Albert Pike

Albert Pike
Pike in Masonic regalia byMathew Brady
Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
In exile
In office June 8, 1864 – May 28, 1865
Appointed by	Harris Flanagin
Preceded by	Hulbert F. Fairchild
Succeeded by	Charles A. Harper
Personal details
Born	(1809-12-29)December 29, 1809 Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	April 2, 1891(1891-04-02)(aged 81) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Oak Hill Cemetery,Washington, D.C. 38°54′45.9″N77°03′21.4″W
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States Confederate States
Service	United States Volunteers Confederate States Army
Years of service	1846–1847 (U.S.) 1861–1862 (C.S.)
Rank	Captain(U.S.) Brigadier general(C.S.)
Commands	Company E, Arkansas Mounted Infantry Regiment (1846–1847) District ofIndian Territory(1861–1862)
Battles	Mexican–American War Battle of Buena Vista American Civil War Battle of Pea Ridge

Albert Pike(December 29, 1809 – April 2, 1891) was an American author, poet, orator, editor, lawyer, jurist andConfederate States Armygeneral who served as anassociate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Courtin exilefrom 1864 to 1865. He had previously served as a seniorofficerof the Confederate States Army, commanding the District ofIndian Territoryin theTrans-Mississippi Theater.A prominent member of theFreemasons,Pike served as the Sovereign Grand Commander of theSupreme Council, Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdictionfrom 1859 to 1891.

Early life and education

Albert Pike was born inBoston,Massachusetts,on December 29, 1809, the son of Benjamin and Sarah (Andrews) Pike. He grew up inByfieldandNewburyport, Massachusetts.His colonial ancestors had settled in the area in 1635,and includedJohn Pike(1613–1688/1689), the founder ofWoodbridge, New Jersey.

He attended school in Newburyport andFraminghamuntil he was 15. In August 1825, he passed entrance exams atHarvard University,though when the college requested payment of tuition fees for the first two years, he chose not to attend. He began a program of self-education, later teaching school inGloucester,North Bedford,Fairhavenand Newburyport.

Pike was an imposing figure; 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and 300 pounds (140 kg) with hair that reached his shoulders and a long beard.In 1831, he left Massachusetts to travel west, first stopping inNashville, Tennessee.

He later moved toSt. Louis, Missouri,where he joined a hunting and trading expedition toTaos, New Mexico.En route his horse broke and ran, forcing Pike to walk the remaining 500 miles (800 km) to Taos. After this, he joined a trapping expedition to theLlano Estacadoin New Mexico and Texas. Trapping was minimal and, after traveling about 1,300 miles (2,100 km), half of it on foot, he finally arrived atFort Smith, Arkansas.

Career

Pike, about 1850

Settling in Arkansas in 1833, Pike taught in a school and wrote a series of articles for theLittle RockArkansas Advocateunder the pen name of"Casca."The articles were sufficiently well received for him to be asked to join the newspaper's staff. Under Pike's administration, theAdvocatepromoted the viewpoint of theWhig Partyin a politically volatile and divided Arkansas in December 1832.After marrying Mary Ann Hamilton in 1834, he purchased the newspaper.

He was the first reporter for theArkansas Supreme Court.He wrote a book (published anonymously), titledThe Arkansas Form Book,which was a guidebook for lawyers.Pike began to study law and was admitted to thebarin 1837, selling theAdvocatethe same year. (At least one source indicates that Pike read Kent and Blackstone and was admitted to the bar in 1834 by Superior Court judgeThomas J. Lacy,after a perfunctory examination.)

He proved to be a highly effective lawyer, representing clients in courts at every level. This continued after he received permission in 1849 to practice before theUnited States Supreme Court.

He also made several contacts among the Native American tribes in the area. He specialized in claims on behalf of Native Americans against the federal government.In 1852, he represented theCreek Nationbefore the Supreme Court in a claim regarding ceded tribal land. In 1854 he advocated for theChoctawandChickasaw,although compensation later awarded to the tribes in 1856 and 1857 was insufficient.These relationships were to influence the course of his Civil War service.

Pike also began a campaign of newspaper essays urging support for the construction of atranscontinental railroadto extend fromNew Orleansto the Pacific coast. He moved to New Orleans in 1853 and prepared to pass the state bar in furtherance of his campaign. He ultimately secured a charter from theLouisiana State Legislaturefor a project, following which he returned to Little Rock in 1857.

He joined the anti-CatholicKnow NothingParty at its founding;in the summer of 1854, he helped introduce the party in Arkansas.He attended the national convention in 1856, but walked out when it failed to adopt a pro-slavery platform.

Additionally, Pike wrote on several legal subjects. He also continued writing poetry, a hobby he had begun in his youth in Massachusetts. His poems were highly regarded in his day, but are now mostly forgotten. Several volumes of his works were privately published posthumously by his daughter. In 1859, he received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Harvard.

Poetry

As a young man of letters, Pike wrote poetry, and he continued to do so for the rest of his life. At 23, he published his first poem, "Hymns to the Gods." Later work was printed in literary journals such asBlackwood's Edinburgh Magazineand local newspapers. His first collection of poetry,Prose Sketches and Poems Written in the Western Country,was published in 1834.He later gathered many of his poems and republished them inHymns to the Gods and Other Poems(1872). After his death these were published again inGen. Albert Pike's Poems(1900) andLyrics and Love Songs(1916).

The authorship of "The Old Canoe"was attributed to Pike. He was suggested as author because about the time of its publication, when it was going the rounds of the press, probably without any credit, adoggerelcalled "The Old Canoe" was composed about Pike by one of his political foes. The subject was a canoe in which he leftColumbia, Tennessee,when a young man practicing law in that place. Pike told SenatorEdward W. Carmackthat he was not the author of "The Old Canoe," and could not imagine how he ever got the credit for it. The rightful author wasEmily Rebecca Page.

Freemasonry

Pike first joined the fraternalIndependent Order of Odd Fellowsin 1840. He next joined aMasonic Lodge,where he became extremely active in the affairs of the organization. In 1859 he was elected Sovereign Grand Commander of theScottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction.He remained Sovereign Grand Commander for the rest of his life, devoting a large amount of his time to developing the rituals of the order.

He published a book calledMorals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonryin 1871, the first of several editions.This helped the Order grow during the nineteenth century. He also researched and wrote the seminal treatiseIndo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda.In the United States, Pike is still considered an eminentand influentialFreemason, primarily in the Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction.

Pike was also the Provincial Grand Master of theRoyal Order of Scotlandfrom 1877 to 1891.

Military service

Mexican–American War

When theMexican–American Warstarted, Pike joined the Arkansas Mounted Infantry Regiment and was commissioned as a company commander with the rank of captain in June 1846. With his regiment, he fought in theBattle of Buena Vista.Pike was discharged in June 1847. He and his commander, ColonelJohn Selden Roane,had several differences of opinion. This situation led finally to an "inconclusive"duelbetween Pike and Roane on July 29, 1847, near Fort Smith, Arkansas.Although several shots were fired in the duel, nobody was injured, and the two were persuaded by their seconds to discontinue it.

After the war, Pike returned to the practice of law, moving toNew Orleansfor a time beginning in 1853.He wrote another book,Maxims of the Roman Law and Some of the Ancient French Law, as Expounded and Applied in Doctrine and Jurisprudence.Although unpublished, this book increased his reputation among his associates in law. He returned to Arkansas in 1857, gaining some amount of prominence in the legal field.

At the Southern Commercial Convention of 1854, Pike said the South should remain in the Union and seek equality with the North, but if the South "were forced into an inferior status, she would be better out of the Union than in it."His stand was that state's rights superseded national law and he supported the idea of a Southern secession. This stand is made clear in his pamphlet of 1861, "State or Province, Bond or Free?"

American Civil War

In 1861, Pike penned the lyrics to "Dixie to Arms!"At the beginning of the war, Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native American nations. In this capacity he negotiatedseveral treaties,one of the most important being withCherokeechiefJohn Ross,which was concluded in 1861. At the time, Ross agreed to support the Confederacy, which promised the tribes a Native American state if it won the war. Ross later changed his mind and left Indian Territory, but the succeeding Cherokee government maintained the alliance.

Pike was commissioned as abrigadier generalin theConfederate States Armyon November 22, 1861, and given a command in theIndian Territory.With Brig. Gen.Ben McCulloch,Pike trained three Confederate regiments ofIndian cavalry,most of whom belonged to the "civilized tribes",whose loyalty to the Confederacy was variable. Although initially victorious at theBattle of Pea Ridge(Elkhorn Tavern) in March 1862,Pike's unit was defeated later in a counterattack, after falling into disarray. When Pike was ordered in May 1862 to send troops to Arkansas, he resigned in protest.As in the previous war, Pike came into conflict with his superior officers, at one time drafting a letter toJefferson Daviscomplaining about his direct superior.

After Pea Ridge, it was alleged that Pike's Native American troops hadscalpedsoldiers in the field.The single incident of scalping was, however, done by a Native American acting on his own. Official records submitted to the Headquarters Department of Indian territory reveal that Pike "regarded [the incident] with horror" and that he was personally "angry and disgusted." He also filed a report in which he said it caused him the "utmost pain and regret."

Maj. Gen.Thomas C. Hindmancharged Pike with mishandling of money and material, ordering his arrest.The incident arose when Hindman, who had declared martial law in Arkansas, ordered Pike to turn over weapons and Native American Indian treaty funds. Pike thought the action was illegal and refused.Both these charges were later found to be considerably lacking in evidence; nevertheless Pike, facing arrest, escaped into the hills of Arkansas, submitting his resignation from the Confederate States Army on July 12, 1862.He was arrested on November 3 on charges ofinsubordinationandtreason,and held briefly inWarren, Texas.His resignation was accepted on November 11, and he was allowed to return to Arkansas.

As Union troops advanced toward the state capital in September 1863, the State Supreme Court retreated toWashington, Arkansas,which was made the new Confederate state capital. Associate JusticeHulbert F. Fairchildresigned because the new location was too far from his family, and Pike was appointed as his replacement.

In the wake of the war, Pike moved toNew York City,then for a short time toCanada.On June 24, 1865, Pike applied to PresidentAndrew Johnsonfor a pardon, disowning his earlier interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. He said he now planned "to pursue the arts of peace, to practice my profession, to live among my books, and to labour to benefit my fellows and my race by other than political courses". President Johnson pardoned him on April 23, 1866.

Later life and death

During the Arkansas political conflict known as theBrooks-Baxter War,Pike was one of the lawyers to speak on behalf ofElisha Baxter.

TheAlbert Pike Memorial,torn down by rioters on June 19, 2020

Pike died on April 2, 1891, at the Scottish Rite Temple of the Supreme Council in Washington DC, at the age of 81,and was buried atOak Hill Cemetery,despite the fact that he had left instructions for his body to be cremated.In 1944, his remains were moved to theHouse of the Temple,headquarters of the Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite.The House of the Temple contains numerous memorials and artifacts related to Pike, including his personal library.

Legacy

Amemorial to Pikewas erected in 1901 in theJudiciary Squareneighborhood ofWashington, D.C.The location was appropriate considering that Pike had sued the government to secureNative American rights.The statue portrayed him as a private citizen and Freemason. He was the only former Confederate military officer with an outdoor statue inWashington, D.C.,and in 2019 DelegateEleanor Holmes Nortoncalled for its removal.On June 19, 2020, protesters tore down the statue and set it ablaze, in connection with theGeorge Floyd protestsbecause of Pike's association with theConfederacyand of his alleged association with theKu Klux Klan.

TheAlbert Pike Memorial Templeis an historic Masonic lodge inLittle Rock, Arkansas;the structure is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.

Albert Pike Highwaywas anauto trailthat extended more than 900 miles (1,400 km) fromHot Springs, Arkansas,toColorado Springs, Colorado,crossing theOzark Mountainsand passing throughFort Smith,Muskogee,Tulsa,Dodge City,La JuntaandPueblo.

Controversies

Masonic baptism

In 1865, Pike publicly performed a ceremony of Masonicbaptismin New York City.The ceremony was greeted with skepticism by many American Masons includingAlbert Mackey,but was based on older European Masonic baptism ceremonies that began in the 1820s.However, some, like the New York Times, reacted positively to the ceremony describing it as "interesting" and "novel." In the ritual, six children were baptized by Pike with water and consecrated oil.

Racism

In the aftermath of the Civil War, as former Confederates found themselves barred from the ballot box, Pike remained deeply opposed toblack suffrage,insisting that "the white race, and that race alone, shall govern this country. It is the only one that is fit to govern, and it is the only one that shall."

Regarding membership in the Freemasons, Pike is quoted as saying, "Prince Hall Lodgewas as regular a Lodge as any Lodge created by competent authority. It had a perfect right to establish other Lodges and make itself a Mother Lodge. I am not inclined to meddle in the matter. I took my obligations from white men, not from negroes. When I have to accept negroes as brothers or leave masonry, I shall leave it. Better let the thing drift. "

His attitudes towards African-Americans may have changed towards the end of his life. A 1945 letter written by Willard W. Allen, the Sovereign Grand Commander of the United Supreme Council, S.J.Prince Hall Affiliationnoted that "what practically all Masonic scholars know very well, viz., that in the closing years of General Pike's Masonic career, he became a very staunch friend of Negro Masonry."Pike had become a personal friend of Thornton A. Jackson, Supreme Grand Commander of the United Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliation and even gifted to Thornton his complete set of rituals for Prince Hall Scottish Rite Masonry to use.

Involvement with the Ku Klux Klan

Pike first wrote about the Ku Klux Klan less than three years after the Klan's founding, in an April 16, 1868 editorial in theMemphis Daily Appeal.In the editorial, Pike indicated that his main problems lay not with its aims, but with its methods and leadership. Later in this editorial, he proposed "one great Order of Southern Brotherhood", a secret society which would have been a larger and more centrally organized version of the Klan: "If it were in our power, if it could be effected, we would unite every white man in the South, who is opposed to negro suffrage, into one great Order of Southern Brotherhood, with an organization complete, active, vigorous, in which a few should execute the concentrated will of all, and whose very existence should be concealed from all but its members."

In 1905'sKu Klux Klan: Its Origin, Growth and Disbandment,the authorWalter Lynwood Fleming,lists Pike as the Klan's "chief judicial officer".Susan Lawrence Davis, whose father was a founding member of the Klan in Alabama,writes in her sympathetic account titledAuthentic History: Ku Klux Klan, 1865–1877,published in 1924, that Pike was personally chosen byNathan Bedford Forrestto serve as the Klan's "Chief Judicial Officer" and to head the Klan in Arkansas as "Grand Dragonof that Realm. "In 1939'sInvisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871,Stanley Horn,who served as president of theTennessee Historical Society,also reports that Forrest appointed Pike to lead the Klan in Arkansas and credits him with a surge of local Klan activity in April 1868. Horn says that a pro-Klan poem, "Death's Brigade", is attributed to Pike, although "of course, he did not have the bravado to claim that honor publicly at that time."Southern AgrarianpoetJohn Gould Fletcher,who grew up in Little Rock in a house that Pike built,likewise believed that Pike wrote the poem.

When the Ku Klux Klan was revived in 1915, there even existed an Albert Pike Klan, a local chapter of the organization based in Illinois.

In 1971,Allen W. TreleasepublishedWhite Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction,and claimed that the office that Pike allegedly held in the KKK was not mentioned in "The Prescript", the Klan constitution.However, the office ofGrand Dragon,which Davis claims Pike once held, is explicitly mentioned in the 1867 Klan constitution.At the same time, Trelease noted that "Pike may well have affiliated with the Klan."As evidence, Trelease notes that Pike "was intrigued by secret societies and rituals" and "sympathized with the Klan's stated objectives."

In his 1997 biography of Pike, Walter Lee Brown asserts that Pike was not a member of the Klan and Brown found "no contemporary, nor no reliable late evidence that Pike ever joined the Klan."Brown claims the work of Fleming, Davis and Horn are "unreliable histories", but offers no further evidence other than citing Trelease, which, in Brown's interpretation "cast's doubt on Pike's membership."

Selected books

• Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda(1872)
• Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite(1872)
• Book of the Words(1874)
• Reprints of Old Rituals(1879)
• Esoterika(1887)

See also

• List of Arkansas adjutants general
• List of Confederate States Army generals
• List of Freemasons
• List of people from Boston
• List of people from Little Rock, Arkansas

References

• Abel, Annie (2007).The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War.City: BiblioBazaar.ISBN978-1-4264-6170-5.
• Allsopp, Fred (1997).Albert Pike a Biography.City: Kessinger Publishing.ISBN1-56459-134-4.
• Brown, Walter (1997).A Life of Albert Pike.Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.ISBN1-55728-469-5.
• Cousin, John (2003).Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature.City: Kessinger Publishing, LLC.ISBN0-7661-4348-1.
• Morris, S. Brent (2006).The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry.Alpha Books.ISBN1-59257-490-4.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Cousin, John William(1910).A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature.London: J. M. Dent & Sons – viaWikisource.
• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:Bob Taylor's Magazine (1910).Bob Taylor's Magazine.Vol. 11–12 (Public domain ed.). Taylor's Publishing Company.

Further reading

• Lafferty, R.A. (1991).Okla Hannali.Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press.ISBN0-8061-2349-4.
• United Daughters of the Confederacy. Memorial Chapter No. 48 (Little Rock, Ark.) (n.d.). "Chapter 2: Albert Pike".Historical Arkansas. Compliments of the Memorial chapter, U. D. C., Little Rock, Arkansas.Little Rock: Democrat Printing and Lithographing Company. pp.5–7.LCCN20018497.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links

• Albert PikeatFind a Grave
• Albert Pikeat Freemasonry.network
• Albert Pike and Luciferat Freemasonry and the World (albertpike.wordpress )
• Albert Pike and Masonic Lodge SymbolsArchivedJuly 25, 2020, at theWayback Machineat Allfreemasonry
• Albert Pike's PhilosophyArchivedApril 20, 2010, at theWayback Machineat Masonicinfo
• "Everybody's Dixie" by Albert Pikeat Civilwarpoetry.org
• Works by Albert PikeatProject Gutenberg
• Works by or about Albert Pikeat theInternet Archive