Adam style

TheAdam style(also calledAdamesqueor theStyle of the Brothers Adam) is an 18th-centuryneoclassicalstyle ofinterior designand architecture, as practised by Scottish architectWilliam Adamand his sons, of whomRobert(1728–1792) andJames(1732–1794) were the most widely known.

The Adam brothers advocated an integrated style for architecture and interiors, with walls, ceilings, fireplaces, furniture, fixtures, fittings and carpets all being designed by the Adams as a single uniform scheme. Their style is commonly known under the mistaken plural "Adams style".

TheAdam stylefound its niche from the late 1760s in upper-class and middle-class residences in 18th-century England, Scotland, Russia (where it was introduced by Scottish architectCharles Cameron), and post-Revolutionary WarUnited States (where it became known asFederal styleand took on a variation of its own). The style was superseded from around 1795 onwards by theRegency styleand theFrench Empire style.

Background

Building boom

During the 18th century there was much work for eager architects and designers, as Britain experienced a boom in the building of new houses, theatres, shops, offices and factories, with towns growing rapidly due to the onset of theIndustrial Revolution.The emphasis was on modernisation, with regulations being introduced to clean up the nation's streets, promoting the re-paving of roads and pavements, improving drainage and street lighting, and better fireproofing of buildings with the widespread use of brick and stone. Speculative building was rife, with some developers focussing on high speed and low cost. Sometimes, newly built houses collapsed due to poor workmanship; whilst others continually shifted on their foundations, giving rise to the phrase "things that go bump in the night", as mysterious crashes, creaks and thuds were heard by their inhabitants late at night. Londonexperienced major expansion, with the newly built West End, which included the elegant squares ofMayfair;areas of the East End of London were also developed, such as the new terraces inSpitalfields.The cities ofEdinburgh,BristolandDublinwere all expanded and modernised.Birminghamwas described in 1791 as being the "first manufacturing town in the world".ManchesterandLiverpooleach saw their population triple between 1760 and 1800. New towns, likeBath,were constructed around natural spas. Old medieval cities and market towns, such asYorkandChichester,had their buildings re-fronted with brick or stucco, plus new sash windows, to give the impression of modernity, despite the underlying structures remaining medieval.

Pattern books and style guides

The Neoclassical style was all the vogue throughout the 18th century, and many style guides were published to advise builders how their finished properties should look. Influential guides includedStephenRiou'sThe Grecian Orders(1768), andBatty Langley'sA Sure Guide to Builders(1729),The Young Builder's Rudiments(1730 and 1734),Ancient Masonry(1736),The City and Country Builder's and Workman's Treasury of Designs(1740 and later editions),The Builder's Jewel(1741). Architects, designers, cabinet makers, stonemasons, and craftsmen published pattern books and style guides to advertise their ideas, thereby hoping to attract a lucrative clientele.

The Adam style

The work of the Adam brothers set the style for domestic architecture and interiors for much of the latter half of the 18th century.

Robert and James Adam travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they set themselves up with their older brother,John,as architects. Robert and James published a book entitledThe Works in Architecturein instalments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made theAdamrepertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify therococoandbaroquestyles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses.The Works in Architectureillustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams. A parallel development of this phase of neoclassical design is the FrenchLouis XVI style.

The Adam style moved away from the strict mathematical proportions previously found in Georgian rooms, and introduced curved walls and domes, decorated with elaborate plasterwork and striking mixed colour schemes using newly affordable paints in pea green, sky blue, lemon, lilac, bright pink, and red-brown terracotta.

Artists such asAngelica KauffmanandAntonio Zucchiwere employed to paint classical figurative scenes within cartouches set into the interior walls and ceilings.

The Adam's main rivals wereJames Wyatt,whose many designs for furniture were less known outside the wide circle of his patrons, because he never published a book of engravings; and SirWilliam Chambers,who designed fewer furnishings for his interiors, preferring to work with such able cabinet-makers asJohn Linnell,Thomas Chippendale,andInce and Mayhew.So many able designers were working in this style in London from circa 1770 that the style is currently more usually termedEarly Neoclassical.

Robert Adam's design for the Etruscan Dressing Room,Osterley Park,1773–74; the painted ornaments on the walls and ceilings are the work of Pietro Maria Borgnis, working for Adam.

It was typical ofAdam styleto combine decorativeneo-Gothicdetails into the classical framework. So-called "Egyptian" and "Etruscan" design motifs were minor features.

TheAdam styleis identified with:

ClassicalRomandecorative motifs, such as framed medallions, vases, urns and tripods,arabesquevine scrolls,sphinxes,griffins,and dancing nymphs
Flat grotesque panels
Pilasters
Painted ornaments, such as swags and ribbons
Complex pastel colour schemes

The Adam style was superseded from around 1795 onwards by the simpler Regency style in Britain; and the French Empire style in France and Russia, which was a more imperial and self-consciously archeological style, connected with theFirst French Empire.

Influences

The Adam style was strongly influenced by:

Frescoes and wall paintings found in the newly excavated Roman cities ofPompeiiandHerculaneum
Greek black and red-figure painted vases,which were being excavated and collected in large numbers from Etruscan tombs in Italy, and then thought to be Etruscan.
ClassicalGreek architecture,which was known in Britain through publications such as James Stuart and Nicholas Revett's bookThe Antiquities of Athenspublished in 1762.

Revival

Interest in the Adam style was revived in the lateVictorianandEdwardianeras, initiated by a spectacular marquetry cabinet byWright & Mansfieldexhibited at theParis Exposition of 1867.Reproduction furniture in the general "Regency Revival"style, to which the Adam revival was closely linked, was very popular with the expanding middle classes from circa 1880 to 1920. They were attracted to the light and elegant designs, as a contrast to the heavier and more cluttered interiors which had dominated their homes during the second half of the 19th century. The revival competed with theArts and Craftsstyle, which continued to be popular in Britain up to the 1930s. The Adam and Regency revivals, however, lost mainstream momentum afterWorld War I,being replaced byArt Decoin popular taste.

Gallery

Painting byAngelica Kauffman,typical of those she painted for the interiors designed by the Adam brothers
Interior ofOsterley Park,designed byRobert Adamin 1761
Stairwell withinHome House,designed byRobert Adamin 1777
A design for the hall atSyon Houseby Robert and James Adam, 1778
Design by the Adam brothers for a ceiling in Derby House, 1778

References

Eileen Harris,The Furniture of Robert Adam

Bibliography

Spencer-Churchill, Henrietta (1997)Classic Georgian Style,Collins & Brown,ISBN 1-85585-428-7.
Harris, Eileen (2001)The Genius of Robert Adam: His InteriorsISBN 0-300-08129-4.
Parissien, Steven (1992)Adam Style,Phaidon,ISBN 0-7148-2727-4.

External links

Media related toRobert and James Adamat Wikimedia Commons

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