Active asteroid
Active asteroidsaresmall Solar System bodiesthat haveasteroid-like orbits but showcomet-like visual characteristics.[1]That is, they show acoma,tail,or other visual evidence of mass-loss (like a comet), but their orbits remain withinJupiter's orbit (like an asteroid).[2][3]These bodies were originally designatedmain-belt comets(MBCs) in 2006 by astronomersDavid JewittandHenry Hsieh,but this name implies they are necessarily icy in composition like a comet and that they only exist within themain-belt,whereas the growing population of active asteroids shows that this is not always the case.[2][4][5]
The first active asteroid discovered is7968 Elst–Pizarro.It was discovered (as an asteroid) in 1979 but then was found to have a tail byEric Elstand Guido Pizarro in 1996 and given the cometary designation 133P/Elst-Pizarro.[2][6]
Orbits
[edit]Unlikecomets,which spend most of their orbit at Jupiter-like or greater distances from the Sun, active asteroids follow orbits within the orbit ofJupiterthat are often indistinguishable from the orbits of standardasteroids.Jewittdefines active asteroids as those bodies that, in addition to having visual evidence of mass loss, have an orbit with:[3]
- semi-major axisa < aJupiter(5.20AU)
- Tisserand parameterwith respect to Jupiter TJ> 3.08
Jewitt chooses 3.08 as the Tisserand parameter to separate asteroids and comets instead of 3.0 (the Tisserand parameter of Jupiter itself) to avoid ambiguous cases caused by the realSolar Systemdeviating from an idealizedrestricted three-body problem.[3]
The first three identified active asteroids all orbit within the outer part of theasteroid belt.[7]
Activity
[edit]Some active asteroids display a cometary dust tail only for a part of their orbit nearperihelion.This strongly suggests that volatiles at their surfaces are sublimating, driving off the dust.[10]Activity in133P/Elst–Pizarrois recurrent, having been observed at each of the last three perihelia.[2]The activity persists for a month or several[7]out of each 5-6 year orbit, and is presumably due to ice being uncovered by minor impacts in the last 100 to 1000 years.[7]These impacts are suspected to excavate these subsurface pockets ofvolatilematerial helping to expose them tosolar radiation.[7]
When discovered in January 2010,P/2010 A2 (LINEAR)was initially given a cometary designation and thought to be showing comet-like sublimation,[11]but P/2010 A2 is now thought to be the remnant of an asteroid-on-asteroid impact.[12][13]Observations of596 Scheilaindicated that large amounts of dust were kicked up by the impact of another asteroid of approximately 35 meters in diameter.
P/2013 R3
[edit]P/2013 R3 (Catalina–PanSTARRS) was discovered independently by two observers byRichard E. Hillusing the Catalina Sky Survey's 0.68-m Schmidt telescope and byBryce T. Bolinusing the 1.8-m Pan-STARRS1 telescope on Haleakala.[14]The discovery images taken byPan-STARRS1showed the appearance of two distinct sources within 3 "of each other combined with a tail enveloping both sources. In October 2013, follow-up observations of P/2013 R3, taken with the 10.4 mGran Telescopio Canariason the island ofLa Palma,showed that this comet was breaking apart.[15]Inspection of the stacked CCD images obtained on October 11 and 12 showed that the main-belt comet presented a central bright condensation that was accompanied on its movement by three more fragments, A, B, C. The brightest A fragment was also detected at the reported position in CCD images obtained at the 1.52 m telescope of theSierra Nevada Observatoryin Granada on October 12.[15]
NASAreported on a series of images taken by theHubble Space Telescopebetween October 29, 2013, and January 14, 2014, that show the increasing separation of the four main bodies.[16]TheYarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect,caused by sunlight, increased the spin rate until thecentrifugal forcecaused therubble pileto separate.[16]
Dimorphos
[edit]By smashing into the asteroid moon of thebinary asteroid65803 Didymos,NASA'sDouble Asteroid Redirection Testspacecraft made Dimorphos an active asteroid. Scientists had proposed that some active asteroids are the result of impact events, but no one had ever observed the activation of an asteroid. The DART mission activated Dimorphos under precisely known and carefully observed impact conditions, enabling the detailed study of the formation of an active asteroid for the first time.[17][18]Observations show that Dimorphos lost approximately 1 million kilograms after the collision.[19]Impact produced a dust plume that temporarily brightened the Didymos system and developed a 10,000-kilometer (6,200 mi)-longdust tailthat persisted for several months.[20][21][22]The DART impact is predicted to have caused global resurfacing and deformation of Dimorphos's shape, leaving animpact craterseveral tens of meters in diameter.[23][24][25]The impact has likely sent Dimorphos into achaoticallytumblingrotation that will subject the moon to irregulartidal forcesby Didymos before it will eventually return to atidally lockedstate within several decades.[26][27][28]
Composition
[edit]Some active asteroids show signs that they are icy in composition like a traditional comet, while others are known to be rocky like an asteroid. It has been hypothesized that main-belt comets may have been the source of Earth's water, because the deuterium–hydrogen ratio of Earth's oceans is too low for classical comets to have been the principal source.[29]European scientists have proposed a sample-return mission from a MBC calledCarolineto analyse the content of volatiles and collect dust samples.[10]
List
[edit]Identified members of this morphology class (TJup>3.08) include:[30]: 17
Name | Semi-major axis (AU) |
Perihelion (AU) |
Eccentricity | TJup | Orbital class |
Diameter (km) |
Rotation period(hr) |
Cause | Activity discovery year |
Recurrent? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Ceres | 2.766 | 2.550 | 0.078 | 3.310 | main-belt (middle) | 939.4 | 9.07 | Water sublimation[3] | 2014 | |
493 Griseldis | 3.116 | 2.568 | 0.176 | 3.140 | main-belt (outer) | 41.56 | 51.94 | Impact[31] | 2015 | ✗ |
596 Scheila | 2.929 | 2.45 | 0.163 | 3.209 | main-belt (outer) | 159.72 | 15.85 | Impact[32][33][34] | 2011 | ✗ |
2201 Oljato | 2.174 | 0.624 | 0.713 | 3.299 | NEO (Apollo) | 1.8 | >26 | Sublimation[35] | 1984 | ✗ |
3200 Phaethon | 1.271 | 0.140 | 0.890 | 4.510 | NEO (Apollo) | 6.26 | 3.60 | Thermal fracturing,dehydration cracking,and/or rotational disintegration[36] | 2010 | ✓ |
6478 Gault | 2.305 | 1.860 | 0.193 | 3.461 | main-belt (inner) | 5.6 | 2.49 | Rotational disintegration[37][38][39] | 2019 | ✓ |
(62412) 2000 SY178 | 3.159 | 2.909 | 0.079 | 3.197 | main-belt (outer) | 10.38 | 3.33 | Rotational disintegration[40] | 2014 | ✗ |
65803 Didymos/Dimorphos | 1.643 | 1.013 | 0.383 | 4.204 | NEO (Apollo) | 0.77 / 0.15 | 2.26 | Human-caused impact | 2022 | ✗ |
101955 Bennu | 1.126 | 0.896 | 0.204 | 5.525 | NEO (Apollo) | 0.48 | 4.29 | (unknown)[30]: 22 Electrostatic lofting, impacts, thermal fracturing, or dehydration cracking |
2019 | ✓ |
(588045) 2007 FZ18 | 3.176 | 2.783 | 0.124 | 3.188 | main-belt (outer) | 2023 | ||||
2002 CW116 | 2.690 | 2.068 | 0.231 | 3.319 | main-belt (middle) | 0.5 | 2024 | |||
2008 BJ22 | 3.071 | 2.943 | 0.042 | 3.199 | main-belt (outer) | <0.4 | 2022 | ✗ | ||
2010 LH15 | 2.744 | 1.770 | 0.355 | 3.230 | main-belt (middle) | 1.483 | 2023 | ✓ | ||
2015 BC566 | 3.062 | 2.957 | 0.034 | 3.201 | main-belt (outer) | 2023 | ✗ | |||
2015 FW412 | 2.765 | 2.319 | 0.161 | 3.280 | main-belt (middle) | 2023 | ||||
2015 VA108 | 3.128 | 2.451 | 0.217 | 3.160 | main-belt (outer) | 2023 | ||||
2023 JN16 | 2.696 | 2.300 | 0.147 | 3.351 | main-belt (middle) | 2023 | ||||
107P/4015 Wilson–Harrington | 2.625 | 0.966 | 0.632 | 3.082 | NEO (Apollo) | 6.92 | 7.15 | Sublimation[41][42] | 1949 | ✗ |
133P/7968 Elst–Pizarro | 3.165 | 2.668 | 0.157 | 3.184 | main-belt (outer) | 3.8 | 3.47 | Sublimation/rotational disintegration[43][44] | 1996 | ✓ |
176P/118401 LINEAR | 3.194 | 2.578 | 0.193 | 3.167 | main-belt (outer) | 4.0 | 22.23 | Sublimation[45] | 2005 | ✗ |
233P/La Sagra(P/2009 WJ50) | 3.033 | 1.786 | 0.411 | 3.081 | main-belt (outer) | 3.0 | 2010 | ✗ | ||
238P/Read(P/2005 U1) | 3.162 | 2.362 | 0.253 | 3.153 | main-belt (outer) | 0.8 | Sublimation[46] | 2005 | ✓ | |
259P/Garradd(P/2008 R1) | 2.727 | 1.794 | 0.342 | 3.217 | main-belt (middle) | 0.60 | Sublimation[47] | 2008 | ✓ | |
288P/(300163) 2006 VW139 | 3.051 | 2.438 | 0.201 | 3.203 | main-belt (outer) | 1.8 / 1.2 | Sublimation[48] | 2011 | ✓ | |
311P/PanSTARRS(P/2013 P5) | 2.189 | 1.935 | 0.116 | 3.660 | main-belt (inner) | 0.4 | >5.4 | Rotational disintegration[49][50][51] | 2013 | ✓ |
313P/Gibbs(P/2003 S10) | 3.154 | 2.391 | 0.242 | 3.133 | main-belt (outer) | 2.0 | Sublimation[52] | 2003 | ✓ | |
324P/La Sagra(P/2010 R2) | 3.098 | 2.621 | 0.154 | 3.099 | main-belt (outer) | 1.1 | Sublimation[53] | 2010 | ✓ | |
331P/Gibbs(P/2012 F5) | 3.005 | 2.879 | 0.042 | 3.228 | main-belt (outer) | 3.54 | 3.24 | Rotational disintegration[54][55] | 2012 | ✗ |
354P/LINEAR(P/2010 A2) | 2.290 | 2.004 | 0.125 | 3.583 | main-belt (inner) | 0.12 | 11.36 | Impact[56] | 2010 | ✗ |
358P/PanSTARRS (P/2012 T1) | 3.155 | 2.410 | 0.236 | 3.134 | main-belt (outer) | 0.64 | Sublimation[57] | 2012 | ✗ | |
426P/PanSTARRS (P/2019 A7) | 3.188 | 2.675 | 0.161 | 3.103 | main-belt (outer) | 2.4 | 2019 | ✗ | ||
427P/ATLAS (P/2017 S5) | 3.171 | 2.178 | 0.313 | 3.092 | main-belt (outer) | 0.90 | 1.4 | Sublimation/rotational disintegration[58] | 2017 | ✗ |
432P/PanSTARRS (P/2021 N4) | 3.045 | 2.302 | 0.244 | 3.170 | main-belt (outer) | <1.4 | 2021 | ✗ | ||
433P/(248370) 2005 QN173 | 3.067 | 2.374 | 0.226 | 3.192 | main-belt (outer) | 3.2 | Sublimation/rotational disintegration | 2021 | ✓ | |
435P/PanSTARRS (P/2021 T3) | 3.018 | 2.056 | 0.319 | 3.090 | main-belt (outer) | 2021 | ✗ | |||
455P/PanSTARRS (P/2021 S9) | 3.156 | 2.193 | 0.305 | 3.087 | main-belt (outer) | <1.6 | 2017 | ✗ | ||
456P/PanSTARRS (P/2021 L4) | 3.165 | 2.788 | 0.119 | 3.125 | main-belt (outer) | <4.4 | 2021 | ✗ | ||
457P/2020 O1 (Lemmon–PanSTARRS) | 2.647 | 2.329 | 0.120 | 3.376 | main-belt (middle) | 0.84 | 1.67 | Sublimation/rotational disintegration[59] | 2020 | ✓ |
P/2013 R3 (Catalina–PanSTARRS) | 3.033 | 2.205 | 0.273 | 3.184 | main-belt (outer) | ~0.4 | Sublimation/rotational disintegration[60] | 2013 | ✗ | |
P/2015 X6 (PanSTARRS) | 2.755 | 2.287 | 0.170 | 3.318 | main-belt (middle) | <1.4 | Sublimation[61] | 2015 | ✗ | |
P/2016 G1 (PanSTARRS) | 2.583 | 2.041 | 0.210 | 3.367 | main-belt (middle) | <0.8 | Impact[62] | 2016 | ✗ | |
P/2016 J1-A/B (PanSTARRS) | 3.172 | 2.449 | 0.228 | 3.113 | main-belt (outer) | <1.8 / <0.8 | Sublimation[63] | 2016 | ✓ | |
P/2018 P3 (PanSTARRS) | 3.007 | 1.756 | 0.416 | 3.096 | main-belt (outer) | <1.2 | Sublimation | 2018 | ✓ | |
P/2019 A3 (PanSTARRS) | 3.147 | 2.313 | 0.265 | 3.099 | main-belt (outer) | <0.8 | 2019 | ✗ | ||
P/2019 A4 (PanSTARRS) | 2.614 | 2.379 | 0.090 | 3.365 | main-belt (middle) | 0.34 | 2019 | ✗ | ||
P/2021 A5 (PanSTARRS) | 3.047 | 2.620 | 0.140 | 3.147 | main-belt (outer) | 0.30 | Sublimation | 2021 | ✗ | |
P/2021 R8 (Sheppard) | 3.019 | 2.131 | 0.294 | 3.179 | main-belt (outer) | 2021 | ✗ | |||
P/2022 R5 (PanSTARRS) | 3.071 | 2.470 | 0.196 | 3.148 | main-belt (outer) | 2022 | ||||
P/2023 S4 (Hogan) | 3.134 | 2.542 | 0.189 | 3.185 | main-belt (outer) | 2023 | ||||
P/2024 L4 (Rankin) | 2.231 | 0.672 | 0.699 | 3.255 | NEO (apollo) | <0.4 | Rotational disintegration? | 2024 |
Exploration
[edit]Castaliais a proposed mission concept for a robotic spacecraft to explore133P/Elst–Pizarroand make the firstin situmeasurements of water in the asteroid belt, and thus, help solve the mystery of the origin of Earth's water.[64]The lead is Colin Snodgrass, fromThe Open Universityin the UK.Castaliawas proposed in 2015 and 2016 to theEuropean Space Agencywithin theCosmic Vision programmemissions M4 and M5, but it was not selected. The team continues to mature the mission concept and science objectives.[64]Because of the construction time required and orbital dynamics, a launch date of October 2028 was proposed.[64]
On January 6, 2019, theOSIRIS-RExmission first observed episodes of particle ejection from101955 Bennushortly after entering orbit around thenear-Earth asteroid,leading it to be newly classified as an active asteroid and marking the first time that asteroid activity had been observed up close by a spacecraft. It has since observed at least 10 other such events.[4]The scale of these observed mass loss events is much smaller than those previously observed at other active asteroids by telescopes, indicating that there is a continuum of mass loss event magnitudes at active asteroids.[65]
See also
[edit]References
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- ^Jewitt, David; Ishiguro, Masateru; Weaver, Harold; Agarwal, Jessica; Mutchler, Max; Larson, Steven (2014-04-11)."Hubble Space Telescopeinvestigation of Main-Belt Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro".The Astronomical Journal.147(5): 117.arXiv:1402.5571.Bibcode:2014AJ....147..117J.doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/117.ISSN0004-6256.
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- ^Hsieh, Henry H.; Meech, Karen J.; Pittichová, Jana (2011-07-20)."Main-Belt Comet 238P/Read Revisited".The Astrophysical Journal.736(1): L18.arXiv:1106.0045.Bibcode:2011ApJ...736L..18H.doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L18.ISSN2041-8205.
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External links
[edit]- Proper elements of active asteroids at Asteroid Families Portal
- Henry Hsieh'sMain-Belt Cometspage has extensive details on Main-belt comets
- David Jewitt. The Active Asteroids
- Planetary Society article on MBCs
- Discussion of possible differences in characteristics of the water in MBCs and other comets
- YouTubeInterview with David Jewitt(discussion on main-belt comets starts around 9 minutes into video)
- Impact trigger mechanismdiagram byDavid Jewitt
- Comet-like appearance of (596) Scheila
- Project T3: Finding Comets in the Asteroid Population
- Jewitt, David (2012). "The Active Asteroids".The Astronomical Journal.143(3): 66.arXiv:1112.5220.Bibcode:2012AJ....143...66J.doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/66.S2CID45208650.
- Hsieh, Henry H.; Yang, Bin; Haghighipour, Nader; Kaluna, Heather M.; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Novaković, Bojan; Jedicke, Robert; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Armstrong, James D.; Duddy, Samuel R.; Lowry, Stephen C.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Micheli, Marco; Keane, Jacqueline V.; Urban, Laurie; Riesen, Timm; Meech, Karen J.; Abe, Shinsuke; Cheng, Yu-Chi; Chen, Wen-Ping; Granvik, Mikael; Grav, Tommy;Ip, Wing-Huen;Kinoshita, Daisuke; Kleyna, Jan; Lacerda, Pedro; Lister, Tim; Milani, Andrea; et al. (2012). "DISCOVERY OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2006 VW 139 BY Pan-STARRS1".The Astrophysical Journal.748(1): L15.arXiv:1202.2126.Bibcode:2012ApJ...748L..15H.doi:10.1088/2041-8205/748/1/L15.S2CID8693844.
- New Comet: P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS)(Remanzacco Observatory: 16 Oct 2012)
- Ferrín, Ignacio; Zuluaga, Jorge; Cuartas, Pablo (2013)."The location of Asteroidal Belt Comets (ABCs), in a comet's evolutionary diagram: The Lazarus Comets".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.434(3): 1821–1837.arXiv:1305.2621.Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.1821F.doi:10.1093/mnras/stt839.S2CID118177774.
- P/2013 R3: a Main Belt Comet that is breaking apart. J. LicandroNew images obtained with theGTC