Ajaccio

This article is about the Corsican city. For the wine, seeAjaccio AOC.For the association football clubs, seeAC AjaccioandGazélec Ajaccio.

Ajaccio Aiacciu / Aghjacciu(Corsican)
Prefectureandcommune
From top, left to right: Port Tino Rossi, the promenade of Ajaccio, Ajaccio's Cathedral, Post office in Cours Napoleon, Maréchal-Joffre square with Napoleon's statue, Fesch Museum, Ajaccio's Citadel.
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Ajaccio
Ajaccio Ajaccio
Coordinates:41°55′36″N8°44′13″E
Country	France
Region	Corsica
Department	Corse-du-Sud
Arrondissement	Ajaccio
Canton	Ajaccio-1,2,3,4and5
Intercommunality	CA Pays Ajaccien
Government
• Mayor(2022–2026)	Stéphane Sbraggia
Area 1	82.03 km2(31.67 sq mi)
Population (2021)	73,822
• Density	900/km2(2,300/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Ajacciens (in French), Aiaccini or Ajaccini (in Italian), Aiaccini or Aghjaccini (in Corsican)
Time zone	UTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00(CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	2A004/20000
Elevation	0–787 m (0–2,582 ft) (avg. 38 m or 125 ft)
Website	http:// ajaccio.fr/
1French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Ajaccio(/ˈaɪətʃoʊ/,UKalso/əˈdʒæ(k)sioʊ/,USalso/ɑːˈjɑːtʃ(i)oʊ/;French:[aʒaksjo];Italian:AiaccioorAjaccio[aˈjattʃo];Corsican:Aiacciu[aˈjattʃu],locally:Aghjacciu[aˈɟattʃu];Latin:Adiacium) is the capital and largest city ofCorsica,France.It forms aFrench commune,prefecture of thedepartmentofCorse-du-Sud,and head office of theCollectivité territorialede Corse(capital city ofCorsica). It is also the largest settlement on the island. Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica, 210 nautical miles (390 km) southeast ofMarseille.

The original city went into decline in theMiddle Ages,but began to prosper again after theGenoesebuilt acitadelin1492,to the south of the earlier settlement. After theCorsican Republicwas declared in 1755, the Genoese continued to hold several citadels, including Ajaccio, until theFrenchtook control of the island.

The inhabitants of the commune are known asAjacciens(men) orAjacciennes(women).The most famous of these isNapoleon Bonaparte,who was born in Ajaccio in 1769, and whose ancestral home, theMaison Bonaparte,is now a museum. Other dedications to him in the city includeAjaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport.

Toponymy

Several hypotheses have been advanced as to theetymologyof the nameAjaccio(AiacciuinCorsican,Addiazzoon old documents). Among these, the most prestigious suggests that the city was founded by the Greek legendary heroAjaxand named after him. Other more realistic explanations are, for example, that the name could be related to theTuscanagghiacciumeaning "sheep pens". Another explanation, supported byByzantinesources from around the year 600 AD called the cityAgiationwhich suggests a possible Greek origin for the word,agathècould mean "good luck" or "good mooring" (this was also the root of the name of the city ofAgde).

Geography

Location

Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica, 210 nautical miles (390 km) southeast ofMarseille.The commune occupies a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajacciobetween Gravona and thepointe de la Parataand includes theîles Sanguinaires(Bloody Islands). The harbour lies to the east of the original citadel below a hill overlooking a peninsula which protects the harbour in the south where the Quai de la Citadelle and the Jettée de la Citadelle are. The modern city not only encloses the entire harbour but takes up the better part of the Gulf of Ajaccio and in suburban form extends for some miles up the valley of the riverGravona.The flow from that river is nearly entirely consumed as the city's water supply. Many beaches and coves border its territory and the terrain is particularly rugged in the west where the highest point is 790 m (2,592 ft).

• 
  Ajaccio Marina
• 
  The Bay
• 
  The lighthouse of the citadel of Ajaccio overlooking the bay
• 
  Îles Sanguinaires
• 
  The market
• 
  A satellite image of the city and surrounding water.

Urbanism

Port

Although the commune of Ajaccio has a large area (82.03 km²), only a small portion of this is urbanized. Therefore, theurban areaof Ajaccio is located in the east of the commune on a narrow coastal strip forming a densely populated arc. The rest of the territory is natural with habitation of little importance and spread thinly. Suburbanization occurs north and east of the main urban area.

The original urban core, close to the old marshy plain ofCanneswas abandoned in favour of the current city which was built near thePunta della Lechia.It has undergone various improvements, particularly under Napoleon, who originated the two current major structural arteries (theCours Napoleonoriented north–south and theCours Grandvaloriented east–west).

Ajaccio experienced a demographic boom in the 1960s, which explains why 85% of dwellings are post-1949.This is reflected in the layout of the city which is marked by very large areas of low-rise buildings and concrete towers, especially on the heights (Les Jardins de l'Empereur) and in the north of the city - e.g. the waterfront,Les Cannes,andLes Salines.A dichotomy appears in the landscape between the old city and the imposing modern buildings. Ajaccio gives the image of a city built on two different levels.

Climate

The city has aMediterranean climatewhich isCsain theKöppen climate classification.The average annual sunshine is 2726 hours.

There are important local climatic variations, especially with wind exposure and total precipitation, between the city centre, the airport, and theîles Sanguinaires.The annual average rainfall is 645.6 mm (25.4 in) at theCampo dell'Oroweather station (as per the chart) and 523.9 mm (20.6 in) at theParata:the third-driest place in metropolitan France.The heat and dryness of summer are somewhat tempered by the proximity of theMediterranean Seaexcept when thesiroccois blowing. In autumn and spring, heavy rain-storm episodes may occur. Winters are mild and snow is rare. Ajaccio is the French city which holds the record for the number of thunderstorms in the reference period 1971–2000 with an average of 39 thunderstorm days per year.

On 14 September 2009, the city was hit by atornadowith an intensity of F1 on theFujita scale.There was little damage except torn billboards, flying tiles, overturned cars, and broken windows but no casualties.

Comparison of local Meteorological data with other cities in France

Town	Sunshine (hours/yr)	Rain (mm/yr)	Snow (days/yr)	Storm (days/yr)	Fog (days/yr)
National average	1,973	770	14	22	40
Ajaccio	2,735	616	2	39	3
Paris	1,661	637	12	18	10
Nice	2,724	767	1	29	1
Strasbourg	1,693	665	29	29	56
Brest	1,605	1,211	7	12	75

Weather Data for Ajaccio

Climate data for Ajaccio (AJA), elevation: 5 m (16 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.4 (72.3)	25.3 (77.5)	29.6 (85.3)	32.2 (90.0)	34.6 (94.3)	41.6 (106.9)	40.3 (104.5)	39.5 (103.1)	40.0 (104.0)	35.0 (95.0)	29.4 (84.9)	22.7 (72.9)	41.6 (106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	14.0 (57.2)	14.2 (57.6)	16.0 (60.8)	18.5 (65.3)	22.1 (71.8)	25.9 (78.6)	28.6 (83.5)	29.2 (84.6)	26.1 (79.0)	22.8 (73.0)	18.3 (64.9)	15.1 (59.2)	20.9 (69.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	9.4 (48.9)	9.2 (48.6)	11.0 (51.8)	13.4 (56.1)	17.0 (62.6)	20.7 (69.3)	23.2 (73.8)	23.7 (74.7)	20.8 (69.4)	17.7 (63.9)	13.6 (56.5)	10.5 (50.9)	15.8 (60.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	4.7 (40.5)	4.3 (39.7)	5.9 (42.6)	8.4 (47.1)	11.8 (53.2)	15.4 (59.7)	17.7 (63.9)	18.1 (64.6)	15.4 (59.7)	12.6 (54.7)	9.0 (48.2)	5.8 (42.4)	10.8 (51.4)
Record low °C (°F)	−7.0 (19.4)	−8.1 (17.4)	−5.6 (21.9)	−1.7 (28.9)	3.0 (37.4)	6.8 (44.2)	9.2 (48.6)	9.1 (48.4)	7.6 (45.7)	1.6 (34.9)	−3.2 (26.2)	−4.9 (23.2)	−8.1 (17.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	54.1 (2.13)	48.1 (1.89)	50.4 (1.98)	53.1 (2.09)	49.8 (1.96)	25.9 (1.02)	8.6 (0.34)	15.8 (0.62)	57.8 (2.28)	85.7 (3.37)	111.8 (4.40)	73.9 (2.91)	635.0 (25.00)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	7.0	6.7	6.3	7.2	5.0	2.8	1.2	1.4	5.1	7.4	9.3	8.6	68.0
Average snowy days	0.8	0.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	2.1
Averagerelative humidity(%)	81	80	80	80	80	78	76	76	78	80	81	82	79
Mean monthlysunshine hours	135.8	155.6	210.8	230.4	288.3	332.3	373.6	343.3	260.6	206.9	140.2	124.0	2,801.7
Source 1:Meteo France
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)

Climatological normals for Ajaccio (period 1961-1990)

Parameter	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average number of days withthunder	2.1	2.7	2.9	3.1	2.6	3.1	2.7	3.1	3.8	4.3	4.3	2.0
Mean number of days withhail	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.5	0.6
Number Days with airfrost	3.8	3	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	2.6
Number Days with no Sunshine	3.7	2.5	2.4	1.3	1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.3	1	2.5	4.3
No. of days with mean temperature > 18.0 °C (64.4 °F)	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.6	4.8	20.5	30.0	30.6	25.1	9.8	0.7	0.0
No. of days with max temperature > 30.0 °C (86.0 °F)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.1	4.7	4.5	1.1	0.5	0.0	0.0

Heraldry

Arms of Ajaccio

In 1575, the Senate of Genoa granted to the city of Ajaccio Arms of blue with a silver column sumounted by the Arms of Genoa between two white greyhounds. This is not the current Arms. Blazon: Supported by two golden lions, a silver column stands on a green base beneath an azure sky.

History

Statue of Napoleon in the Place Foch

Ex Grand Hôtel Continental (now office of theCollectivité territoriale de Corse)

Antiquity

The city was not mentioned by the Greek geographerPtolemy of Alexandriain the 2nd century AD despite the presence of a place calledOurkinionin theCinarcaarea. It is likely that the city of Ajaccio had its first development at this time. The 2nd century was a period of prosperity in the Mediterranean basin (thePax Romana) and there was a need for a proper port at the head of the several valleys that lead to the Gulf able to accommodate large ships. Some important underwater archaeological discoveries recently made of Roman ships tend to confirm this.

Further excavations conducted recently led to the discovery of important early Christian remains suggest that an upwards reevaluation might be necessary of the size of Ajaccio city inLate Antiquityand the beginning of theMiddle Ages.The city was in any case already significant enough to be the seat of adiocese,mentioned byPope Gregory the Greatin 591. The city was then further north than the location chosen later by theGenoese- in the location of the existing quarters ofCastel VecchioandSainte-Lucie.

The earliest certain written record of a settlement at Ajaccio with a name ancestral to its name was the exhortation in Epistle 77 written in 601AD byGregory the greatto the Defensor Boniface, one of two known rectors of the early Corsican church,to tell him not to leaveAlériaand Adjacium without bishops. There is no earlier use of the term and Adjacium is not an attestedLatinword, which probably means that it is a Latinization of a word in some other language. TheRavenna Cosmographyof about 700 AD cites Agiation,which sometimes is taken as evidence of a prior Greek city, as -ion appears to be a Greek ending. There is, however, no evidence at all of a Greek presence on the west coast and theIoniansatAlériaon the east coast had been expelled by the Etruscans long before Roman domination.

Ptolemy,who must come the closest to representing indigenous names, lists the Lochra River just south of a feature he calls the "sandy shore" on the southwest coast. If the shore is the Campo dell'Oro (Place of Gold) the Lochra would seem to be the combined mouth of theGravonaandPrunelliRivers, neither one of which sounds like Lochra.

North of there was a Roman city, Ourchinion. The western coastline was so distorted, however, that it is impossible to say where Adjacium was; certainly, he would have known its name and location if he had had any first-hand knowledge of the island and if in fact it was there. Ptolemy's Ourchinion is further north than Ajaccio and does not have the same name. It could beSagone.The lack of correspondence between Ptolemaic and historical names known to be ancient has no defense except in the case of the two Roman colonies, Aleria and Mariana. In any case the population of the region must belong to Ptolemy's Tarabeni or Titiani people, neither of which are ever heard about again.

Archaeological evidence

The population of the city throughout the centuries maintained an oral tradition that it had originally beenRoman.Travellers of the 19th century could point to the Hill of San Giovanni on the northwest shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio, which still had a cathedral said to have been the 6th-century seat of theBishop of Ajaccio.The Castello Vecchio ( "old castle" ), a ruined citadel, was believed to be Roman but turned out to have Gothic features. The hill was planted with vines. The farmers kept turning up artifacts and terracotta funerary urns that seemed to be Roman.

In the 20th century, the hill was covered over with buildings and became a part of downtown Ajaccio. In 2005 construction plans for a lot on the hill offered the opportunity to theInstitut national de recherches archéologiques preventatives(Inrap) to excavate. They found thebaptistryof a 6th-century cathedral and large amounts of pottery dated to the 6th and 7th centuries AD; in other words, an early Christian town. A cemetery had been placed over the old church. In it was a single Roman grave covered over with roof tiles bearing short indecipherable inscriptions. The finds of the previous century had included Roman coins. This is the only evidence so far of a Roman city continuous with the early Christian one.

Medieval Genoese period

It has been established that after the 8th century the city, like most other Corsican coastal communities, strongly declined and disappeared almost completely. Nevertheless, a castle and a cathedral were still in place in 1492 which last was not demolished until 1748.

Towards the end of the 15th century, theGenoesewere eager to assert their dominance in the south of the island and decided to rebuild the city of Ajaccio. Several sites were considered: thePointe de la Parata(not chosen because it was too exposed to the wind), the ancient city (finally considered unsafe because of the proximity of the salt ponds), and finally thePunta della Lechiawhich was finally selected.

Work began on the town on 21 April 1492 south of the Christian village by theBank of Saint GeorgeatGenoa,who sent Cristoforo of Gandini, an architect, to build it. He began with a castle on Capo di Bolo, around which he constructed residences for several hundred people.

Genoese Tower.

The new city was essentially a colony of Genoa. The Corsicans were restricted from the city for some years.

Nevertheless, the town grew rapidly and became the administrative capital of the province ofAu Delà Des Monts(more or less the currentCorse-du-Sud).Bastiaremained the capital of the entire island.

Although at first populated exclusively by the Genoese, the city slowly opened to the Corsicans while the Ajaccians, almost to the French conquest, were legally citizens of theRepublic of Genoaand were happy to distinguish themselves from the insularpaesaniwho lived mainly inBorgu,a suburb outside the city walls (the currentrue Feschwas the main street).

Attachment to France

Ajaccio was occupied from 1553 to 1559 by the French, but it again fell to the Genoese after theTreaty of Cateau Cambresisin the latter year.

Subsequently, theRepublic of Genoawas strong enough to keep Corsica until 1755, the yearPasquale Paoliproclaimed theCorsican Republic.Paoli took most of the island for the republic, but he was unable to force Genoese troops out of the citadels ofSaint-Florent,Calvi,Ajaccio,BastiaandAlgajola.Leaving them there, he went on to build the nation, while the Republic of Genoa was left to ponder prospects and solutions. Their ultimate solution was tosell Corsica to Francein 1768 and French troops of theAncien Régimereplaced Genoese ones in the citadels, including Ajaccio's.

Corsica was formally annexed to France in 1780.

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte(born as Napoleone di Buonaparte) was born at Ajaccio in the same year as theBattle of Ponte Novu,1769. The Buonaparte family at the time had a huge four-story home in town (now a museum known asMaison Bonaparte) and a rarely used country home in the hills north of the city (now site of theArboretum des Milelli). The father of the family, attorney Carlo di Buonaparte, was secretary toPasquale Paoliduring theCorsican Republic.

Ajaccio, Place De Gaulle - monument Napoléon

After the defeat of Paoli, theComte de Marbeufbegan to meet with some leading Corsicans to outline the shape of the future and enlist their assistance. The Comte was among a delegation from Ajaccio in 1769, offered his loyalty and was appointed assessor.

Marbeuf also offered Carlo di Buonaparte an appointment for one of his sons to theMilitary College of Brienne,but Napoleone did not speak French which was a requirement and he had to be at least ten years of age. There is a dispute concerning Napoleon's age because of this requirement; the emperor is known to have altered the civic records at Ajaccio concerning himself and it is possible that he was born inCortein 1768 when his father was there on business. In any case Napoleon was sent to a school in Autun to learn basic French, then after a year went to Brienne from 1779 to 1784.

At Brienne Napoleon concentrated on studies. He wrote a boyish history of Corsica. He did not share his father's views but heldPasquale Paoliin high esteem and was at heart a Corsican nationalist. The top students were encouraged to go into the artillery. After graduation and a brief sojourn at theMilitary School of ParisNapoleon applied for a second-lieutenancy in theartillery regiment of La FèreatValenceand after a time was given the position. Meanwhile, his father died and his mother was cast into poverty in Corsica, still having four children to support. Her only income was Napoleon's meager salary.

The regiment was inAuxonnewhen the revolution broke out in the summer of 1789. Napoleon returned on leave to Ajaccio in October, became aJacobinand began to work for the revolution. TheNational Assemblyin Paris united Corsica to France and pardoned its exiles. Paoli returned in 1790 after 21 years and kissed the soil on which he stood. He and Napoleon met and toured the battlefield of Paoli's defeat. A national assembly at Orezza created the department of Corsica and Paoli was subsequently elected president. He commanded the national guard raised by Napoleon. After a brief return to his regiment Napoleon was promoted tofirst lieutenantand came home again on leave in 1791.

View of the citadel of Ajaccio

All officers were recalled from leave in 1792, intervention threatened and war with Austria (Marie-Antoinette's homeland) began. Napoleon returned to Paris for review, was exonerated, then promoted tocaptainand given leave to escort his sister, a schoolgirl, back to Corsica at state expense. His family was prospering; his estate increased.

Napoleon became alieutenant-colonelin the Corsican National Guard. Paoli sent him off on an expedition toSardinia,ordered by France, under Paolis's nephew but the nephew had secret orders from Paoli to make sure the expedition failed.Paoli was now a conservative, opposing the execution of the king and supporting an alliance with Great Britain. Returning from Sardinia Napoleon with his family and all his supporters were instrumental in getting Paoli denounced at theNational Conventionin Paris in 1793. Napoleon earned the hatred of the Paolists by pretending to support Paoli and then turning against him (payment, one supposes, for Sardinia).

Paoli wasconvicted in absentia,a warrant was issued for his arrest (which could not be served) and Napoleon was dispatched to Corsica asInspector Generalof Artillery to take the citadel of Ajaccio from the royalists who had held it since 1789. The Paolists combining with the royalists defeated the French in two pitched battles and Napoleon and his family went on the run, hiding by day, while the Paolists burned their estate. Napoleon and his mother, Laetitia, were taken out by ship in June 1793, by friends while two of the girls found refuge with other friends. They landed inToulonwith only Napoleon's pay for their support.

Death maskofNapoleon

The Bonapartes moved toMarseillebut in August Toulon offered itself to the British and received the protection of a fleet underAdmiral Hood.TheSiege of Toulonbegan in September under revolutionary officers mainly untrained in the art of war. Napoleon happened to present socially one evening and during a casual conversation over a misplaced 24-pounder explained the value of artillery. Taken seriously he was allowed to bring up over 100 guns from coastal emplacements but his plan for the taking of Toulon was set aside as one incompetent officer superseded another. By December they decided to try his plan and made him a Colonel. Placing the guns at close range he used them to keep the British fleet away while he battered down the walls of Toulon. As soon as theCommittee of Public Safetyheard of the victory Napoleon became abrigadier general,the start of his meteoric rise to power.

The Bonapartes were back in Ajaccio in 1797 under the protection of General Napoleon. Soon after Napoleon became First Consul and then emperor, using his office to spread revolution throughout Europe. In 1811 he made Ajaccio the capital of the new Department of Corsica. Despite his subsequent defeat by the Prussians, Russians, and British, his exile and his death, no victorious power reversed that decision or tried to remove Corsica from France. Among the natives, though Corsican nationalism is strong, and feeling often runs high in favour of a union withItaly;loyalty to France, however, as evidenced by elections, remains stronger.

19th and 20th centuries

In the 19th century Ajaccio became a winter resort of the high society of the time, especially for the English, in the same way asMonaco,Cannes,andNice.AnAnglican Churchwas even built.

The first prison in France for children was built in Ajaccio in 1855: the Horticultural colony of Saint Anthony. It was a correctional colony for juvenile delinquents (from 8 to 20 years old), established under Article 10 of the Act of 5 August 1850. Nearly 1,200 children from all over France stayed there until 1866, when it was closed. Sixty percent of them perished, the victims of poor sanitation and malaria which infested the unhealthy areas that they were responsible to clean.

Contemporary history

Main article:Italian occupation of Corsica

Ajaccio: the first French town liberated

On 9 September 1943, the people of Ajaccio rose up against the Nazi occupiersand became the first French town to be liberated from the domination of the Germans. GeneralCharles de Gaullewent to Ajaccio on 8 October 1943 and said: "We owe it to the field of battle the lesson of the page of history that was written in French Corsica. Corsica to her fortune and honour is the first morsel of France to be liberated; which was done intentionally and willingly, in the light of its liberation, this demonstrates that these are the intentions and the will of the whole nation."

Throughout this period, no Jew was executed or deported from Corsica through the protection afforded by its people and its government. This event now allows Corsica to aspire to the title "Righteous Among the Nations",as no French region except for the communeLe Chambon-sur-LignoninHaute-Loirecarries this title. Their case is being investigated as of 2010.

Since the middle of the 20th century, Ajaccio has seen significant development. The city has seen population growth and considerableurban sprawl.Today Ajaccio is the capital of Corsica and the main town of the island and seeks to establish itself as a true regional centre.

Ajaccio was a hotspot for violence during theviolent unrest in March 2022.

Economy

View of the old city of Ajaccio

The Palace of congress of Ajaccio

The city is, withBastia,the economic, commercial and administrative centre of Corsica. Its urban area of nearly 90,000 inhabitants is spread over a large part of theCorse-du-Sud,on either side of the Gulf of Ajaccio and up the valley of the Gravona. Its business is primarily oriented towards the services sector.

The services sector is by far the main source of employment in the city. Ajaccio is an administrative centre comprising communal, intercommunal, departmental, regional, and prefectural services.

It is also a shopping centre with the commercial streets of the city centre and the areas of peripheral activities such as that ofMezzavia(hypermarketGéant Casino) and along the ring road (hypermarket Carrefour and E. Leclerc).

Tourism is one of the most vital aspects of the economy, split between the seaside tourism of summer, cultural tourism, and fishing. A number of hotels, varying from one star to five star, are present across the commune.

Ajaccio is the seat of theChamber of Commerce and Industry of Ajaccio and Corsica South.It manages the ports of Ajaccio,Bonifacio,Porto-Vecchio,Proprianoand the Tino Rossi marina. It also managesAjaccio airportandFigari airportas well as the convention centre and theCentre of Ricanto.

Secondary industry is underdeveloped, apart from the aeronautical companyCorsica Aerospace Composites CCA,the largest company on the island with 135 employees at two sites.The storage sites ofGDF Suez(formerlyGaz de France) andAntargazin the district ofVazzioare classified as high risk.

Energy

TheCentrale EDF du Vazzio,a heavy oil power station, provides the south of the island with electricity. TheGravonaCanal delivers water for consumption by the city.

Transport

Road access

Rue du Cardinal Fesch

By road, the city is accessible from National Route NR194 fromBastiaand NR193 via NR196 fromBonifacio.

These two main axes, as well as the roads leading to suburban villages, connect Ajaccio from the north - the site of Ajaccio forming a dead end blocked by the sea to the south. Only theCours Napoleonand theBoulevard du Roi Jeromecross the city.

Along with the highurban density,this explains the major traffic and parking problems especially during peak hours and during the summer tourist season. A bypass through several neighbourhoods is nearing completion.

Communal bus services

The Muvistrada provide services on 21 urban routes, one "city" route for local links and 20 suburban lines. The frequency varies according to demand with intervals of 30 minutes for the most important routes:

A park and ride with 300 spaces was built atMezzanain the neighbouring commune ofSarrola-Carcopinoin order to promote intermodality between cars and public transport.It was inaugurated on 12 July 2010.

Airport

Ajaccio Airport

The city is served by anAjaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airportwhich is the headquarters ofAir Corsica,a Corsican airline. It connects Ajaccio to a number of cities in mainland France (including Paris, Marseille, Nice, and Brive) and to places in Europe to serve the tourist industry.

The airlineCCM Airlinesalso has its head office on the grounds of theAirport.

Port

View of the Port

The port of Ajaccio is connected to the French mainland on an almost daily basis (Marseille,Toulon,Nice). There are also occasional links to the Italian mainland (Livorno) and toSardinia,as well as a seasonal service servingCalviandPropriano.The two major shipping companies providing these links are Corsica Linea andCorsica Ferries.

Ferries

Ajaccio has also become a stopover for cruises with a total of 418,086 passengers in 2007—by far the largest in Corsica and the second-largest in France (after Marseille, but ahead of Nice/Villefranche-sur-MerandCannes). The goal is for Ajaccio to eventually become the premier French port for cruises as well as being a main departure point.

The Fishing Port

The Port function of the city is also served by the commercial, pleasure craft, and artisanal fisheries (3 ports).

Railways

Therailway stationin Ajaccio belongs toChemins de fer de la Corseand is located near the port at theSquare Pierre Griffi.It connects Ajaccio toCorte,Bastia(3 h 25 min) andCalvi.

There are two optional stops:

• Salines Haltnorth of the city in the district of the same name
• Campo dell'Oro Haltnear the airport

In addition, the municipality has introduced an additional commuter service between Mezzana station in the suburbs andAjaccio stationlocated in the centre.

Administration

The Préfecture

Ajaccio was successively:

• Capital of the district of the department ofCorsicain 1790 to 1793
• Capital of thedepartment ofLiamonefrom 1793 to 1811
• Capital of thedepartment of Corsicafrom 1811 to 1975
• Capital of the region and thecollectivité territoriale de Corsesince 1970 and the department ofCorse-du-Sudsince 1976

Policy

Ajaccio remained (with some interruptions) an electoral stronghold of the Bonapartist (CCB) party until the municipal elections of 2001. The outgoing municipality was then beaten by a left-wing coalition led bySimon Renucciwhich gatheredSocial Democrats,Communists,andCharles Napoleon- the pretender to the imperial throne.

List of Successive Mayors of Ajaccio

Mayorsfrom the French Revolution to 1935
From	To	Name	Party	Position
1790	1790	Jean Jèrome Levie
1791	1796	Vincenté Guitera
1796	1796	Lodovico Ornano
1798	1798	François Marie Levie
1798	1798	Thomas Tavera
1798	1798	Antoine Tagliafico
1799	1800	J. B. Pozzo di Borgo
1800	1801	Jean Jèrome Levie
1801	1805	Pierre Stephanopoli
1805	1815	François Levie
1815	1815	Jean Noël Martinenghi
1815	1816	François Levie
1816	1817	Georges Stephanopoli
1817	1819	Adorno de Baciocchi
1819	1822	J. B. Colonna de Bozzi
1822	1826	J. B. Spotorno
1826	1832	Constantin Stephanopoli
1832	1837	Cunéo d'Ornano
1837	1848	Paul François Peraldi
1848	1848	Bernardin Poli
1848	1855	Laurent Zevaco
1855	1860	Antoine Decosmi
1860	1867	François Xavier Braccini
1867	1870	Louis Nyer
1870	1870	Joseph Fil
1870	1871	Nicolas Peraldi
1871	1871	Joseph Fil
1871	1873	Nicolas Peraldi
1873	1876	F. X. Forcioli Conti
1876	1877	Nicolas Peraldi
1877	1877	Joseph Fil
1877	1884	Nicolas Peraldi	Republicain
1884	1893	Joseph Pugliesi	CCB
1893	1896	Pierre Petreto	CCB
1896	1900	Joseph Pugliesi	CCB
1900	1904	Pierre Bodoy	CCB
1904	1919	Dominique Pugliesi Conti	CCB
1919	1925	Jérôme Peri	Radical
1925	1931	Dominique Paoli	CCB
1931	1931	Joseph Marie François Spoturno
1931	1934	François Coty	CCB
1934	1935	Hyacinthe Campiglia	CCB

Mayorsfrom 1935
From	To	Name	Party	Position
1935	1943	Dominique Paoli	CCB
1943	1945	Eugène Macchini	CCB
1945	1947	Arthur Giovoni	PCF
1947	1949	Nicéphore Stephanopoli de Commene	CCB
1949	1953	Antoine Serafini	CCB
1953	1959	François Maglioli	CCB
1959	1964	Antoine Serafini	CCB
1964	1975	Pascal Rossini	CCB
1975	1994	Charles Napoléon Ornano	CCB
1994	2001	Marc Marcangeli	CCB	Doctor
2001	2014	Simon Renucci	CSD	Doctor
2014	2014	Laurent Marcangeli
2014	2015	vacant
2015	2022	Laurent Marcangeli
2022	2026	Stéphane Sbraggia

Quarters

10 Quarters are recognized by the municipality.

• Cannes-Binda:an area north of the city, consisting ofHousing estates,classed as aSensitive urban zone(ZUS) with Les Salines, subject to a policy of urban renewal
• Centre Ville:The tourist heart of the city consisting of shopping streets and major thoroughfares
• Casone:a bourgeois neighbourhood with an affluent population located in the former winter resort on the heights of the southern city.
• Les Jardins de l'Empereur:a neighbourhood classified as a Sensitive urban zone (ZUS) on the heights of the city, consisting of housing estates overlooking the city
• Mezzavia:northern quarter of the town with several subdivisions and areas of business and economic activities
• Octroi-Sainte Lucie:constitutes the northern part of the city centre near the port and the railway station
• Pietralba:quarter northeast of the city, classified ZUS
• Résidence des Îles:quarter to the south of the city near the tourist route ofSanguinairesin a quality environment
• Saint-Jean:collection of buildings for a population with low incomes, close to the historic urban core of the city, classified as a Sensitive urban zone (ZUS)
• Saline:quarter north of the city, consisting of large apartment blocks, classed as a Sensitive urban zone (ZUS) withLes Cannes,subject to a policy of urban renewal
• Vazzio:quarter northeast of the city, near theairport,the EDF Central, and theFrancois Coty stadium.

Intercommunality

Since December 2001, Ajaccio has been part of theCommunauté d'agglomération du Pays Ajaccienwith nine other communes:Afa,Alata,Appietto,Cuttoli-Corticchiato,Peri,Sarrola-Carcopino,Tavaco,Valle-di-Mezzana,andVillanova.

Origins

The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica andFrance.Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains four cantons, Cantons 1–4, and a fraction of Canton 5. The latter contains three other communes:Bastelicaccia,AlataandVillanova,making a total of four communes for the five cantons of Ajaccio.

Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 4 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 5 is a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to a part of the harbour or the Gulf of Ajaccio: such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travelogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.

The arrondissement contains other cantons that extend generally up the two rivers into central Corsica.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Ajaccio istwinnedwith:

• La Maddalena,Italy (1991)

Population

The population of Ajaccio increased sharply after 1960 due to migration from rural areas and the coming of "Pied-Noirs"(French Algerians), immigrants from theMaghreband French from mainland France.

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1800 6,570 — 1806 7,203 +1.54% 1821 7,401 +0.18% 1831 8,920 +1.88% 1836 9,003 +0.19% 1841 9,834 +1.78% 1846 11,541 +3.25% 1851 11,944 +0.69% 1856 11,049 −1.55% 1861 14,089 +4.98% 1866 14,558 +0.66% 1872 16,545 +2.16% 1876 17,050 +0.75% 1881 18,005 +1.10% 1886 17,576 −0.48% 1891 20,197 +2.82% 1896 20,561 +0.36% 1901 21,779 +1.16%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1906 22,264 +0.44% 1911 19,227 −2.89% 1921 22,614 +1.64% 1926 23,392 +0.68% 1931 23,917 +0.44% 1936 37,146 +9.20% 1946 31,434 −1.66% 1954 32,997 +0.61% 1962 33,642 +0.24% 1968 43,438 +4.35% 1975 49,065 +1.76% 1982 54,089 +1.40% 1990 58,315 +0.94% 1999 52,880 −1.08% 2007 64,432 +2.50% 2012 66,245 +0.56% 2017 70,659 +1.30%
Source: EHESSand INSEE (1968-2017)

Health

Ajaccio has three hospital sites:

• theMisericordia Hospital,built in 1950, is located on the heights of the city centre. This is the main medical facility in the region.
• The Annex Eugenie.
• thePsychiatric HospitalofCastellucciois 5 kilometres (3 miles) west of the city centre and is also home of cancer services and long-stay patients.

Education

Ajaccio is the headquarters of the Academy of Corsica.

The city of Ajaccio has:

• 18 nursery schools (16 public and 2 private)
• 17 primary schools (15 public and 2 private)
• 6 colleges
  • 5 Public Schools:
    • Collège Arthur-Giovoni
    • Collège des Padule
    • Collège Laetitia Bonaparte
    • Collège Fesch
    • EREA
  • 1 Private School: Institution Saint Paul
• 3 sixth-form colleges/senior high schools
  • 2 public schools:
    • Lycée Laetitia Bonaparte
    • Lycée Fesch
  • 1 private: Institution Saint Paul
• 2 LEP (vocational high schools)
  • Lycée Finosello
  • Lycée Jules Antonini

Higher education is undeveloped except for a few BTS and IFSI, theUniversity of Corsica Pascal Paoliis located inCorte.A research facility ofINRAis also located on Ajaccio.

Culture and heritage

Ajaccio has a varied tourism potential, with both a cultural framework in the centre of the city and a natural heritage around the coves and beaches of theMediterranean Sea,as well as the Natura 2000 reserve of theîles Sanguinaires.

Civil heritage

The Bonaparte House

The commune has many buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

• TheMonument to General Abbatucciin the Place Abbatucci (1854)
• TheMonument to Napoleon Iin the Place d'Austerlitz (20th century)
• TheBaciocchi Family Mansionat 9 Rue Bonaparte (18th century)
• TheFesch Palaceat 48 bis Rue Cardinal-Fesch (1827)
• TheMonument to the First Consulin the Place Foch (1850)
• ThePeraldi Houseat 18 Rue Forcioli-Conti (1820)
• TheGrand Hotelat Cours Grandval (1869)
• The oldChâteau Contiat Cours Grandval (19th century)
• TheMonument to Napoleon and his brothersin the Place du General de Gaulle (1864)
• TheMonument to Cardinal Feschat the Cour du Musée Fesch (1856)
• The oldAlban Factoryat 89 Cours Napoleon (1913)
• TheMilelli Housein the Saint-Antoine Quarter (17th century)
• TheHotel Palace-Cyrnos(1880),an old Luxury Hotel from the 19th century and a famous palace of the old days in the quarter "for foreigners" now converted into housing.
• TheLantivy Palace(1837),an Italian palace now headquarters of the prefecture of Corsica.
• TheHotel de Ville(1836)
• Napoleon Bonaparte's House(17th century)now a national museum: theMaison Bonaparte
• The oldLazarettoof Aspretto(1843)
• TheCitadel(1554)
• TheSawmillat Les Salines (1944)
• TheLighthouseon the Sanguinaires Islands (1844)

Other sites of interest

• TheMonument in the Place du Casone
• Theold townand theBorguare typically Mediterranean with their narrow streets and picturesque buildings
• ThePlace Bonaparte,a quarter frequented chiefly by winter visitors attracted by the mild climate of the town
• TheMusée Feschhouses a large collection of Italian Renaissance paintings
• TheBandera Museum,a History Museum of Mediterranean Corsica
• TheMunicipal library,in the north wing of Musée Fesch, has early printed books from as early as the 14th century
• The area known as the Foreigners' Quarter has a number of old palaces, villas, and buildings once built for the wintering British in theBelle Époquesuch as theAnglican Churchand the Grand Hotel Continental.Some of the buildings are in bad condition and very degraded, others were destroyed for the construction of modern buildings.
• TheGenoese towers:Torra di Capu di Fenu,Torra di a Parata,andTorra di Castelluchjuin the Îles Sanguinaires archipelago
• TheSquare Pierre Griffi(in front of the railway station), named after a hero of the Corsican Resistance and one of the members of thePearl Harbour secret mission,the first operation launched in occupied Corsica to coordinate resistance
• TheStatue of Commandant Jean L'Herminier(in front of the ferry terminal), commander of theFrench submarine Casabianca (1935)which actively participated in the struggle for the liberation of Corsica in September 1943

Religious heritage

Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption

The town is the seat of a bishopric dating at least from the 7th century. It has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, training colleges, a communal college, a museum and a library; the three latter are established in the Palais Fesch, founded byCardinal Fesch,who was born at Ajaccio in 1763.

The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

• The formerEpiscopal Palaceat 24 Rue Bonaparte (1622)
• TheOratoryof Saint Rochat Rue Cardinal-Fesch (1599)
• TheChapel of Saint Erasme or Sant'Erasmuat 22 Rue Forcioli-Conti (17th century)
• TheOratoryof Saint John the Baptistat Rue du Roi-de-Dome (1565)
• TheCathedral of Santa Maria Assuntaat Rue Saint-Charles (1582)from theRenaissancewhich depended on thediocese of Ajaccioand where Napoleon was baptized with its organ from Cavaillé-Coll.
• TheChapel of the Greekson the Route des Sanguiunaires (1619)
• The Early ChristianBaptistery of Saint John(6th century)
• TheImperial Chapel(1857)houses the graves of Napoleon's parents and his brothers and sisters.

Church of Saint-Roch, on theCours Napoléon

Other religious sites of interest

• TheChurch of Saint Roch,Neoclassical architectureby Ajaccien project architect Barthélémy Maglioli (1885)

Environmental heritage

• Sanguinaires Archipelago:
  • TheRoute des Sanguinairesruns along the southern coast of the city after the Saint François Beach. It is lined with villas and coves and beaches. Along the road is the Ajaccio cemetery with the grave of Corsican singerTino Rossi.
  • At the mouth of the Route des Sanguinaires is thePointe de la Paratanear the archipelago and thelighthouse.

• 
  The Saint François Beach
• 
  Gulf of Ajaccio
• 
  Theiles sanguinairesand views of la Parata from thesentier des crêtes
• 
  Along thesentier des crêtes:Skull Rock

• TheSentier des Crêtes(Crest Trail) starts from the city centre and is an easy hike offering splendid views of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The shores of the Gulf are dotted with a multitude of small coves and beaches ideal for swimming and scuba diving.
• Many small paths traversing the maquis (high ground covered in thick vegetation) in the commune from which theMaquisresistance network was named.

Interests

• The city has two marinas and acasino.
• The main activities are concentrated in the city centre on theRoute des Sanguinaires(cinemas, bars, clubs etc.).

In popular culture

Films made in Ajaccio include:

• Napoléon,one of the last successful French silent films byAbel Gancein 1927.
• Les Radonneurs,a French film directed byPhilippe Harelin 1997.
• Les Sanguinaires,a film byLaurent Cantetin 1998.
• The Amazing Race,an American TV series byElise DoganieriandBertram van Munsterin 2001 (season 6 episode 9).
• L'Enquête Corse,directed byAlain Berberianin 2004.
• Trois petites filles,a French film directed by Jean-Loup Hubert in 2004.
• Joueuse(Queen to Play), a French film directed by Caroline Bottaro in 2009.

Sports

There are various sports facilities developed throughout the city.

• AC Ajacciois a FrenchLigue 2football club which plays at theStade François Coty(13,500 seats) in the north-east of the city
• Gazélec Football Club Ajaccio,inChampionnat National,football club which plays at theStade Ange Casanovalocated atMezzavia,2,900 seats.
• GFCO Ajaccio handball
• GFCO Ajaccio Volleyball
• GFCO Ajaccio Basketball
• Vignetta Racecourse

Notable people

Many members of theBonaparte familywere born in Ajaccio, includingNapoleon

• Carlo Buonaparte(1746–1785), politician, father of Napoleon Bonaparte
• Felice Pasquale Baciocchi(1762–1841), general of the armies of the Revolution and the Empire, brother in law of the Emperor Napoleon 1st,Grand Duke of Tuscany
• Joseph Fesch(1763–1839),cardinal
• Joseph Bonaparte(1768-1844), French statesman,King of Naples,King of Spain
• Napoleon Bonaparte(1769–1821), Emperor of France
• Lucien Bonaparte(1775–1840),Prince of Canino and Musignano,Interior Minister of France
• Elisa Bonaparte(1777–1820), Grand Duchess of Tuscany
• Louis Bonaparte(1778–1846), King ofHolland
• Pauline Bonaparte(1780-1825), Duchess ofGuastalla,Princess Consort of Sulmona and Rossano
• Caroline Bonaparte(1782–1839), Queen Consort of Naples and Sicily
• Jérôme Bonaparte(1784–1860), King ofWestphalia
• François Coty(1874–1934), perfumer, businessman, newspaper publisher and politician
• Irène Bordoni(1895–1953), singer and actress
• Tino Rossi(1907–1983), singer and actor
• Michel Giacometti(1929–1990),ethnomusicologist
• François Duprat(1941–1978), writer
• Michel Ferracci-Porri(born 1949), writer
• Jean-Michel Cavalli(born 1959), football player and manager
• Alizée(born 1984), singer

Military

Units that were stationed in Ajaccio:

• 163rd Infantry Regiment, 1906
• 173rd Infantry Regiment
• The Aspretto naval airbase for seaplanes 1938–1993

Gallery

• 
  1914 city map
• 
  Napoleon's birth house

See also

• Diocese of Ajaccio
• Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

External links

• Official website(in French)
• The Communauté d'Agglomération du Pays Ajaccien (CAPA) website(in French)
• Tourism Office of Ajaccio website(in French)
• Tourist Info Visit Ajaccio(in English)