) 102.0 71.0 69.5 68.5 69.5 71.0 102.0 623.0
Weight (Long ton,
Metric ton) 		91.1 long tons; 92.5 t 63.4 long tons; 64.4 t 62.1 long tons; 63.0 t 61.2 long tons; 62.1 t 62.1 long tons; 63.0 t 63.4 long tons; 64.4 t 91.1 long tons; 92.5 t 556.2 long tons; 565.2 t
Capacity — 44 65 — 65 65 — 304

TheAcela Expresstrainset consists of two power cars, a Café car, a First Class car, and four Business Class cars, semi-permanently coupled together. It has fewer seats than its regional service counterparts. The First Class car has 44 seats, being three seats across (one on one side, two on the other side), four-seat tables and assigned seating. There are 260 Business Class seats on each trainset; these cars have four seats across (two on each side), four-seat tables, and assigned seating.[5]Baggage may be stowed in overhead compartments or underneath seats. Trains are wheelchair-accessible.Each car has one or two toilets, with one being ADA compliant.

The Business Class car adjacent to First Class is designated as a quiet car, where passengers are asked to refrain from loud talking and phone conversations. Automatic sliding doors between cars reduce noise.

Operations and staffing[edit]

Acelaoffers two classes of seating, Business Class and First Class. Unlike most other Amtrak trains, Business Class is thede factostandard class onAcelatrains; there is no coach service.[85]

Acelamaintenance is generally taken care of at the Ivy City facility in Washington, DC;Sunnyside YardinQueens, New York;or Southampton Street Yard in Boston.

TheAcelatrainsets underwent minor refurbishments between mid-2009 and 2010 at Penn Coach Yard, next to 30th Street Station inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania.These refurbishments included new blue leather seats throughout the trainset.[86]

In May 2018, Amtrak announced a 14-month program to refresh the interiors of theAcelatrainsets, including new seat cushions and covers, new aisle carpeting, and a deep clean. This refurbishment program has been completed as of June 2019.[87]

Wi-Fi service[edit]

Wireless Internet station service began in 2004.[88]In 2010, with services provided by The GBS Group, allAcelatrains began offering "AmtrakConnect" supportingIEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and standardVPNconnections.[89]In 2016, Amtrak upgraded to a faster wifi service.[90]

Staffing[edit]

Generally, Amtrak train crews consist of an engineer, a conductor, and at least one assistant conductor.[91]Acelatrains also have an On-Board Service crew consisting of two First Class attendants and a Café Car attendant. In addition to the food service provided in the Café Car, on most trains an attendant will also provide at-seat cart service, serving refreshments throughout the train. First Class passengers are served meals at their seats on all services.[92]

Notable incidents[edit]

  • During theNortheast blackout of 2003,a northboundAcela Expresstrain was stuck on theHell Gate Bridgefor over nine hours, until a rescue engine fromSunnyside Yardwas able to tow the train back toNew York's Penn Station.[93]
  • The firstAcelagrade crossingaccident occurred on September 27, 2005, when a car rolled under closed crossing gate arms inWaterford, Connecticut,and was struck by a train traveling at 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), killing three automobile passengers. None of the 130Acelapassengers were injured. The gates were found to have been functioning properly,[94][95]but the incident drew much criticism regarding the eleven remaining grade crossings along Amtrak's busy Northeast Corridor.[96]
  • On March 24, 2017, anAcela Expresstrain derailed at low speed inNew York's Penn Station,during morning rush hour. All 248 passengers were safely evacuated.[97]The derailment was caused by a defective section of track, of which Amtrak was aware, but had not yet fixed.[98]
  • On February 6, 2018,Acela Expresstrain No. 2150 split apart between the first and second cars in the trainset, at 124 mph (200 km/h), nearHavre de Grace, Maryland.There were no injuries of the crew nor the 52 passengers on board, who were transferred toNortheast Regionaltrain No. 180.[99][100]

Station stops[edit]

State Town/City Station Connections
MA Boston South Station AmtrakAmtrak:Lake Shore Limited,Northeast Regional
MBTA Commuter RailMBTA Commuter Rail:Fairmount Line,Framingham/​Worcester Line,Franklin/Foxboro Line,Needham Line,Old Colony Lines,Greenbush Line,Providence/​Stoughton Line
MBTA subway:RedSilver
Bus interchangeIntercity bus services atSouth Station Bus Terminal
MBTA bus
Back Bay AmtrakAmtrak:Northeast Regional,Lake Shore Limited
MBTA Commuter RailMBTA Commuter Rail: Framingham/Worcester Line, Franklin/Foxboro Line, Needham Line, Providence/Stoughton Line
MBTA subway:Orange
MBTA bus
Westwood Route 128 AmtrakAmtrak:Northeast Regional
MBTA Commuter RailMBTA Commuter Rail: Providence/Stoughton Line
RI Providence Providence AmtrakAmtrak:Northeast Regional
MBTA Commuter RailMBTA Commuter Rail: Providence/Stoughton Line
Bus interchangeLocal bus:Rhode Island Public Transit Authority
Bus interchangeAmtrak Thruway
CT New Haven Union Station AmtrakAmtrak:Hartford Line,Northeast Regional,Vermonter
Hartford LineCTrail:Hartford Line,Shore Line East
Metro-North:■New Haven Line
Bus interchangeLocal bus:CTtransitNew Haven
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Greyhound LinesGreyhound,Peter Pan
Stamford Stamford AmtrakAmtrak:Northeast Regional, Vermonter
Metro-North:■New Haven Line,■Danbury Branch,■New Canaan Branch,■Waterbury Branch
Bus interchangeLocal bus:CTtransitStamford
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Greyhound LinesGreyhound
NY New York City New York Penn Station AmtrakAmtrak(long-distance):Cardinal,Crescent,Lake Shore Limited,Palmetto,Silver Meteor,Silver Star
AmtrakAmtrak (intercity):Adirondack,Berkshire Flyer,Carolinian,Empire Service,Ethan Allen Express,Keystone Service,Maple Leaf,Northeast Regional,Pennsylvanian,Vermonter
Long Island Rail Road:■City Terminal Zone,■Port Washington Branch
NJ TransitNJ Transit:■North Jersey Coast Line,■Northeast Corridor Line,■Gladstone Branch,■Montclair-Boonton Line,■Morristown Line,■Raritan Valley Line
NYC Subway:"1" train​"2" train​"3" train"A" train​"C" train​"E" train
Bus interchangeLocal bus:MTA Bus,FlixBus,Tripper Bus,Vamoose Bus
NJ Newark Newark Penn AmtrakAmtrak:Cardinal,Carolinian,Crescent,Keystone Service,Palmetto,Pennsylvanian,Silver Meteor,Silver Star,Vermonter
Newark Light RailNewark Light Rail
NJ TransitNJ Transit Rail:■North Jersey Coast Line,■Northeast Corridor Line,■Raritan Valley Line
Port Authority Trans-HudsonPATH:NWK-WTC
Bus interchangeLocal bus:NJ Transit Bus
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Greyhound LinesGreyhound,Coach USA,Fullington Trailways
Iselin Metropark AmtrakAmtrak:Keystone Service,Northeast Regional,Vermonter
NJ TransitNJ Transit Rail:■Northeast Corridor Line
Bus interchangeLocal bus:NJ Transit Bus
PA Philadelphia 30th Street
Station		 AmtrakAmtrak:Cardinal,Carolinian,Crescent,Keystone Service,Northeast Regional,Palmetto,Pennsylvanian,Silver Meteor,Silver Star,Vermonter
SEPTA Regional Rail:all routes
NJ TransitNJ Transit Rail:■Atlantic City Line
SEPTA City Transit:Market-FrankfordSubway-Surface
Bus interchangeLocal bus: SEPTA City Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus, NJ Transit Bus
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Megabus (North America)Megabus,Martz Trailways
DE Wilmington Wilmington AmtrakAmtrak:Cardinal,Carolinian,Crescent,Northeast Regional,Palmetto,Silver Meteor,Silver Star,Vermonter
SEPTA Regional Rail:■Wilmington/​Newark Line
Bus interchangeLocal bus:DART First State
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Greyhound LinesGreyhound
MD Baltimore Baltimore Penn Station AmtrakAmtrak:Cardinal,Carolinian,Crescent,Northeast Regional,Palmetto,Pennsylvanian,Silver Meteor,Silver Star,Vermonter
MARC:■Penn Line
Light RailLink
Bus interchangeLocal bus:MTA Maryland,Charm City Circulator
BWI AirportBaltimore/Washington International Airport AmtrakAmtrak:Crescent,Northeast Regional,Vermonter
MARC:■Penn Line
Bus interchangeShuttle toAirport interchangeBaltimore/Washington International Airport
Bus interchangeLocal bus: MTA Maryland,UMBC Transit
DC Washington Washington
Union
Station		 AmtrakAmtrak:Capitol Limited,Cardinal,Carolinian,Crescent,Northeast Regional,Palmetto,Silver Meteor,Silver Star,Vermonter,Amtrak Thruway
MARC:■Brunswick Line,■Camden Line,■Penn Line
Virginia Railway ExpressVirginia Railway Express:■Manassas Line,■Fredericksburg Line
Metro:Red Line
DC Streetcar:H Street/Benning Road Line
Bus interchangeLocal bus:Metrobus,DC Circulator,MTA Maryland,Loudoun County Transit,PRTC Buses
Bus interchangeIntercity bus:Greyhound LinesGreyhound,Megabus (North America)Megabus,BoltBus,BestBus,Peter Pan,OurBus

A limited number of Acela trains previously stopped atNew Rochelle,New York;New London,Connecticut; andTrenton,New Jersey; service was eliminated in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.[101][102][103][104]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Amtrak Fiscal Year 2023 Ridership"(PDF).Amtrak. November 27, 2023.RetrievedNovember 30,2023.
  2. ^abcdefg"Northeast Corridor Boston–Washington Timetable"(PDF).Amtrak. March 4, 2019.RetrievedApril 26,2019.
  3. ^abc"Northeast Corridor New York–Washington Timetable"(PDF).Amtrak.March 4, 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 26, 2019.RetrievedApril 26,2019.
  4. ^"Acela Express Overview".Amtrak.RetrievedApril 21,2015.
  5. ^ab"Acela Express, United States of America".Railway Technology.RetrievedSeptember 3,2014.
  6. ^abc"Northeast Corridor Employee Timetable #5"(PDF).National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). October 6, 2014. p. 110. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 12, 2020.RetrievedDecember 24,2017– via National Transportation Safety Board.
  7. ^"Amtrak FY23 Ridership"(PDF).
  8. ^"Amtrak FY19 Ridership"(PDF).RetrievedJanuary 14,2024.
  9. ^"Amtrak FY16 Ridership & Revenue Fact Sheet"(PDF).Amtrak. April 17, 2017.RetrievedNovember 20,2017.
  10. ^https:// railwayage /passenger/high-performance/amtrak-increasing-acela-speeds-in-new-jersey/?RAchannel=home
  11. ^"All Aboard Amtrak's Acela".The Washington Post.RetrievedJune 26,2015.
  12. ^abThe timetable gives 2 hours and 45 minutes, minimum, between Washington and New York. Dividing that into the distance traveled, 226 mi (364 km), gives an average speed of 82.2 mph (132.3 km/h).
  13. ^"Amtrak Northeast Corridor fact sheet"(PDF).
  14. ^abThe timetable gives 3 hours and 30 minutes, minimum, between New York and Boston. Dividing that into 231 mi (372 km) gives an average speed of 66 mph (106 km/h).
  15. ^"The Information: Most popular airline routes".Financial Times.January 17, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon January 21, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 2,2010.
  16. ^"America's Not-So-Fast Trains".The New York Times.August 1, 2009.RetrievedJune 2,2014.
  17. ^abThe timetable gives 6 hours and 30 minutes, minimum, between Washington and Boston. Dividing that into 457 mi (735 km) gives an average speed of 70.3 mph (113.1 km/h).
  18. ^ab"New Acela Fleet | Amtrak".amtrak.RetrievedOctober 26,2023.
  19. ^"Next-Generation High Speed Trains".Washington:Amtrak.RetrievedNovember 11,2017.
  20. ^Lazo, Luz (June 3, 2021)."Debut of Amtrak's new Acela trains delayed a year by new round of testing".The Washington Post.Washington.
  21. ^"Chronology of High-Speed Rail Corridors".Washington: Federal Railroad Administration. Archived fromthe originalon February 19, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 11,2012.
  22. ^"ICE Train North America Tour".Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau(in German).42(11): 756. 1993.
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  25. ^ab"Amtrak To Unveil High-Speed Service".Associated Press. March 9, 1999. Archived fromthe originalon October 26, 2012.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  26. ^"At-grade crossings: Innovation, safety, sophisticated new technology".Railway Track and Structures.June 1, 1999.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  27. ^Public Archaeology Laboratory (2001).Amtrak's High Speed Rail Program, New Haven to Boston: History and Historic Resources(PDF).National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 5, 2022.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
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  30. ^abBlack, Clifford R. (March 2005)."The Acela Express"(PDF).Japan Railway & Transport Review(40). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 13, 2011.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  31. ^MacHalaba, Daniel (March 28, 1999)."Metroliner name on past track".Chicago Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon October 22, 2012.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  32. ^"Amtrak to run last Metroliner".Trains. September 8, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon September 29, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 8,2006.
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  34. ^Christopher Conkey (August 27, 2008)."All Aboard: Too many for Amtrak – Surge in ridership leads to crowding on Intercity trains".The Wall Street Journal.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
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  36. ^"Amtrak To Add 40 Coach Cars To Acela Express Under FY 2012 Budget Plan"(PDF).Amtrak.February 14, 2011.RetrievedApril 7,2013.
  37. ^O'Toole, James (December 13, 2012)."Amtrak to replace high-speed Acela trains".
  38. ^"Amtrak and California Request Bids for High-Speed Trainsets"(PDF).Amtrak. January 24, 2014. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 1, 2017.RetrievedNovember 20,2017.
  39. ^"Amtrak and California drop joint high-speed train tender".Global Rail News. June 24, 2014.RetrievedNovember 20,2017.
  40. ^"Amtrak Sues Train's Manufacturer Over Design Flaws".Los Angeles Times.November 22, 2002.RetrievedDecember 23,2017.
  41. ^"Two equipment makers settle dispute with Amtrak".Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. March 18, 2004. Archived fromthe originalon December 24, 2017.RetrievedDecember 23,2017.
  42. ^"New trains, new name for Northeast Corridor: Amtrak's High-speed Acela service is due later this year".The Philadelphia Inquirer.March 10, 1999.RetrievedMay 2,2009.
  43. ^"Acela".Corporate Design Foundation. Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2008.RetrievedMay 2,2009.
  44. ^Vantuono, William (April 1, 1999)."Amtrak's vision: Today, the Northeast. Tomorrow America".Railway Age.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  45. ^Machalaba, Daniel (March 28, 1999)."Metroliner Name on Past Track".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedMarch 16,2021– via The Wall Street Journal.
  46. ^Jay Jochnowitz (March 10, 1999). "New Amtrak trains on fast track".Times Union (Albany).p. A1.
  47. ^Garland, Russell (March 12, 1999)."Amtrak switch: Is it on the right track? Advertising people say the new Acela name gives a mixed message".Providence Journal.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.[permanent dead link]
  48. ^"Amtrak begins Phila-Boston service that's 45 minutes faster" Acela Regionals "go into service as the first step in improvements on the Northeast Corridor line".The Philadelphia Inquirer.February 1, 2000.RetrievedAugust 30,2009.
  49. ^Johnston, Bob (April 2000). "Amtrak opens Boston electrification".Trains.
  50. ^"Acela Service: Refreshing the Amtrak Brand — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad".Amtrak History.RetrievedMarch 16,2021.
  51. ^Arnold, Laurence (March 5, 2003). "Amtrak will use name 'Acela' to describe high-speed trains only". Associated Press.
  52. ^Date and observation of train name change at"Amtrak Debuts New Amenities forAcela NonstopService Between New York City and Washington, D.C. "Amtrak. September 12, 2019.Further examples of the dropping of "Express" on all press releases since then at"Media Room", Amtrak
  53. ^Locke, Taylor (March 7, 2020)."Amtrak suspends nonstop Acela service between DC and New York as demand weakens amid coronavirus".CNBC.
  54. ^abcPerren, Brian (April 1998).TGV Handbook, Including Eurostar(2nd ed.). Harrow Weald: Capital Transport Publishing. p. 156.ISBN9781854141958.OCLC47037025.
  55. ^abcd"Acela Express".Trainweb.org.February 2001.RetrievedJune 18,2012.
  56. ^McCaughrin, Eric (March 5, 2007)."How the FRA is Regulating Passenger Rail Out of Existence".East Bay Bicycle Coalition.Archived fromthe originalon December 22, 2013.RetrievedAugust 31,2009.
  57. ^Philips, Don (January 2010). "Now it seems to be official: Freight rail is the future".Trains.Vol. 70, no. 1. p. 10.When the train was being tested at the technology center in Pueblo, Colo., I had lunch one day out on the ballast with the French and Canadian crews doing the testing. The conversation turned to the weight of the Acela, which the crews considered laughably too heavy. At one point, a French engineer confided that the crews called the train "le cochon", meaning "the pig". The man and his supervisor immediately realized he had said too much. They asked me to keep that a secret, and I did for many years until I was sure everyone on the program had moved on to other jobs.
  58. ^Dao, James; Wald, Matthew L.; Phillips, Don; Dao (April 24, 2005)."Acela, Built to Be Rail's Savior, Bedevils Amtrak at Every Turn".New York Times.RetrievedMarch 4,2008.Before the first train was built, the Federal Railroad Administration required it to meet crash safety standards that senior Amtrak officials considered too strict. That forced the manufacturers, Bombardier Inc. of Canada and GEC Alstom of France, to make the trains twice as heavy as European models. Workers dubbed the trainsle cochon-- the pig.
  59. ^"Bombardier unveils new JetTrain locomotive".International Railway Journal.November 2002.
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  61. ^Aratani, Lori (August 26, 2016)."Biden announces upgrades for Amtrak's Northeast Corridor".The Washington Post.
  62. ^"The Acela Story Part 2: Planning for the Not-So-Distant Future — Northeast Alliance for Rail".Northeast Alliance for Rail. July 27, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2014.RetrievedNovember 1,2014.
  63. ^"Amtrak Ink: Aug — Sept 2012"(PDF).Amtrak.RetrievedAugust 1,2012.
  64. ^Nusca, Andrew (May 20, 2011)."Amtrak lands $450 million to boost Acela to 160 mph".ZDNet.RetrievedDecember 23,2017.
  65. ^"160 mph trains will speed from Trenton to New Brunswick by 2020".Amtrak.June 14, 2022.
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  68. ^"Metro-North Railroad EMPLOYEE TIMETABLE No. 4"(PDF).Metro-North Railroad. June 21, 2010 [February 5, 2006]. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 19, 2012.RetrievedDecember 29,2013.This notes, on p.41, that the 90 mph section is from MP (mile post) 17.2 to MP 21.4; that begins midway between New Rochelle and Larchmont, and ends between Mamaroneck and Harrison.
  69. ^"New Haven Catenary Replacement Project Update (May 2017)".MTA.RetrievedNovember 20,2017.
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  72. ^Jane Dee (March 29, 1999)."Rail crossings safety concern for Amtrak".Hartford Courant.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  73. ^Laurence Arnold (December 11, 2001)."Fast train begins service with Washington-Boston roundtrip".Boston Globe.Associated Press.RetrievedNovember 13,2006.
  74. ^Thompson, Candy (September 24, 2012)."Acela run expected to match U.S. rail speed record of 165 mph (266 km/h)".The Baltimore Sun.Baltimore:Tribune Publishing.Archived fromthe originalon September 10, 2017.RetrievedNovember 20,2017.
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  77. ^Smith, Nell (January 17, 2013)."Mansfield sounds Acela warning".The Sun Chronicle.RetrievedMarch 20,2014.
  78. ^"Discovery of hairline cracks causes more problems for Amtrak's Acela Express".USA Today.August 20, 2002.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  79. ^Daniel, Mac (August 14, 2002)."Flaws Shut Down Amtrak's Acela Express Line".The Boston Globe.RetrievedAugust 29,2009.
  80. ^Hauser, Kristine (April 15, 2005)."Amtrak Suspends Acela Trains After Finding Brake Problems".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 15,2005.
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  88. ^Glenn Fleishman (July 8, 2004)."Behind the Curve; Access on Metro-North or Amtrak Cars? Not So Fast".The New York Times.
  89. ^"Amtrak launches wireless access on Acela trains".San Diego Union Tribune.March 1, 2010.RetrievedApril 1,2018.
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  97. ^Little, Katie (March 24, 2017)."Amtrak Acela derails at New York's Penn Station, some service disruptions".CNBC.New York:NBCUniversal.
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  99. ^Jacobo, Julia (February 6, 2018)."Amtrak cars separate on Boston-bound Acela train".ABC News.Washington:Disney Entertainment.RetrievedFebruary 7,2018.
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Notes[edit]

  1. ^Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toAcela Express.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forRail travel in the United States.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acela&oldid=1232780909"