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Albert and David Maysles

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Albert and David Maysles
David (left) and Albert Maysles c. 1968
BornAlbert(1926-11-26)November 26, 1926
David(1931-01-10)January 10, 1931
Boston,Massachusetts,U.S.
DiedDavidJanuary 3, 1987(1987-01-03)(aged 55),New York City,U.S.
AlbertMarch 5, 2015(2015-03-05)(aged 88), New York City
Other namesThe Maysles Brothers
Occupation(s)Film directors, producers
Years activeAlbert(1955–2015; his death)
David(1955–1987; his death)
StyleDocumentary,Direct Cinema

Albert Maysles(November 26, 1926 – March 5, 2015) and his brotherDavid Maysles(January 10, 1931 – January 3, 1987;/ˈmeɪzɛlz/MAY-zelz) were an Americandocumentaryfilmmaking team known for their work in theDirect Cinemastyle. Their best-known films includeSalesman(1969),Gimme Shelter(1970)[1]andGrey Gardens(1975).

Biography[edit]

Early lives[edit]

The brothers were born in theDorchesterneighborhood ofBoston,living there until the family moved toBrookline, Massachusettswhen Albert was 13.[2]Albert and David's parents, both Jewish, were immigrants to the United States; their father, born in Ukraine, was employed as a postal clerk, while their mother, originally from Poland, was a schoolteacher. The family originally settled in Dorchester to be near relatives (the brothers' great-uncle Josef Maysles and his daughter and son-in-law, Becky and Joe Kandib) who had moved there earlier.[3]

Albert originally pursued a career as apsychologyprofessor and researcher. After serving in theU.S. ArmyTank Corps duringWorld War II,[4]Albert obtained aBAfromSyracuse UniversityandMAin psychology fromBoston University.He taught psychology at Boston University for three years, also working as a research assistant at a mental hospital and as head of a research project atMassachusetts General Hospital.As an outgrowth of his research work, he traveled to Russia to photograph a mental hospital, and returned the following year with a camera provided byCBSto film his first documentary,Psychiatry in Russia(1955).[5]Although CBS did not air the film, it was televised onNBC,on thepublic broadcastingstationWGBH-TVin Boston, and on Canadian network television.[6]

David also studied psychology at Boston University, receiving a BA. Also like his brother, David served in the U.S. Army and was stationed inWest Germanyduring theKorean War.In the mid-1950s, he worked as a Hollywood production assistant on theMarilyn MonroefilmsBus StopandThe Prince and the Showgirl.David later stated that he grew "disenchanted with conventional filming. The glamour had faded and the filming of take after take had become tedious."[7]By 1957 he had teamed up with Albert to shoot two documentaries behind theIron Curtain,Russian Close-Up(credited to Albert Maysles alone) andYouth in Poland,the latter of which was broadcast onNBC.[6]

By 1960, the Maysles brothers had joined Drew Associates, the documentary film company founded by photojournalistRobert Drewwhich also includedRichard LeacockandD. A. Pennebaker.Albert would film, while David would handle sound. During this time, the brothers worked on Drew Associates films such asPrimaryandAdventures on the New Frontier.In 1962, Albert and David left Drew Associates to form their own production company, Maysles Films, Inc.[6][8]

Maysles brothers' collaborative years[edit]

The Maysles brothers made over 30 films together. They are best known for three documentaries made in the late 1960s and early 1970s:Salesman(1969),Gimme Shelter(1970), andGrey Gardens(1975).Salesmandocuments the work of a group of door-to-doorBiblesalesmen in New England and Florida. Deeper down, the film is a dissection of the degenerative and devastating effects of capitalism on small towns and individuals, but more than any political statement the film is about normal people in all their ugliness and truthfulness.[9]Gimme Shelter,a film aboutThe Rolling Stones'1969 U.S. tourculminating in the disastrousAltamont Free Concert,unexpectedly captured on film the altercation between Altamont attendeeMeredith HunterandHells AngelAlan Passaro that resulted in Hunter's death. Film footage shows Hunter drawing and pointing arevolverjust before being stabbed by Passaro, who was later acquitted of Hunter's murder on self-defense grounds after the jury viewed the footage.Grey Gardensdepicts the lives of a reclusive upper-class mother and daughter,"Big Edie"and"Little Edie" Beale(who were, respectively, the aunt and cousin ofJacqueline Kennedy Onassis), residing in a derelict mansion inEast Hampton,New York. In order to finance these films and others, the Maysleses also made commercials for clients such asIBM,Shell Oil,andMerrill Lynch.[8]

The Maysleses' films are considered examples of the style known asdirect cinema.[6][7]The brothers would let the story unfold as the camera rolled, rather than planning what exactly they wanted to shoot, in keeping with Albert Maysles' stated approach, "Remember, as a documentarian you are an observer, an author but not a director, a discoverer, not a controller."[10]However, the brothers also received criticism from those who thought that they had actually planned or otherwise influenced scenes.[6]Most notably,Pauline Kael's negative review of the filmGimme ShelterinThe New Yorkerincluded a harsh accusation that much ofGimme ShelterandSalesmanhad been staged and that the main subject ofSalesman,Paul Brennan, was not a Bible salesman as the film portrayed, but was actually a roofing-and-siding salesman recruited as a professional actor.[11]The Maysles brothers threatened legal action againstThe New Yorkerafter this accusation. They also sent an open letter toThe New Yorkerrefuting Kael's claims; however, because the magazine at the time did not publish letters, the letter did not appear in print until 1996.[12]In the case ofGrey Gardens,the brothers were also accused of unfairly exploiting their subjects.[6]

Many of the Maysleses' documentaries focus on art, artists and musicians. The Maysleses documentedThe Beatles' first visit to the United States in 1964, and a 1965 conceptual art project byYoko Onocalled "Cut Piece" in which she sat on the stage ofCarnegie Hallwhile audience members cut off her clothing with scissors. Several Maysles films document art projects byChristo and Jeanne-Claudeover a three-decade period, from 1974 whenChristo's Valley Curtainwas nominated for anAcademy Award,[7]to 2005 whenThe Gates(started in 1979 and completed by Albert after David's death) headlined New York'sTribeca Film Festival.Other Maysles subjects includeMarlon Brando,Truman Capote,Vladimir Horowitz,andSeiji Ozawa.[8]

For many years, the Maysleses worked closely with film editorCharlotte Zwerin,who received a directing credit for her work onGimme Shelter.Zwerin eventually stopped working with the Maysleses because, according to Zwerin, they would not let her produce.[13]

Death of David Maysles[edit]

David Maysles, the younger brother, died of a stroke on January 3, 1987, seven days shy of his 56th birthday, inNew York City.[7][14]Following his death, Albert was involved in litigation with David's widow over the terms of a financial settlement. According to David's daughter Celia Maysles, this resulted in the family developing a "code of silence" regarding David. In 2007, Celia released a documentary about her father,Wild Blue Yonder,which included interviews with Albert.[15]

Albert Maysles and Antonio Ferrera at the 68th Annual Peabody Awards in 2009

Later life and death of Albert Maysles[edit]

After his brother's death, Albert Maysles continued to make films. His notable works includeLaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton(2001, co-directed with Deborah Dickson and Susan Froemke), which focused on the struggles of a poor African-American family living in the contemporaryMississippi Delta,and was nominated for anAcademy Awardfor Best Documentary Feature; andThe Love We Make(2011, co-directed with Bradley Kaplan) which documentedPaul McCartney's experiences inNew York Cityfollowing theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks,and premiered onShowtimeon September 10, 2011, the eve of the tenth anniversary of the attacks.

Albert continued the series of documentaries begun with David about the public art of Christo and Jeanne-Claude. He also contributed cinematography toLeon Gast'sAcademy Award-winning documentaryWhen We Were Kings,about the "Rumble in the Jungle"Muhammad Ali–George Foremanheavyweightchampionship bo xing match. In 2005, Albert founded the Maysles Documentary Center,[16]a nonprofit organization dedicated to the exhibition and production of documentary films that inspire dialogue and action, located inHarlem.[17]

Albert died of pancreatic cancer at his home inManhattanon March 5, 2015, aged 88. His filmsIris,about fashion iconIris Apfel,andIn Transit,about the longest train route in the United States, were released posthumously later that year. At the time of his death, Albert had also been working on an autobiographical documentaryHandheld and from the Heart.[18][19]

Legacy and contribution to documentary cinema[edit]

By letting real-life action unfold on camera without interference from the crew, the Maysleses pioneered the "fly on the wall" perspective in documentary cinema. This perspective is typical with the genre of documentary known as Direct Cinema which they helped pioneer. This genre is similar to cinéma vérité. They broke tradition with mid-century documentary tropes by eschewing narration, inter-titles and extraneous music tracks. The editing process could be interpreted as their narrative "voice," depending on what footage and sound they chose to use and how the timeline of the story unfolded in the final cut.

Their success from a technical aspect was based in part on separating the camera from the sound recording device (David used aNagra) by accurately controlling the speed of the camera and the tape recorder, allowing the two devices to be moved independently with respect to each other, an impossibility in commercially available equipment at the time. Long takes with ordinary equipment of the era would invariably lose synchronization.

Albert built his own16 mmcamera with existing parts that could be comfortably balanced on his shoulder, eliminating the need for a tripod, allowing him to shoot fluidly in the moment. He added a brace so he could hold the camera steady during long takes. He installed a mirror near the lens and a ring on the focus-pull and could then set the aperture and focus while the camera rolled, ensuring continuity during a take.[20]

Albert claimed to have a form of attention deficit disorder that made the leisurely pace of editing difficult for him but benefited him while shooting. Stating that his in-the-moment ability to focus let him, "Zero in on a situation as it's happening [with his camera] and pay much closer attention and somehow anticipate what's going to happen the next moment, be ready for it and get it, the way people with normal attention spans are incapable of doing."[20]

The Maysles brothers' filmsSalesmanandGrey Gardenshave been preserved in the Library of Congress'National Film Registryas being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant.[21]In May 2002, Ralph Blumenthal inThe New York Timesreferred to Albert as "the dean of documentary film making"[22]andJean-Luc Godardonce called Albert "the best American cameraman".[23]The moving image collection of Albert and David Maysles is held at theAcademy Film Archive.[24]The archive has preserved two of the Maysleses' films:Showman,in 2012, andSalesman,in 2018.[25]

Awards[edit]

Their only Oscar nomination was for the 1973 short filmChristo's Valley Curtain.[26]

Albert was awarded a 2013 National Medal of Arts by PresidentBarack Obamaon July 28, 2014.[27]He also won aPrimetime Emmyfor 1991'sSoldiers of Music.[28]

David won aPrimetime Emmyfor 1985'sVladimir Horowitz: The Last Romanticalongside Albert.[29]

Filmography[edit]

Filmography of Albert and David Maysles[edit]

Filmography of Albert Maysles[edit]

  • Psychiatry in Russia(1955)
  • Russian Close-Up(1957)
  • Six in Paris(1965) – as cinematographer for segment "Montparnasse-Levallois" written and directed byJean-Luc Godard
  • Monterey Pop(1968) – as a cinematographer, withD. A. Pennebakeras director
  • Horowitz Plays Mozart(1987, with Susan Froemke, Charlotte Zwerin)
  • Jessye Norman Sings Carmen(1989, with Susan Froemke)
  • They Met in Japan(1989, with Susan Froemke)
  • Soldiers of Music: Rostropovich Returns to Russia(1991, with Susan Froemke,Peter Gelband Bob Eisenhardt)
  • Abortion: Desperate Choices(1992, with Susan Froemke and Deborah Dickson)
  • Baroque Duet(1992, with Susan Froemke,Peter Gelb,Pat Jaffe)
  • Accent on the Offbeat(1994, with Susan Froemke, Deborah Dickson)
  • Rolling Stones Voodoo Lounge VH1 Special(1994, with Karen Dougherty and Susan Froemke)
  • Umbrellas(1995, with Henry Corra, Grahame Weinbren) – featuringChristo and Jeanne-Claude
  • Letting Go: A Hospice Journey(1996, with Susan Froemke, Deborah Dickson)
  • When We Were Kings(1996) – as a cinematographer, withLeon Gastas director
  • Concert of Wills: Making the Getty Center(1997, with Susan Froemke, Bob Eisenhardt)
  • LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton(2000, with Susan Froemke, Deborah Dickson)
  • The Beales of Grey Gardens(2006, with Ian Markiewicz) – follow-up toGrey Gardenscomposed entirely of unused footage shot with David Maysles for the original film
  • The Gates(2007, with Antonio Ferrera) – featuringChristo and Jeanne-Claude
  • Sally Gross: The Pleasure of Stillness(2007)
  • Close Up: Portraits(2008)
  • Four Seasons Lodge(2008) – as a cinematographer, withAndrew Jacobsas director
  • Rufus Wainwright: Milwaukee At Last(2009)
  • Muhammad and Larry(2009) – featuringMuhammad AliandLarry Holmes
  • Hollywood Renegade: The Life of Budd Schulberg(2009) – as a cinematographer, with Benn Schulberg as director
  • The Love We Make(2011, with Bradley Kaplan, Ian Markiewicz)
  • Iris(2014) – featuringIris Apfel
  • In Transit(2015, with Lynn True, David Usui, Nelson Walker III, and Benjamin Wu)

In popular culture[edit]

A2006 musical based onGrey Gardenspremiered at Playwrights Horizons[30]and transferred to Broadway later that same year.

A dramatized version of the Maysles brothers making the Beales documentary appeared in the2009 HBO filmGrey Gardens;actorArye Grossportrayed Albert andJustin Louisportrayed David.

In 2015 the IFCmockumentaryseriesDocumentary Now!paid homage toGrey Gardenswith the episode "Sandy Passage" which follows two women named "Big Vivvy" and "Little Vivvy" and takes "An in depth look at the daily lives of two aging socialites and their crumbling estate." The 2016 episode "Globesman", about globe salesmen in the 1960s, is inspired bySalesman.

Episode 3 of the 2024 TV seriesFeud: Capote vs. The Swansrecounts the filming ofTruman Capote's 1966 Black and White Ball by the Maysles brothers, which was released as the short filmWith Love from Truman.Pawel Szajdaplayed Albert andYuval Davidplayed David.

References[edit]

  1. ^"Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964–1974".BAMPFA.November 15, 2016.RetrievedJuly 7,2024.
  2. ^Horovitz, Rachael (July 22, 2012)."Albert Maysles".Interview Magazine.RetrievedDecember 2,2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^Ivry, Benjamin (March 6, 2015)."Documenting the Life of Documentary Filmmaker Albert Maysles - Culture".Forward.RetrievedDecember 2,2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^Bergan, Ronald (March 8, 2015)."Albert Maysles obituary".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.RetrievedJuly 7,2024.
  5. ^Albert Maysles profile,yahoo; accessed March 6, 2015.
  6. ^abcdefMcElhaney, Joe (2009).Albert Maysles.Urbana and Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press. pp. 4–10.ISBN978-0252076213.
  7. ^abcd"David P. Maysles, Documentary Filmmaker, Dies".Los Angeles Times.Times Wire Services. January 5, 1987. Archived fromthe originalon October 10, 2015.RetrievedOctober 10,2015.
  8. ^abcAnderson, Carolyn (2013)."Maysles, Albert".In Aitken, Ian (ed.).The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film.London and New York: Routledge. pp. 619–620.ISBN978-0415596428.RetrievedOctober 18,2015.
  9. ^Barnouw, Erik (1993),Documentary a History of the Non-fiction Film(PDF),New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 241–242,retrievedMarch 30,2020
  10. ^"The Documentary | MAYSLES FILMS".mayslesfilms. February 17, 2014.RetrievedDecember 2,2015.
  11. ^Kael, Pauline (December 19, 1970)."Gimme Shelter (film review)".The New Yorker.Archived fromthe originalon March 6, 2015.RetrievedOctober 19,2015.
  12. ^Cousins, Mark; Macdonald, Kevin, eds. (1996).Imagining Reality: The Faber Book of Documentary.London: Faber & Faber.ISBN978-0571177233.
  13. ^Martin, Douglas (January 27, 2004)."Charlotte Zwerin, 72, Maker of Documentaries on Artists (obituary)".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2012.RetrievedOctober 18,2015.
  14. ^Kleiman, Dena (January 4, 1987)."David Maysles is Dead at 54, Maker of Documentary Films".New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon July 1, 2017.RetrievedJuly 27,2021.
  15. ^Medchill, Lisa (March 11, 2008)."The Maysles Maze: Documentarian's Daughter Searches For Dad".The New York Observer.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2015.RetrievedOctober 18,2015.
  16. ^http://maysles.org/mdcArchived2014-02-07 at theWayback MachineMaysles.org
  17. ^Mission StatementArchived2014-02-14 at theWayback Machine,maysles.org; accessed March 6, 2015.
  18. ^Gates, Anita (March 6, 2015)."Albert Maysles, Pioneering Documentarian, Dies at 88".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 6,2015.
  19. ^Zoller Seitz, Matt."8 Things About Albert Maysles".rogerebert.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
  20. ^abMaysles, David; Maysles, Albert; Zwerin, Charlotte (Directors) (November 14, 2000).Gimme Shelter(Motion picture). The Criterion Collection DVD commentary: Maysles, Albert.
  21. ^"Library of Congress".National Film Registry.Library of Congress. Archived fromthe originalon April 19, 2012.RetrievedApril 10,2014.
  22. ^Blumenthal, Ralph (May 6, 2002)."Filming an Art-Heist Mystery And Hoping for a Happy Ending".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 10,2014.
  23. ^King, Susan (April 9, 2007)."A Documentarian, First and Foremost".Los Angeles Times.
  24. ^"Maysles Collection".Academy Film Archive.September 5, 2014.
  25. ^"Preserved Projects".Academy Film Archive.
  26. ^Documentary Winners: 1974 Oscars
  27. ^2013 National Medal of Arts induction,whitehouse.gov; accessed March 6, 2015.
  28. ^Albert Maysles|Television Academy
  29. ^David Maysles|Television Academy
  30. ^Brantley, Ben (March 8, 2006)."Whatever Happened to Little Edie?".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 6,2020.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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