Acoustical engineering
Acoustical engineering(also known asacoustic engineering) is the branch ofengineeringdealing withsoundandvibration.It includes the application ofacoustics,the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.
One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to asnoise control.Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss.[1]Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection (earmuffsorearplugs).
Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use ofultrasound in medicine,programmingdigital synthesizers,designing concert halls to enhance the sound of orchestras[2]and specifying railway station sound systems so that announcements areintelligible.[3]
Acoustic engineer (professional)[edit]
Acoustic engineers usually possess abachelor's degreeor higher qualification inacoustics,[4]physicsor anotherengineeringdiscipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires abachelor's degreewith significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such asarchitectural acoustics,environmental noiseorvibration control.[5]In other industries, acoustic engineers might: designautomobilesound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mi xing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones.[6][7]Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such asfacultyrequire aDoctor of Philosophy.
In most countries, a degree inacousticscan represent the first step towardsprofessional certificationand the degree program may be certified by aprofessional body.After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title ofChartered Engineer(in mostCommonwealthcountries).
Subdisciplines[edit]
The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by theAcoustical Society of America.[8]
Aeroacoustics[edit]
Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated byaircraftandwind turbines,as well as exploring howwind instrumentswork.[9]
Audio signal processing[edit]
Audio signal processing is the electronic manipulation of audio signals usinganaloganddigital signal processing.It is done for a variety of reasons, including:
- to enhance a sound, e.g. by applying an audio effect such asreverberation;
- to remove unwanted noises from a signal, e.g.echo cancellationininternet voice calls;
- to compress an audio signal to allow efficient transmission, e.g. perceptual coding inMP3andOpus
- to understand the content of the signal, e.g. identification of music tracks viamusic information retrieval.[10]
Audio engineersdevelop and use audio signal processing algorithms.
Architectural acoustics[edit]
Architectural acoustics (also known asbuilding acoustics) is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building.[11]Architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a theatre, restaurant or railway station, enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live.[12]Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.[13]
Bioacoustics[edit]
Bioacoustics concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behavior and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals.[14]
Electroacoustics[edit]
This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones,microphones,loudspeakers,sound systems, sound reproduction, and recording.[15]There has been a rapid increase in the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce sound and rely on electroacoustic engineering, e.g.mobile phones,portable media players,andtablet computers.
The term "electroacoustics" is also used to describe a set of electrokinetic effects that occur in heterogeneous liquids under influence of ultrasound.[16][17]
Environmental noise[edit]
Environmental acoustics is concerned with the control of noise and vibrations caused by traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment, recreational activities and anything else that might be considered a nuisance.[1]Acoustical engineers concerned with environmental acoustics face the challenge of measuring or predicting likely noise levels, determining an acceptable level for that noise, and determining how the noise can be controlled. Environmental acoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or those working inenvironmental health.[13]Recent research work has put a strong emphasis onsoundscapes,the positive use of sound (e.g. fountains, bird song), and the preservation oftranquility.[18]
Musical acoustics[edit]
Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception – howsoundsemployed asmusicwork. This includes: the function and design ofmusical instrumentsincluding electronicsynthesizers;the human voice (thephysicsandneurophysiologyofsinging); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception and cognition ofmusic.[19]
Noise control[edit]
Noise control is a set of strategies to reducenoise pollutionby reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation usingnoise barriersor similar, or by the use of ear protection (earmuffsorearplugs).[20]Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known asnoise, vibration, and harshness(NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise includevibration isolation,application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product,[21]for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures onautomobiles.
Psychoacoustics[edit]
Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whethersound localisationworks in asurround soundsystem. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them."[10]
Speech[edit]
Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can includephysics,physiology,psychology,audio signal processingandlinguistics.Speech recognitionandspeech synthesisare two important aspects of the machine processing of speech. Ensuringspeech is transmitted intelligibly,efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study.[22]
Ultrasonics[edit]
Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by the average person. Specialist areas include medical ultrasonics (includingmedical ultrasonography),sonochemistry,nondestructive testing,material characterisation andunderwater acoustics(sonar).[23]
Underwater acoustics[edit]
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals. Applications includesonarto locate submerged objects such assubmarines,underwater communication by animals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology.[24]
Vibration and dynamics[edit]
Acoustic engineers working on vibration study the motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments, including measurement, analysis and control. This might include:ground vibrationsfrom railways and construction;vibration isolationto reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying the effects of vibration on humans (vibration white finger);vibration controlto protect a bridge fromearthquakes,or modelling the propagation of structure-borne sound through buildings.[25]
Fundamental science[edit]
Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings is often extremely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave behaviours that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design. Complex sound wave behaviors includeabsorption,reverberation,diffraction,andrefraction.Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when a sound wave reflects off of a surface, and refers to both the sound energy transmitted through and dissipated by the surface material.[26]Reverberation is the persistence of sound caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is particularly important in enclosed spaces. Diffraction is the bending of sound waves around surfaces in the path of the wave. Refraction is the bending of sound waves caused by changes in the medium through which the wave is passing. For example, temperature gradients can cause sound wave refraction.[27]Acoustical engineers apply these fundamental concepts, along with mathematical analysis, to control sound for a variety of applications.
Associations[edit]
- Acoustical Society of America Technical Committee on Engineering Acoustics
- Audio Engineering Society
- Australian Acoustical Society[28]
- Canadian Acoustical Association[29]
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Institute of Acoustics (United Kingdom)
- Danish Sound Cluster (Denmark)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abWorld Health Organization (2011).Burden of disease from environmental noise(PDF).WHO.ISBN978-92-890-0229-5.
- ^Barron, Michael (2009).Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-0419245100.
- ^Ahnert, Wolfgang (2000).Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice.ISBN978-0415238700.
- ^Education in acoustics."MSc Engineering Acoustics, DTU".Retrieved9 February2018.
- ^National Careers Service."Job profiles: Acoustics consultant".Retrieved13 May2013.
- ^University of Salford."Graduate Jobs in Acoustics".Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2016.Retrieved13 May2013.
- ^Acoustical Society of America."Acoustics and You".Archived fromthe originalon 2017-03-08.Retrieved13 May2013.
- ^Acoustical Society of America."PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-05-14.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^da Silva, Andrey Ricardo (2009).Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods.VDM Verlag.ISBN978-3639210644.
- ^abPohlmann, Ken (2010).Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition.McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.ISBN9780071663472.
- ^Morfey, Christopher (2001).Dictionary of Acoustics.Academic Press. p. 32.
- ^Templeton, Duncan (1993).Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team.Architectural Press.ISBN978-0750605380.
- ^abNational Careers Service."Job profiles Acoustics consultant"..
- ^"Acoustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. What is Bioacoustics? accessed 23 November 2017".ASA. Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2014.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^Acoustical Society of America."Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-04.Retrieved21 May2013.
- ^Dukhin, A.S. and Goetz, P.J."Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound",Elsevier, 2017 ISBN978-0-444-63908-0
- ^ISO International Standard 13099, Parts 1,2 and 3, "Colloidal systems – Methods for Zeta potential determination", (2012)
- ^Kang, Jian (2006).Urban Sound Environment.CRC Press.ISBN978-0415358576.
- ^Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA)."ASA TCMU Home Page".Archived fromthe originalon 2001-06-13.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^Bies, David (2009).Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice.ISBN978-0415487078.
- ^University of Salford."Making products sound better".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-07-24.Retrieved2013-05-21.
- ^Speech Communication Technical Committee."Speech Communication".Acoustical Society of America. Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2013.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^Ensminger, Dale (2012).Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications.CRC Press. pp. 1–2.
- ^ASA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee."Underwater Acoustics".Archived fromthe originalon 30 July 2013.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee."Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee".Archived fromthe originalon 3 November 2013.Retrieved22 May2013.
- ^Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.
- ^Hemond, 1983, pp. 24–44.
- ^"Australian Acoustical Society ABN 28 000 712 658 A.C.N. 000 712 658".acoustics.asn.au.
- ^"Canadian Acoustics - Acoustique Canadienne".caa-aca.ca.
- Barron, R. (2003).Industrial noise control and acoustics.New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Retrieved from CRCnetBase
- Hemond, C. (1983). In Ingerman S. ( Ed.),Engineering acoustics and noise control.New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Highway traffic noise barriers at a glance.Retrieved February 1, 2010, fromhttp:// fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htmArchived2011-06-15 at theWayback Machine
- Kinsler, L., Frey, A., Coppens, A., & Sanders, J. (Eds.). (2000).Fundamentals of acoustics(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Kleppe, J. (1989).Engineering applications of acoustics.Sparks, Nevada: Artech House.
- Moser, M. (2009).Engineering acoustics(S. Zimmerman, R. Ellis Trans.). (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
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| Psychoacoustics | ||
| Audio frequencyandpitch | ||
| Acousticians | ||
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