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Alaskan Malamute

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Alaskan Malamute
Grey and white Alaskan Malamute
OriginAlaska
Traits
Height Males 25 inches (64 cm)[1]
Females 23 inches (58 cm)[1]
Weight Males 38 kilograms (84 lb)[1]
Females 34 kilograms (75 lb)[1]
Coat Thick, a double coat, with plush undercoat
Color Grey, sable, black, or red, always with white, as well as all white and brown
Litter size 4–10 puppies
Life span 11.3 years
Kennel club standards
AKC standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
NotesState dog of Alaska
Dog(domestic dog)

TheAlaskan Malamute(/ˈmæləˌmjuːt/) is a largebreed of dogthat was originally bred for its strength and endurance, to haul heavy freight as asled dog,and as ahound.[2]It is similar to other arctic breeds such as thehusky,thespitz,theGreenland Dog,Canadian Eskimo Dog,theSiberian Husky,and theSamoyed.

Lineage

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Although it is believed that the first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until thePaleo-Eskimopeople 4,500 years ago, followed by theThule people1,000 years ago, with both originating fromSiberia.[3]Malamutes were thought to be bred by the MalimiutInupiaqpeople of Alaska'sNorton Soundregion.[4]

The Malamute has been identified as abasal breedthat predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. A study in 2013 showed that the Alaskan Malamute has a similar east Asian origin to, but is not clearly related to, the Greenland Dog and the Canadian Eskimo Dog, but contains a possible admixture of the Siberian Husky.[5]

In 2015, a study using several genetic markers indicated that the Malamute, the Siberian Husky, and theAlaskan huskyshare a close genetic relationship between each other and were related toChukotka sled-dogsfrom Siberia. They were separate from the twoInuitdogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog. In North America, the Malamute and the Siberian Husky both had maintained their Siberian lineage and had contributed significantly to the Alaskan husky, which showed evidence of crossing with European breeds that was consistent with this breed being created in post-colonial North America.[3]DNA extracted from a 9,500-year-old dog, Zhokhov, named afterthe Siberian island,was found to have shared a common ancestor with the Greenland sledge dog, the Alaskan Malamute and the Siberian Husky.[6]

Appearance

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Red and white female Alaskan Malamute.
Alaskan Malamute with saddle black and white coat.

TheAmerican Kennel Club(AKC) breed standard describes a natural range of size, with a desired size of 23 inches (58 cm) tall and 75 pounds (34 kg) for females, 25 inches (64 cm) tall and 85 pounds (39 kg) for males.[7]Heavier individuals (90 lb (41 kg)) and dogs smaller than 75 pounds (34 kg) are commonly seen. There is often a marked size difference between males and females. Weights upwards of 100 pounds (45 kg) are also seen.[7]

The Alaskan Malamute is double-coated. The undercoat has an oily and woolly texture and can be as thick as two inches.[7]The outer guard coat is coarse and stands off the body longer at the withers but not more than one inch off the sides of the body. Ears are small in proportion to the head and stand firmly erect when at attention. The Alaskan Malamute is a heavy dog, with a more formidable nature and structure than the Siberian Husky, which is bred for speed. The Alaskan Malamute is bred for power and endurance, which is its original function and what the standard of the breed requires of Alaskan Malamute breeders.

The usual colors are various shades of grey and white, sable and white, black and white, seal and white, red and white, or solid white.[8]There are a wide range of markings in the breed including face markings, blazes, a splash at the nape of the neck, and a collar or half collar. White is often the predominant color on the body, parts of the legs, feet, and part of the markings of the face. In terms of color variants, some Malamutes exhibit a dark grey to buff-colored undertone around their trimmings and white areas, presenting with a color-linked gene known asAgouti.Two agouti alleles, with the possibility of a third, appear to be found in Malamutes: aw (Agouti Pattern or Wolf/Wild Pattern), at (Tan Point Pattern or Black Pattern), and awat (Heterozygous Agouti or Dark Agouti).

The eyes of the Alaskan Malamute are almond-shaped and are varied shades of brown; however, the darker eye is preferred. Purebred Alaskan Malamutes will not have blue eyes. The physical build of the Malamute is compact and strong with substance, bone and snowshoe feet.

According to the AKC breed standard, the Malamute's tail is well furred and is carried over the back like a waving plume. Corkscrew tails are occasionally seen but are faulted in the AKC breed standard (a corkscrew tail is commonly seen in theAkita). The Malamutes well-furred tails aid in keeping them warm when they curl up in the snow. They are often seen wrapping the tail around their nose and face, which presumably helps protect them against harsh weather such as blowing snow. Their ears are generally upright, wedge-shaped, small in proportion to the head and set to the side of the skull. The muzzle is deep and broad, tapering slightly from the skull to the nose. Nose and gums are black but some Malamutes have a snow nose, which is black with a pink undertone that can get darker or lighter, depending on the season.

Alaskan Malamute siblings; female (left) and male (right).

Health

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Light grey and white Alaskan Malamute puppy – two months old.

A 2024 study in the UK found an average life expectancy of 11.3 years compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 forcrossbreeds.[9]

The most commonly reported health problems of Alaskan Malamutes, in the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey (based on a sample size of 64 dogs) weremusculoskeletal(hip dysplasia), and hereditarycataracts.There are additional health issues in the breed, the origins of which are unknown, includingseizure disorders,found in young puppies as well as adults,epilepsy,congenital heart problems, kidney problems and skin disorders.[10]

Other health issues in Malamutes includeelbow dysplasia,inherited polyneuropathy,osteochondrodysplasia,cerebellar hypoplasia,heart defects, and eye problems (particularly cataract andprogressive retinal atrophy).[11]A growing problem among arctic dog breeds, including the Alaskan Malamute, iscanine diabetes,with onset occurring typically in middle age (5 to 7 years).[12]

Another health issue with Malamutes iszinc deficiency.This breed cannot easily absorb zinc, and infections, skin, and coat problems can arise.[13]

Thyroid disordersare the most common hormonal issue in dogs, andhypothyroidismis common in Malamutes.[14]

History

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AnInupiatfamily with a Malamute from 1915.

The Alaskan Malamute had a prominent role with their human companions as a utilitarian dog, working, hunting, and living alongside humans.[15][page needed]The dogs were renowned for their excellent hunting abilities and were used to hunt large predators such as bears. They also aided their owners in finding seals by alerting them to seal blowholes. The interdependent relationship between the Malamute and their dogs fostered prosperity among both and enabled them to flourish in the inhospitable land above theArctic Circle.[citation needed]

For a brief period during theKlondike Gold Rushof 1896, the Malamute and other sled dogs became extremely valuable to recently landed prospectors and settlers and were frequently crossbred with imported breeds.[16]

Breed recognition came in 1935, largely through the efforts of Mrs. Eva B. Seeley. At that time many dogs were of unknown ancestry. Those who appeared purebred were used for breeding, others weeded out. After a few years, the registry was closed.[17]

Losses from service in World War II all but eliminated the breed. In 1947 there were estimated to be only about 30 registered dogs left, so the studbook was reopened.Robert J. Zollerbecame involved in the breed and took this opportunity to combine M'’Loot and Hinman/Irwin dogs with selectedKotzebuesto create what became the Husky-Pak line. All modern Malamutes are descended from the early strains and show combinations of characteristics to a greater or lesser degree. Thus the natural differences we see today.
— AKC[17]

The Malamute dog has had a distinguished history; aidingRear Admiral Richard Byrdto theSouth Pole,and the miners who came to Alaska during the Gold Rush of 1896, as well as serving inWorld War IIprimarily as search and rescue dogs inGreenland,although also used as freighting and packing dogs in Europe. This dog was never destined to be a racing sled dog; it was used for heavy freighting, pulling hundreds, perhaps thousands of pounds of supplies to villages and camps in groups of at least four dogs for heavy loads.[citation needed]

The University of Washington's Husky mascot is an Alaskan Malamute.[18]In 2010, the Alaskan Malamute was named the official state dog ofAlaska.[19][20]Lathrop High SchoolinFairbanks, Alaskauses a Malamute as its official mascot.[21]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^abcd"FCI-Standard N° 243: Alaskan Malamute"(PDF).Fédération Cynologique Internationale.June 9, 1999.RetrievedDecember 22,2020.
  2. ^The dog encyclopedia.Dennis-Bryan, Kim, Baggaley, Ann, John, Katie (First American ed.). New York: DK Publishing, Inc. October 2014. p. 103.ISBN9781465421166.OCLC859155647.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^abBrown, S K; Darwent, C M; Wictum, E J; Sacks, B N (2015)."Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds".Heredity.115(6): 488–95.doi:10.1038/hdy.2015.49.PMC4806895.PMID26103948.
  4. ^Handford, Jenny Mai (2009). "Dog sledging in the eighteenth century: North America and Siberia".Polar Record.34(190): 237–248.doi:10.1017/S0032247400025705.S2CID128763354.
  5. ^van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-bing; Oskarsson, Mattias C.R.; Klütsch, Cornelya F.C.; Amorim, António; Savolainen, Peter (2013)."Pre-Columbian origins of Native American dog breeds, with only limited replacement by European dogs, confirmed by mtDNA analysis".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.280(1766).doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1142.PMC3730590.PMID23843389.
  6. ^"Sled dogs are closely related to 9,500-year-old 'ancient dog'".ScienceDaily.June 25, 2020.RetrievedAugust 4,2020.
  7. ^abc"Alaskan Malamute Breed Standard".American Kennel Club.2013.RetrievedDecember 17,2013.
  8. ^"Breed Standard".Alaskan Malamute Club of America.RetrievedDecember 17,2013.
  9. ^McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (February 1, 2024)."Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death".Scientific Reports.14(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531.doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w.ISSN2045-2322.PMC10834484.PMID38302530.
  10. ^"Report from the Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee: Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for the Alaskan Malamute breed"(PDF).The Kennel Club - UK.2004.RetrievedOctober 30,2018.
  11. ^"Alaskan Malamute Club of America Health Committee".Archived fromthe originalon February 8, 2009.
  12. ^Loureiro, Regina (January 30, 2008)."Canine Diabetes".Arctic Dog Rescue and Training Center.Archivedfrom the original on September 28, 2013.RetrievedMay 29,2013.
  13. ^DACVD, Carlo Vitale DVM."Canine zinc-responsive dermatosis".dvm360.Archived fromthe originalon August 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 3,2019.
  14. ^Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (January 25, 2011).Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion.Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 148.ISBN978-0-8138-1596-1.
  15. ^Bryan D. Cummins, 2002. First Nations, first dogs. Detselig Enterprises Ltd., Calgary, AB.
  16. ^Adney, Tappan (1900).Klondike Stampede(1st ed.). Harper & Bros.
  17. ^ab"Alaskan Malamute Illustrated Standard-History"(PDF).AKC.RetrievedDecember 9,2014.
  18. ^"Washington Huskies".Washington Huskies.RetrievedJanuary 9,2023.
  19. ^Dean, Josh (April 17, 2012).""The Great Dane's Head Resembles the Outline of the Commonwealth's Boundaries""– via Slate.
  20. ^"Sorry, huskies, Malamute now AK's state dog".Alaska Dispatch. April 10, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon April 25, 2010.RetrievedApril 20,2010.
  21. ^"Lathrop High / Home".k12northstar.org.RetrievedMay 24,2023.
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