Al-Husayn I ibn Ali

Al-Husayn I ibn Ali
Al-Husayn I ibn Ali
Possessor of the Kingdom of Tunis
	Coat of arms of theHusainid Dynasty
Bey of Tunis
Reign	12 July 1705 – 8 September 1735
Predecessor	Ibrahim Sharif
Successor	Ali I
Born	1675; Le Kef,Regency of Tunis
Died	13 September 1740(aged 64–65); Kairouan,Beylik of Tunis
Burial	Hussein I Mausoleum,Tunis
Spouse	Lalla Fatma Ghazalia; Lalla Fatma Bent Osman; Lalla Jannat
Issue	Muhammad I Rashid; Ali II
Dynasty	Husainides
Father	Ali Turki
Mother	Hafsia Charnia
Religion	Islam

Al-Husayn I ibn Ali,also known asHussein I(Arabic:حسين الأول;born in 1675 – 13 September 1740) was the founder of theHusainid Dynasty,which ruledTunisiauntil the abolition of the monarchy in 1957.

Biography

Husayn was born aKouloughli,which is a term used to refer to anOttomanfather and a localNorth Africanmother.^[1]His father was a Muslim ofCretan Greekorigin^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]and his mother was aTunisian.^[9]^[10]^[11]The Husaynids were often called "Greeks" byHabib Bourguibaand, until recently, discussion of their origins was taboo.^[12]

In 1702 thejanissarycommanderIbrahim Sharif,of whom he was lieutenant, expelled theMuradid Dynastyfrom Tunis. Three years later, after Sharif had been captured by theDey of Algiers,he took control of the Turkish army in Tunis and, on 12 July 1705, had himself proclaimedBey of Tunis.He had one of his close relatives proclaimeddeyby theConstantinople diwan,an act which increased his popularity amongst the Ottoman janissaries, and he was also able to gain support from his Tunisian subjects; however, his entourage was mostly composed ofMamluks.Husayn's first councillor was a Frenchman fromToulon,a literate man who had helped him in gaining power.

He imposed a unity upon the country by having Sharif assassinated atGhar el-Melhupon his release from captivity. A pious man, Al-Husayn also used Islam to unite Tunisia's numerous different ethnicities. He built numerous edifices dedicated to religion and religious studies (madrasas), such as the Madrasahs of the Dyers (1727) and al-Husseyniah in Tunis, as well as the mosque ofLe Bardoand other madrasas in the country's mainland (Kairouan,Sfax,SousseandNafta).

In 1726 he ordered the construction ofEl Jedid Mosquein Tunis.^[13]

Husayn tried to establish a succession to the title of bey for his sonsMuhammadandAli(born in 1710 and 1712, respectively). His nephewAli Pasha,who had been plotting against him and had been therefore put under surveillance by Husayn, was able to escape and revolted, with the help of local tribes and of theDey of Algiers.The latter invaded Tunisia and defeated Husayn at the battle of Smindja on 4 September 1735. Husayn was forced to flee to Sousse, while his troops in Tunis capitulated. Husayn was captured and beheaded on 13 September 1740.

References

^Brett & Fentress 1997,178
^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Husaynid Beys".The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 55–56.ISBN 9780748696482.
^Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973).Great Soviet Encyclopedia.Macmillan. p. 531.The Husaynid dynasty was founded by al-Husayn ibn Ali, a Turkish officer of Greek origin.
^Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann (2011).Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, C. 1800-1900.University of California Press. p. 699.ISBN 978-0-520-25923-2.In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids and the political class of mamluk origins were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks.
^Choueiri, Youssef (2013-10-08).Modern Arab Historiography: Historical Discourse and the Nation-State.Routledge. p. 74.ISBN 978-1-136-86869-6.The dynasty of the Husaynids, founded by Husayn Ibn 'All, an Ottoman agha of Greek origin, ruled Tunisia until 1957 when, after independence, it was abolished and a republic was announced.
^Tucker, Judith E. (2019).The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South.University of California Press. pp. 40–41.ISBN 978-0-520-97320-6.Founded by the son of a Muslim from Venetian-ruled and subsequently Ottoman-controlled Crete, the Husaynid dynasty (1705-1957) mirrored the larger play of trans-Mediterranean politics for two and a half centuries.
^Brown, L. Carl (2015).The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855.Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30.ISBN 978-1-4008-4784-6.
^Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period.Cambridge University Press. p. 173.ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
^Brown 2015,pp. 29-30....was half-Greek and half-Tunisian.
^ed. Abun-Nasr 1987,p. 173.
^Johnston 2011,p. 21.
^Clancy-Smith 2011"In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids and the political class of mamluk origins were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks"
^"Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis"(in French). Government of Tunis. Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2009.Retrieved23 July2010.

Bibliography

Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997),The Berbers,Wiley-Blackwell,ISBN 0631207678.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Ibrahim Sharif (bey of Tunis)	Bey of Tunis 1705–1735	Succeeded by 'Abu'l Hasan 'Ali I

[1] Brett & Fentress 1997,178

[:0-2] Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Husaynid Beys".The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 55–56.ISBN 9780748696482.

[3] Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973).Great Soviet Encyclopedia.Macmillan. p. 531.The Husaynid dynasty was founded by al-Husayn ibn Ali, a Turkish officer of Greek origin.

[4] Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann (2011).Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, C. 1800-1900.University of California Press. p. 699.ISBN 978-0-520-25923-2.In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids and the political class of mamluk origins were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks.

[:1-5] Choueiri, Youssef (2013-10-08).Modern Arab Historiography: Historical Discourse and the Nation-State.Routledge. p. 74.ISBN 978-1-136-86869-6.The dynasty of the Husaynids, founded by Husayn Ibn 'All, an Ottoman agha of Greek origin, ruled Tunisia until 1957 when, after independence, it was abolished and a republic was announced.

[6] Tucker, Judith E. (2019).The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South.University of California Press. pp. 40–41.ISBN 978-0-520-97320-6.Founded by the son of a Muslim from Venetian-ruled and subsequently Ottoman-controlled Crete, the Husaynid dynasty (1705-1957) mirrored the larger play of trans-Mediterranean politics for two and a half centuries.

[7] Brown, L. Carl (2015).The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855.Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30.ISBN 978-1-4008-4784-6.

[8] Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period.Cambridge University Press. p. 173.ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.

[9] Brown 2015,pp. 29-30....was half-Greek and half-Tunisian.

[10] . Abun-Nasr 1987,p. 173.

[11] Johnston 2011,p. 21.

[12] Clancy-Smith 2011"In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids and the political class of mamluk origins were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks"

[MUN-13] "Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis"(in French). Government of Tunis. Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2009.Retrieved23 July2010.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]