Agénor de Gramont, 10th Duke of Gramont

Agénor de Gramont
Portrait of the Duke of Gramont, byEliseo Sala,1853
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 1870–1870
Preceded by	Émile Ollivier
Succeeded by	Prince de La Tour d'Auvergne
Personal details
Born	Antoine Alfred Agénor (1819-08-14)14 August 1819 Paris,France
Died	17 January 1880(1880-01-17)(aged 60)
Spouse	Emma Mary Mackinnon ​ (m.1848)​
Relations	Antoine VIII de Gramont(grandfather) Armand de Gramont(grandson)
Parent(s)	Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont Anna-Quintina-Albertine Grimod
Alma mater	École Polytechnique

Agénor de Gramont, 10thDuke of Gramont(Antoine Alfred Agénor;14 August 1819 – 17 January 1880) was a Frenchdiplomatandstatesmanwho also had the title Prince of Bidache.

Early life

He was born inParisto one of the most illustrious families of the oldnoblesse,a cadet branch of the viscounts ofAure,which took its name from theSeignoryofGramontinNavarre.His grandfather,Antoine VIII de Gramont,duc de Gramont (1755–1836), had emigrated during theFrench Revolution,and his father,Antoine Héraclius Genevieve Agénor(1789–1855), duc de Gramont and de Guiche,fought under the British flag in thePeninsular War,became a lieutenant-general in the French army in 1823, and in 1830 accompaniedCharles X of Franceto Scotland.

The younger generation, however, wereBonapartistin sympathy; Gramont's cousin Antoine Louis Raymond, comte de Gramont (1787–1825), though also the son of anémigré,served with distinction inNapoléon's armies, while Antoine Agénor owed his career to his early friendship forLouis Napoleon.

Gramont was educated at theÉcole Polytechnique.

Career

Gramont early gave up the army fordiplomacy.It was not, however, until after thecoup d'étatof 2 December 1851, which made Louis Napoleon supreme in France, that he became conspicuous as a diplomat. He was successively minister plenipotentiary atCasselandStuttgart(1852), atTurin(1853),ambassadorat Washington DC (1854), Rome (1857) and atVienna(1861).

In 1854, he was one of the few survivors of the disastrous sinking of theSSArctic,while en route toWashington DC.De Gramont was observed leaping from the ship into the last lifeboat; he was one of the 85 survivors (61 crewmembers and 24 male passengers). More than 300 people died, including all the women and children on board.

Franco-Prussian War

Agénor, duc de Gramont.

On 15 May 1870, he was appointed minister of foreign affairs in theOlliviercabinet, and was thus largely, though not entirely, responsible for the bungling of the negotiations between France andPrussiaarising out of the candidature ofPrince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringenfor the throne of Spain, which led to the disastrouswar of 1870-71.

The exact share of Gramont in this responsibility has been the subject of much controversy. The last word may be said to have been uttered by Émile Ollivier himself in hisL'Empire libéral(tome xii, 1909,passim). The famous declaration read by Gramont in the Chamber on 6 July, the "threat with the hand on the sword-hilt," asBismarckcalled it, was the joint draft of the whole cabinet; the original draft presented by Gramont was judged to be too "elliptical" in its conclusion and not sufficiently vigorous; the reference to a revival of the empire ofCharles Vwas suggested by Ollivier; the paragraph asserting that France would not allow a foreign power to disturb to her own detriment the actual equilibrium of Europe was inserted by the emperor. So far, then, as this declaration is concerned, it is clear that Gramont's responsibility must be shared with his sovereign and his colleagues (Ollivier op. cit. xii. 107; see also the twoprojets de déclarationgiven on p. 570).

It is clear, however, that he did not share the "passion" of his colleagues for "peace with honour", clear also that he wholly misread the intentions of the European powers in the event of war. That he reckoned upon the active alliance of Austria was due, according to Ollivier, to the fact that for nine years he had been apersona gratain thearistocraticsociety of Vienna, where the necessity for revenging the humiliation of 1866 was an article of faith. This confidence made him less disposed than many of his colleagues to make the best of the renunciation of the candidature made, on behalf of his son, by the prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

It was Gramont who pointed out to the emperor, on the evening of the 12th, the dubious circumstances of the act of renunciation, and on the same night, without informing Ollivier, despatched toBenedettiatEmsthe fataltelegramdemanding the king of Prussia's guarantee that the candidature would not be revived. The supreme responsibility for this act must rest with the emperor, "who imposed it by an exercise of personal power on the only one of his ministers who could have lent himself to such a forgetfulness of the safeguards of aparliamentaryregime. "As for Gramont, he had" no conception of the exigencies of this regime; he remained an ambassador accustomed to obey the orders of his sovereign; in all good faith he had no idea that this was not correct, and that, himself a parliamentary minister, he had associated himself with an act destructive of the authority of parliament. "" On his part, "adds Ollivier," it was the result only of obedience, not of warlike premeditation "(op. cit. p. 262). The apology may be taken for what it is worth. To France and to the world Gramont was responsible for the policy which put his country definitely into the wrong in the eyes of Europe, and enabled Bismarck to administer to her the" slap in the face "(soufflet) as Gramont called it in the Chamber by means of the Bismarck-edited "Ems telegram,"which was the immediate cause of the French declaration of war on the 15th.

Later life

After thedefeat of Wissembourg(4 August) Gramont resigned his office with the rest of the Ollivier ministry (9 August), and after the revolution of September he went toEngland,returning after the war toParis,where he died on 18 January 1880. During his retirement he published various apologies for his policy in 1870, notablyLa France et la Prusse avant la guerre(Paris, 1872).

Personal life

Portrait of his wife Emma Mary Mackinnon, byJules Laure.

His marriage on 27 December 1848 to Emma Mary Mackinnon (1811–1891), daughter ofWilliam Alexander Mackinnon,33rd Chief of the ScottishClan Mackinnon,produced four children, including:

• Antoine AlfredAgénorde Gramont, 11th Duke of Gramont (1851–1925), who marriedMarguerite de Rothschild.After her death, he married MariaRuspoli.
• Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre (1854–1931), who married Hélène Louise Eugénie Duchesne de Gillevoisin.
• Antoine Albert de Gramont (1856–1915), who married Jeanne Marie Sabatier.

He died in Paris on 18 January 1880. His widow died, also in Paris, on 15 November 1891.

References

Cited sources

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Gramont, Antoine Agénor Alfred, Duc de".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 332.

External links

• Antoine Alfred Agénor, 10th duc de Gramont (1819-1880), French diplomat and statesmanat theNational Portrait Gallery, London