Air raid on Bari

Air raid on Bari, Italy
Part of theItalian CampaignofWorld War II
Allied ships burn during the German attack on Bari
Date 2 December 1943 Location Bari,Italy 41°07′31″N16°52′0″E Result German victory
Belligerents
Germany	United Kingdom United States Kingdom of Italy
Commanders and leaders
Albert Kesselring Wolfram von Richthofen	Harold Alexander Arthur Coningham
Strength
105Junkers Ju 88A-4 bombers
Casualties and losses
One aircraft destroyed	29 ships sunk harbor extensively damaged 1,000 military and merchant marine personnel killed 1,000 civilians killed
Bari class=notpageimage| Bari, in theApuliaregionof Italy on theAdriatic Sea

Theair raid on Bari(German:Luftangriff auf den Hafen von Bari,Italian:Bombardamento di Bari) was an air attack byGermanbombersonAlliedforces and shipping inBari,Italy, on 2 December 1943, duringWorld War II.105 GermanJunkers Ju 88bombers ofLuftflotte2surprised the port's defenders and bombed shipping and personnel operating in support of the AlliedItalian Campaign,sinking 27 cargo and transport ships, as well as aschooner,in Bari harbour.

The attack lasted a little more than an hour and put the port out of action until February 1944. The release ofmustard gasfrom one of the wrecked cargo ships added to the loss of life. The British and US governments covered up the presence of mustard gas and its effects on victims of the raid.

Background

In early September 1943, coinciding with theAllied invasion of Italy,Italy surrendered to the Allies in theArmistice of Cassibileand changed sides, but theItalian Social Republicin central and northern Italy continued the war on the Axis side. On 11 September 1943, theport of Bariin southern Italy was taken unopposed by the British1st Airborne Division.The port was used by theAlliesto land ammunition, supplies and provisions from ships at the port for Allied forces advancing towards Rome and to push German forces out of the Italian peninsula.

Bari had inadequateair defences;noRoyal Air Force(RAF)fighter aircraftsquadrons were based there, and fighters within range were assigned to escort or offensive duties, not port defence. Ground defences were equally ineffective.

Little thought was given to the possibility of a German air raid on Bari, because it was believed that theLuftwaffein Italy was stretched too thin to mount a serious attack. On the afternoon of 2 December 1943, Air MarshalSir Arthur Coningham,commander of theNorthwest African Tactical Air Force,held a press conference in Bari where he stated that the Germans had lost the air war. "I would consider it as a personal insult if the enemy should send so much as one plane over the city".That was despite the fact that German air raids byKG 54,KG 76,and other units, had hit the port area ofNaplesfour times in the previous month, and attacked other Mediterranean targets.

Thirty ships of American, British, Polish, Norwegian and Dutch registry were in Bari Harbour on 2 December. The adjoining port city held a civilian population of 250,000.The port was lit on the night of the raid to expedite the unloading of supplies for theBattle of Monte Cassinoand was working at full capacity.

Raid

On the afternoon of 2 December,Luftwaffepilot Werner Hahn made a reconnaissance flight over Bari in anMe 210.His subsequent report reachedGeneralfeldmarschallWolfram von Richthofen—who commandedLuftflotte2.With the support ofAlbert KesselringRichthofen ordered a raid;Kesselring and his staff had earlier considered Allied airfields atFoggiaas targets but theLuftwaffelacked the resources for such an attack.Richthofen had suggested Bari as an alternative.Richthofen believed that crippling the port might slow the advance of the BritishEighth Armyand told Kesselring that the only aircraft available were his Junkers Ju 88A-4 bombers. Richthofen thought that a raid by 150 Ju 88s might be possible but only 105 bombers were available, some from KG 54.Most of the aeroplanes were to fly from Italian airfields but Richthofen wanted to use a few fromYugoslaviain the hope that the Allies might be fooled into thinking that the mission originated from there and misdirect any retaliatory strikes. The Ju 88 pilots were ordered to fly east to theAdriatic Sea,then swing south and west, since it was thought that the Allied forces would expect any attack to come from the north.

Allied ships burn during the raid.

The attack opened at 19:25, when two or three German aircraft circled the harbour at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) droppingDüppel(foil strips) to confuse Allied radar. They also dropped flares, which were not needed due to the harbour being well illuminated.The German bomber force surprised the defenders and was able to bomb the harbour with great accuracy. Hits on two ammunition ships caused explosions which shattered windows 7 mi (11 km) away.A bulk petrol pipeline on a quay was severed and the gushing fuel ignited.A sheet of burning fuel spread over much of the harbor, engulfing undamaged ships.

Twenty-eight merchant ships laden with more than 34,000short tons(31,000t) of cargo were sunk or destroyed; three ships carrying a further 7,500 short tons (6,800 t) were later salvaged.Twelve more ships were damaged.The port was closed for three weeks and was only restored to full operation in February 1944.All Bari-based submarines were undamaged, their tough exteriors able to withstand the German attack.

Ships damaged in the raid

Name	Flag	Type	GRTor Displacement	Status	Notes
Ardito			3,732GRT	Sunk
Argo		Coaster	526GRT	Damaged
Aube		Cargo ship	1,055GRT	Sunk
Barletta		Auxiliary cruiser	1,975GRT	Sunk	Forty-four crew killed. Four men from the militarized crew killed in action and four men were wounded. The military crew had twenty-two men killed in action, fourteen missing in action and forty wounded. Raised in 1948–1949 and repaired.
HMSBicester		Hunt-classdestroyer	1,050GRT	Damaged
Bollsta		Cargo ship	1,832GRT	Sunk	Raised in 1948, repaired and returned to service asStefano M.
Brittany Coast		Cargo ship	1,389GRT	Damaged
Cassala		Cargo ship	1,797GRT	Total loss
Corfu		Cargo ship	1,409GRT	Total loss
Crista		Cargo ship	1,389GRT	Damaged
Dagö		Cargo ship	1,996GRT	Damaged
Devon Coast		Coaster	646GRT	Sunk
Fort Athabaska		Cargo ship (Fort class)	7,132GRT	Sunk
Fort Lajoie		Cargo ship (Fort class)	7,134GRT	Sunk
Frosinone		Cargo ship	5,202GRT	Sunk
Genespesca II		Cargo ship	1,628GRT	Sunk
Goggiam		Cargo ship	1,934GRT	Total loss
Grace Abbott		Liberty ship	7,191GRT	Damaged
Inaffondabile		Schooner	Unknown	Sunk
John Bascom		Liberty ship	7,176GRT	Sunk	Four crewmen, ten armed guards killed.Wreck scrapped in 1948.
John Harvey		Liberty ship	7,177GRT	Sunk	Cargo ofmustard gasbombs. Thirty-six crewmen, ten soldiers, twenty armed guards killed.Wreck scrapped in 1948.
John L. Motley		Liberty ship	7,176GRT	Sunk	Cargo of ammunition. Thirty-six crewmen, Twenty-four armed guards killed.
John M. Schofield		Liberty ship	7,181GRT	Damaged
Joseph Wheeler		Liberty ship	7,176GRT	Sunk	Twenty-six crewmen, fifteen armed guards killed.Wreck scrapped in 1948.
Lars Kruse		Cargo ship	1,807GRT	Sunk	Nineteen crew killed.
Lom		Cargo ship	1,268GRT	Sunk	Four crew killed.
Luciano Orlando		Cargo ship	Unknown	Sunk
Lwów		Cargo ship	1,409GRT	Sunk
Lyman Abbott		Liberty ship	7,176GRT	Damaged
MB 10		Armed motor boat	13tonsdisplacement	Sunk
Norlom		Cargo ship	6,326GRT	Sunk	Six crew killed. Refloated November 1946, scrapped 1947.
Odysseus		Cargo ship	1,057GRT	Damaged
Porto Pisano		Coaster	226GRT	Sunk
Puck		Cargo ship	1,065GRT	Sunk
Samuel J. Tilden		Liberty ship	7,176GRT	Sunk	Ten crewmen, fourteen U.S. soldiers, three British soldiers killed.Wreck scrapped in 1948.
Testbank		Cargo ship	5,083GRT	Sunk	Seventy crew killed.
Vest		Cargo ship	5,074GRT	Damaged
HMSVienna		Depot ship	4,227GRT	Damaged
Volodda		Cargo ship	4,673GRT	Sunk
HMSZetland		Hunt-classdestroyer	1,050GRT	Damaged

John Harvey

One of the destroyed vessels—the U.S.Liberty shipJohn Harvey—had been carrying a secret cargo of 2000M47A1mustard gasbombs, each holding 60–70 lb (27–32 kg) of the agent. According to Royal Navy historian Stephen Roskill, the cargo had been sent to Europe for potential retaliatory use if Germany carried out its alleged threat to usechemical warfarein Italy.The destruction ofJohn Harveycaused liquid sulfur mustard from the bombs to spill into waters already contaminated by oil from the other damaged vessels. The many sailors who had abandoned their ships into the water became covered with the oily mixture, which provided an ideal solvent for the sulfur mustard. Some mustard evaporated and mingled with the clouds of smoke and flame.The wounded were pulled from the water and sent to medical facilities whose personnel were unaware of the mustard gas. Medical staff focused on personnel with blast or fire injuries and little attention was given to those merely covered with oil.Many injuries caused by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of mustard might have been reduced by bathing or a change of clothes.

Within a day, the first symptoms of mustard poisoning had appeared in 628 patients and medical staff, including blindness and chemical burns. That puzzling development was further complicated by the arrival of hundreds of Italian civilians also seeking treatment, who had been poisoned by a cloud of sulfur mustard vapor that had blown over the city when some ofJohn Harvey'scargo exploded. As the medical crisis worsened, little information was available about what was causing the symptoms, because the U.S. military command wanted to keep the presence of chemical munitions secret from the Germans.Nearly all crewmen ofJohn Harveyhad been killed, and were unavailable to explain the cause of the "garlic-like "odor noted by rescue personnel.

Informed about the mysterious symptoms, Deputy Surgeon General Fred Blesse sent for Lieutenant ColonelStewart Francis Alexander,an expert in chemical warfare. Carefully tallying the locations of the victims at the time of the attack, Alexander traced the epicenter toJohn Harvey,and confirmed mustard gas as the responsible agent when he located a fragment of the casing of a U.S. M47A1 bomb.

By the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalized military victims had died. The number of civilian casualties, thought to have been even greater, could not be accurately gauged since most had left the city to seek shelter with relatives.

An additional cause of contamination with mustard is suggested by George Southern, the only survivor of the raid to have written about it. The huge explosion ofJohn Harvey,possibly simultaneously with another ammunition ship, sent large amounts of oily water mixed with mustard into the air, which fell down like rain on men who were on deck at the time. That affected the crews of theHunt-classdestroyersHMSZetlandandHMSBicester.Both ships were damaged by the force of the blast and had taken casualties. After moving the destroyers away from burning ships and towing thetankerLa Dromeaway from the fires, the ships received orders to sail forTaranto.They threaded their way past burning wrecks, with the flotilla leader,Bicesterhaving to followZetland,because her navigation equipment was damaged. Some survivors were picked up from the water in the harbour entrance byBicester.When dawn broke, it became clear that the magnetic and gyro compasses had acquired large errors, requiring a considerable course correction. Symptoms of mustard gas poisoning then began to appear. By the time they reached Taranto, none ofBicester's officers could see well enough to navigate the ship into harbour, so assistance had to be sought from the shore.

Cover-up

A member of Allied Supreme Commander GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower's medical staff, Dr. Stewart F. Alexander, was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the Army'sEdgewood Arsenalin Maryland, and was familiar with some of the effects of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried byJohn Harvey,and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement from the chain of command, Alexander convinced medics to treat patients for mustard gas exposure and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, those samples would result in the development of an early form ofchemotherapybased on mustard,mustine.

Allied High Command suppressed news of the presence of mustard gas, in case the Germans believed that the Allies were preparing to use chemical weapons, fearing it which might provoke them into pre-emptive use. The presence of multiple witnesses caused a re-evaluation of this stance and in February 1944, the U.S. Chiefs of Staff issued a statement admitting to the accident and emphasizing that the U.S. had no intention of using chemical weapons except in the case of retaliation.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower approved Dr. Alexander's report.Winston Churchill,however, ordered all British documents to be purged. Mustard gas deaths were described as "burns due to enemy action".

U.S. records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the episode remained obscure until 1967 when author Glenn B. Infield published the bookDisaster at Bari.In 1986, the British government admitted to survivors of the Bari raid that they had been exposed to poison gas and amended their pension payments.In 1988, through the efforts ofNick T. Spark,U.S. SenatorDennis DeConcini,and U.S. SenatorBill Bradley,Dr. Alexander received recognition from theSurgeon General of the United States Armyfor his actions in the aftermath of the Bari disaster.Alexander's information contributed toCornelius P. Rhoads' chemotherapy for cancer and Alexander turned down Rhoads' offer to work at theSloan Kettering Institute.

In his autobiographical workDestroyer Captain,published in 1975 by William Kimber & Co,Lieutenant Commander Roger Hilldescribes refuellingHMSGrenvillein Bari shortly after the attack.He describes the damage done and details how a shipload of mustard gas came to be in the harbour because of intelligence reports which he viewed as "incredible".

Aftermath

An inquiry exonerated Sir Arthur Coningham of negligence in defending the port but found that the absence of previous air attacks had led to complacency.

See also

• List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition
• SSCharles Henderson

References

• Atkinson, Rick(2007).The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944.New York: Henry Holt.ISBN978-0-8050-6289-2.
• Infield, Glenn B. (1976).Disaster at Bari.Toronto: Bantam.ISBN978-0-450-02659-1.
• Langford, R. Everett (2004).Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction.John Wiley/Interscience.ISBN978-0-471-46560-7.
• Mason, Geoffrey B. (2004).Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot(1975) [1954].Volume 9: Sicily-Salerno-Anzio January 1943 – June 1944.History of United States Naval Operations in World War II.Boston:Little, Brown.ISBN0-316-58316-2.OCLC313489807.
• Orange, Vincent (1992) [1st pub. London: Methuen 1990].Coningham: a biography of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham.Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History.ISBN0-413-14580-8.
• Pechura, Constance M.; Rall, David P. (1993).Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.doi:10.17226/2058.ISBN0-309-04832-X.PMID25144024.
• Reminick, Gerald (2001).Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup.Palo Alto: Glencannon Press.ISBN1-889901-21-0.
• Saunders, D.M. (September 1967). "The Bari Incident".United States Naval Institute Proceedings.Annapolis: United States Naval Institute.
• Southern, George (2002).Poisonous inferno: World War II tragedy at Bari Harbour.Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing.ISBN1-84037-389-X.
• "Naval Armed Guard Service: Tragedy at Bari, Italy on 2 December 1943".U.S. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. 8 August 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 12 January 2008.Retrieved7 January2008.

Further reading

• Birchfield, B.; Ellis, Harry V. III & Pflug, Robert H. (1989). "Question 2/88".Warship International.XXVI(2): 202–203.ISSN0043-0374.

External links

• Trailer documentary Top Secret Bari 2 December 1943onYouTube